In this study, the adsorption/desorption performance of toluene was evaluated using zeolite adsorbent to replace activated carbon with one-off and ignition characteristics. For the proper operation of the VOCs adsorption/desorption and condensate recovery steps, the operating range by various adsorption/desorption temperatures was selected. The adsorbent is a bead-type zeolite, which was put into an adsorption tower of 10 LPM scale. As a result, it was demonstrated that 0.079 mg/g was adsorbed at a low temperature (20°C) during adsorption. In the case of desorption, it was found that VOCs adsorbed on the adsorbent were completely recovered after the desorption operation at 220°C for about 160 minutes. However, in the heating rate step for desorption, it was not possible to maintain an appropriate heating rate by filling the tower with zeolite. This was complemented by applying a copper plate with high thermal conductivity, and it was shown that the time was shortened by about 10 minutes or more. When VOCs are emitted at high concentrations during the desorption process, they can be reused as energy resources through low-temperature maintenance, and a condensation method was attempted. The efficiency of condensing chiller (cooler) with temperature control and liquid nitrogen condensing was compared. It was found that the chiller condensing efficiency increased as the temperature decreased. In the case of liquid nitrogen condensation, the liquid nitrogen temperature was maintained at -196°C, showing a stable efficiency of 90%.

We investigate the characteristics of self-assembled quantum dot infrared photodetectors(QDIPs) based on doping level. Two kinds of QDIP samples are prepared using molecular beam epitaxy : n+-i(QD)-n+ QDIP with undoped quantum dot(QD) active region and n+-n−(QD)-n+ QDIP containing Si direct doped QDs. InAs QDIPs were grown on semi-insulating GaAs (100) wafers by molecular-beam epitaxy. Both top and bottom contact GaAs layer are Si doped at 2×1018/cm3. The QD layers are grown by two-monolayer of InAs deposition and capped by InGaAs layer. For the n+-n−(QD)-n+ structure, Si dopant is directly doped in InAs QD at 2×1017/cm3. Undoped and doped QDIPs show a photoresponse peak at about 8.3 μm, ranging from 6~10 μm at 10 K. The intensity of the doped QDIP photoresponse is higher than that of the undoped QDIP on same temperature. Undoped QDIP yields a photoresponse of up to 50 K, whereas doped QDIP has a response of up to 30 K only. This result suggests that the doping level of QDs should be appropriately determined by compromising between photoresponsivity and operating temperature.

We report the properties of infrared photodetectors based on two kinds of quantum dots(QDs): i) 2.0 ML InAs QDs by the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode(SK QDs) and ii) sub-monolayer QDs by 4 × [0.3 ML/1 nm In0.15Ga0.85As] deposition(SML QDs). The QD infrared photodetector(QDIP) structure of n+-n−(QDs)-n+ is epitaxially grown on GaAs (100) wafers using molecular-beam epitaxy. Both the bottom and top contact GaAs layers are Si doped at 2 × 1018/cm3. The QD layers are grown with Si doping of 2 × 1017/cm3 and capped by an In0.15Ga0.85As layer at 495 oC. The photoluminescence peak(1.24 eV) of the SML QDIP is blue-shifted with respect to that (1.04 eV) of SK QDIPs, suggesting that the electron ground state of SML QDIP is higher than that of the SK QDIP. As a result, the photoresponse regime(~9-14 μm) of the SML QDIP is longer than that (~6-12 μm) of the SK QDIP. The dark current of the SML QDIP is two orders of magnitude smaller value than that of the SK QDIP because of the inserted Al0.08Ga0.92As layer.

본 연구에서는 2013년도에 강원도의 옥수수 재배지들을 조사하고, 밑둥썩음병에 걸린 옥수수로부터 Fusarium균을 분리하였다. 분리한 병원균은 translation elongation factor 1 alpha(EF-1 alpha) 유전자 분석과 형태학적 조사를 통해 확인하였으며, F. subglutinans가 밑둥썩음병의 주요 원인균임을 확인하였다. F. subglutinans KWFS-1의 화학적 방제를 위해, 6개의 살균제와 하나의 살충제를 선발하여 항균효과를 검정하였다. 추천농도로 약제를 사용하였을 때, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, fluquinconazole이 각각 균사생장을 무처리구에 비해 64%, 60%, 55% 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 에 hymexazol, azoxystrobin, clothianidin, benomyl은 각각 20%, 37%, 35%, 23%를 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 포자생장 억제에서 benomyl, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, fluquinconazole은 포자생장을 완전히 억제하였지만 hymexazol, azoxystrobin, clothianidin이 첨가된 배지에서는 포자생장으로 나타난 균총이 각각 1.1 mm, 2.1 mm, 4.1 mm의 직경크기를 보여 농약별 포자생장 억제효과가 상이함을 보였다.

The typical form of Indian Stupa, which is going to understood the gradual development and various forms at the Kushan-era Stupa. Buddhist art and architecture of the Kushan-era was influenced Gandharan Hellenistic culture of the foreign. And indigenous Indian cultures of mature was visually big change. The Kushan-era Stupa has been ten feature. First, a circular podium at typical form of the initial Stupa was constantly changed. Second, is the Stupa of the overlaps and increase podium. Third, the Stupa has been square podium. Forth, is down scale of Anda(Bokbal). Fifth, increases the Stupa and Railing smaller, and Change the position of the Torana(gateway). Sixth, changing the target of the faith, thereby a statue of Buddha has been added in the Stupa. Seventh, around the main Stupa and podium are made in a tabernacle. Eighth, the developed spokes structure was added to on the podium inside. Ninth, crosswise plan appears unlike general Stupa. This type has relevance with Tower Stupa. Tenth, the Votive Stupa was added to the temples and Apse type chaitya has been developed.

