Botrytis cinerea infects stems and leaves of greenhouse tomatoes and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop environment-friendly control method against tomato gray mold. Antagonistic microorganisms (bacteria) were screened for control activity against Botrytis cinerea, both in vitro and in vivo, using stem sections. One hundred bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of various plants including tomato. These strains were screened for growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea on agar plate by the dual culture and thirty strains showing strongly inhibitory effect against the pathogen were selected first. Among thirty strains, JB 5-12, JB 22-2, JB 22-3, U 4-8 and U46-6 reduced significantly disease incidence, when applied simultaneously with the pathogen. These results suggested that five antagonistic bacteria strains selected have the potential to control tomato gray mold in organic farming.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been reported as multipotent progenitor cells that can be expanded rapidly in vitro and differentiated into multiple mesodermal cell type. Human MSCs have been reported to be associated with neural differentiation especially in the cholinergic phenotype in several neural system. In this study, We investigated the ability of MSCs derived human aipose tissue to differentiation into neural cells expressing Islet-1 and further differentiates into cholinergic neurons in cholinergic differentiation media. Immunocytochemistry was performed to detect the expression of Islet-1 and demonstrate characteristic of neurons and cholinergic neurons. Islet-1 was massively detected in the induction stage. Following cholinergic differentiation from Islet-1-expressing MSCs, Cholinergic neuron marker ChAT was higly expressed. Also we examined the neuroprotective effects and neural differentiation of transplanted human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) in ischemic stroke. For transplantation, after 3days after MCAO. animal were divided into 2 group: Group A : injected phosphate buffered saline (PBS;5 ㎕ n=10), Group B: transplanted AT-MSCs (5×105 cells, n=10). Each animal received an injection into the right penumbra region (from bregma : AP;－1.3 ㎜, ML;－4.0 ㎜, DV;－5.9 ㎜). In all animals, behavior test were performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 days after MCAO, that was conducted by investigators who were blined to the experimental groups. mNSS test demonstrated that motor, sensory, and balance behavior were impaired after MCAO ischemic insult. Ischemic rats that received AT-MSCs exhibited significantly improved functional performance compared with PBS injected animals and histological analysis revealed that transplanted AT-MSCs expressed marker for neuron. These results suggest that AT-MSCs can be differentiated into neuron especially in cholinergic neuron and may be a potential source of treatment for neurodegenerative disease such as stroke.

Mesenchymal stem cells constitute an potential cellular source to promote brain regeneration with Parkinson's disease. Mesenchymal stem cells have significant advantages over other stem cell types and greater potential for immediate clinical application. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether hMSCs from the human adipose tissue could be induced to differentiate into dopaminergic cells and to assess the developmental potential of hMSC for selectively replacing the midbrain dopamine neurons lost in Parkinson's disease in vitro and in vivo. MSCs were cultured under conditions that promote differentiation of dopaminergic neuron. Using media that include SHH, FGF8, and GDNF. the MSCs were induced in vitro to become dopaminergic neurons. The expressions of the LIM homeobox transcription factor 1, alpha (Lmx1a), tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) proteins were determined by immunofluorescence. Lmx1a has been shown sufficient to confer neurogenic activity on mesencephalic floor plate cells and to determine a mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons fate. This result suggests that hMSCs have the ability to differfentiate into dopaminergic neurons. hMSCs were then transplanted into the striatal in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. The rats were unilaterally lesioned in the substantia nigra with 6-hydroxydopamine and were tested for rotational apomorphine-induced behavior. Following differentiation of dopaminergic neuron, cells displayed dopaminergic morphology and that they expressed dopaminergic marks genes. Finally transplantation of hMSCs into the striatal of Parkinsonian rats resulted in improvement of their behavioral deficits by apomorphine-induced rotational behavior. The hMSCs transplanted rats were proved to be better than compared with the transplantation of PBS. Immunohistochemical analysis of grafted brains revealed that abundant hMSCs survived from the grafts and some of them displayed dopaminergic marks. Our results indicate that hMSC may serve as a good cell source for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and have high potential for being used in multiple applications. This cellular approach might become a restorative therapy in Parkinson's disease.

The aim of this investigation was to examine the influence of extrusion on dietary fiber profile and the contentof bioactive compounds, rutin and quercetin in young sprout, whole seed, and matured stem of Tartary buckwheat.WSI(water soluble index) is increased by a function of both screw profile and process temperature, compared to control indifferent parts of Buckwheat. Also, WSI of ME is increased more than 5.2 times in grain, compared to that of control. Theeffect of precooking by extrusion on the dietary fiber profile of buckwheat flour was evaluated. Precooking by extrusion sig-nificantly increased SDF in flour, although in most cases extrusion decrease in TDF a little. The thermo-mechanical treat-ment undergone by the buckwheat flour during extrusion led to redistribute part IDF fraction to SDF, leading to an increasein the latter. The content of rutin was increased about two fold in extruded flour of sprout, compared to in control. Thisincrease maybe why these compounds are released from cell wall by high shear processing under high temperature.