The Buddhist cave temple carved into the rock provides a large space for the ritual in general in which a structure of Stupa is built in the center of the space purely for religious worship empty of Sarira, and the temple is formed around this Stupa. Relief-Stupa of the cave temple indicates the similar shape that of Relief-religious worship of flat land temple. However, there appears a small difference in representation since the background of formation of the cave temple differs in that of flat land temple. Specially, Caitya Stupa of currently existing cave temples have been damaged to lose of their original shape only possible to be analyzed the stylistic development through Relief-Stupa from which the characteristic of Stupa could be understood. The early cave temple could be characterized with a balanced structure consists of upturn bowl, steeple stone with simple drum & Hamikawasnagae, in which it appears strongly the detail factor characteristics of drum & steeple of having system with Caitya Stupa. In the post cave temple, the subject of worship moved to statue of Buddha due to the influence of Gandhara, Mathura art which reduced the importance of Stupa. This illustrates in Relief-stupa as well the style change as well as changes in detail factor. The sculpture appeared at the limited location either the wall of Caitya shrine or pillar in vihara cave with stronger decorative meaning. Contrast to the Relief Stupa of early flat land temples or the cave temples mentioned above sculptured with symbolism, however, the post cave temple showed the relief structure based on the plan of flat plan.

Stupa in India divides into two: stupa in flatland temple with a character of tomb, and devotional stupa made for offering. The difference of such character is made by whether there is any Sari, and main center for worship is flatland stupa where Sari is settled. Stupa in flatland temple is targeted to that with Sari, whose character is applied into Relief-stupa. The characteristics of Relief-stupa can be divided into two: a relief with similar type of flatland stupa in the form, and a devotional relief in which drum and upper part of tower are developed. The Relief-stupa of flatland temple could be confirmed at tower gate of Sanchi tower, decoration of handrail, and the wall attached to Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda stupa. To the contrary, drum and upper wheel part in the Relief-stupa are developed in the votive stupa. Such characteristics had different features according to usage: The example of former is that there is an expression of landscape of stupa built at that time, and the example of latter is those which had similar type of stone cave temple or offering tower near stupa. Thus, the meaning is subject to the existing of Sari. Stupa building developed along with the development of Buddhist structural activity with the existing popular tradition. And its influence was expanded along with various cultures locally. And, the structure and tower reflected various types and thoughts. Stupa reflected its building site and method according to types, and was created in a new form by its usage.

As Overturned-bowl Stupa of India, the origin of Stupa, is accepted by neighboring countries, pure form and local characteristics combined to bring change in unique style for each country. Such change is established as new style through combination with contemporary tradition in China. In this thesis, pattern of Stupa shown in Longmen Grottoes’ Relief-Stupa relieves. Since study on how Indian Stupa was introduced into China has been partially undertaken, this study focuses on the pattern of Stupas from that perspective. 40 Stupas were explored during field work with naked eyes, among about 50 stupas reported on the research data by Longmen Grottoes Institute. Relief-Stupa relieves of Longmen Grottoes are as important as Yungang Grottoes. While Yungang Grottoes were built during a period when Gandhara style and Occidental expression were adopted and integrated with Chinese culture and Buddhism, building of Longmen Grottoes can be called a starting point of ‘Chinese’ style of Buddhist culture and Stupa, fully integrated with Chinese culture.

목어석(중국화석)은 다양한 종류의 미네랄을 함유하고 있으며，적외선을 방출하는 광물이다. 이러한 목어석을 화장료에 도입하기 위해서 복합화기술을 도입하였다. 이러한 기제로서 구형의 실리콘 분체를 응용하였다. 복합화된 목어석은 피부 사용감과 같은 물리적 성질이 개선되었으며, 외관상 색깔도 개선되었다. 또한 효능도 유지함을 알 수 있었다. 임상 시험 결과, 10 wt% 목어석 복합체를 함유한 화장료는 대조군 대비 유의적으로 얼굴 피부의 온도를 상승시킴을 확인하였으며, 이 결과는 목어석 복합체가 피부의 혈행 순환을 향상시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

일반적으로 cyclodextrin (CD)은 liposome의 구조를 불안정하게 만드는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 양친매성 고분자전해질을 리포좀에 도입하여 CD에 대한 리포좀의 안정도를 증진시키는 연구를 수행하였다. Transmission electron microscopy와 photocorrelation spectroscopy 결과들로부터 β-CD (βCD)와 hydroxypropyl-βCD (HPβCD)를 함유하는 리포좀에 고분자가 도입되었을 때 CD를 함유하는 phosphatidylcholine (PC)-cholesterol (Chol) 리포좀보다 우수한 구조적 안정성을 나타내었다. 또한, rhaponticin (Rh)을 HPβCD에 포접시키고 이를 함유하는 PC-Chol 리포좀과 고분자가 도입된 리포좀의 안정도를 비교해 보았을 경우도 마찬가지로 고분자가 도입된 리포좀이 월등히 향상된 구조적인 안정성을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 더불어 guinea pig의 피부조직을 사용하고 franz-cell을 통한 in vitro 피부흡수실험을 수행한 결과, HPβCD에 의해 가용화된 Rh의 피부흡수가 고분자가 도입된 리포좀에 의해 증진됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 상기 결과들은 양친매성 고분자 전해질의 도입에 따라 CD에 의해 가용화된 특정한 활성성분을 함유하는 리포좀의 구조적인 안정성을 효과적으로 증진시킬 수 있음을 확인시켜 주었으며, 이렇게 향상된 리포좀의 구조적인 안정성을 통해 약물전달시스템 측면에서 많은 응용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.