"Geumanbyeo" is a new japonica rice variety developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2002, which was derived from a cross between SR11878-14-4-1 of good eating-quality and high yield potential, and Suweon345 of lodging tolerance and resistance to diseases. Geumanbyeo is a medium-maturing variety with heading date of August 12 on ordinary planting in the middle plain area. It has a semi-erect plant type with culm length of 82cm, erect pubescent leaf blade and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. Geumanbyeo has a little bit fewer tillers per hill, and more spikelets per panicle than Hwaseongbyeo. It is slightly less tolerant to the cold stress in terms of both heading delay and spikelet fertility than Hwaseongbyeo. This variety shows delayed leaf senescence and considerable tolerance to viviparous germination at ripening stage. It shows moderately resistant to leaf blast and K1 race of bacterial blight, but susceptible to virus diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of Geumanbyeo exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium-short grain. It showed lower amylose content of 18.6% and similar gelatinization temperature and better palatability of cooked rice compared to Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 5.32 MT/ha at ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. Geumanbyeo would be highly adaptable to the central lowland and mid-southern mountainous areas in Korea.

"Gounbyeo" is an early-maturing and good quality japonica rice variety that was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2004. "Gounbyeo" was derived from a cross between Jinbul0 and Jinbul7. This variety has early heading date of July 28 and medium culm length of 68 cm, similar to Odaebyeo. It is moderately resistant to blast disease, but susceptible to bacterial leaf blight, virus diseases and insect pests. Gounbyeo showed less delay of heading date and higher grain fertility than Odaebyeo in cold-water irrigated nursery, Chucheon. The milled rice of Gounbyeo exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. Gounbyeo has lower amylose content of 18.5% and similar gelatinization temperature and good palatability of cooked rice compared to Odaebyeo. The average milled rice yield of this variety is 5.29 MT/ha at ordinary cultivation in local adaptability test for three years. Gounbyeo would be highly adaptable to mid-northern mountainous area and eastern coastal areas of Korea.

"Gopumbyeo" is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2004, which was derived from a cross between a line SR15225-B-22-1-2 which has good eating-quality and high yield potential and a line SR15140-58-2-2-3 which has lodging and disease resistances. This variety has medium heading date of Aug. 13, medium culm length of 78 cm and tolerance to lodging. It has also relatively semi-erect pubescent leaf blades and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. Gopumbyeo has a bit less number of tillers per hill and more spikelets per panicle than Hwaseongbyeo. It shows less sensitivity to premature heading in delayed transplanting of 50-day old seedlings. It showed longer delay of heading date but higher spikelet fertility than Hwaseongbyeo when exposed to cold stress. This variety shows delayed leaf senescence and considerable tolerance to viviparous germination during ripening. It shows moderate resistance to leaf blast, and bacterial blight, but susceptibility to stripe virus and insect pests. The milled rice of Gopumbyeo exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grains. It shows similar amylose content of 19.6%, and gelatinization temperature, and better palatability of cooked rice compared to Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 5.48 MT/ha at ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. Gopumbyeo would be highly adaptable to the central lowland and mid-southern mountainous areas of Korea.

"Seoanl" is a new japonica rice variety developed from a cross between Namyang9, a line of lodging tolerance and adaptable to reclaimed saline area, and Gyehwa7, a line of good-quality, adaptable to reclaimed saline area and high yield by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2005. This variety has about 131 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in central plain area, and mid-western coastal area in Korea. It is about 73 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. It has also semi-erect pubescent leaf blade and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. The number of panicles per hill of Seoanl is slightly more than that of Hwaseongbyeo. Seoanl was susceptible to major diseases, blast, bacterial blight and viruses, and insect, brown plant hopper. This variety has lower amylose content of 18.8% and better palatability of cooked rice than those of Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.60MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. Seoanl would be adaptable to central plain area and mid-western coastal area of Korea.

"Samkwangbyeo" is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2003, which was derived from a cross between good quality, high yielding line Suweon361 and a disease resistant line Milyangl01. This variety has about 129 days duration from seeding to heading in central lowland and mid-mountainous areas. It is about 87 cm in culm length and moderately tolerant to lodging. It has also erect pubescent leaf blade and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. Samkwangbyeo has the same number of tillers per hill and spikelets per panicle as those of Ilpumbyeo. It shows less sensitivity to premature heading by lately transplanting of 50-day old seedlings. It is slightly less tolerant to cold stress in terms of both heading delay and spikelet fertility than those of Ilpumbyeo. It shows delayed leaf senescence and considerable tolerance to viviparous germination at ripening stage. It shows moderate resistance to leaf blast, bacterial blight, and stripe virus, but susceptibility to insect pests. The milled rice of Samkwangbyeo exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has similar amylose content of 18.3% and similar gelatinization temperature, and good palatability of cooked rice compared to Ilpumbyeo. The milled rice yield of Samkwangbyeo is about 5.69 MT/ha at ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. Samkwangbyeo would be highly adaptable to central lowland and mid-southern mountainous areas of Korea.

"Oraebyeo" is mutation of a high quality japonica cultivar, Ilpumbyeoa new japonica rice(Oriza sativa L.) cultivar developed from by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea(MNU) treatment on fertilized egg cell by the rice breeding team of Gangwon Provincial Agricultural Res. & Ext. Service in 2006. This variety heads 20 days earlier than Ilpumbyeo and similar to that of Odaebyeo an early maturing leading cultivar of northern plain area of Korea. Compared with Odaebyeo has a good semi-erect plant type with lodging tolerance due to much shortened plant hight(l2cm shorter than Odaebyeo). Oraebyeo has similar panicle number with Odaebye where as it has more spikelets per panicle. However, this variety less the ratio of ripened grains and 1,000 grain weight than those of Odaebyeo. The yield performance of this cultivar in milled rice was about 5.09MT/ha in local adaptability test conducted for three years 2002-2004 and 5.51MT/ha in the demonstration plot of farmer's field.