This study was carried out to investigate the management characteristics and growth performance of L. edodes from the cooling stage to incubation. Bags of different heights and weights are available for bagging. When the medium size of 17x13 cm was used and the size of the inoculation hole was changed from 1/3 to 2/3, the browning period was shortened to 30 days. Mycelial growth was evaluated according to the cooling temperature after sterilization. It was observed to be the highest at 122 mm/15 days at 10 °C and 114 mm/15 days and 117 mm/15 days at 15 °C and 20 °C, respectively. The contamination rate of the sawdust media before inoculation was measured as 0, 4.5x10, 1.3x102, 4.0x103 cfu at 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, and 24 °C respectively. The average of 1.6x108 colony forming units (cfu) of microorganisms was observed in the sawdust that had been piled for six months outdoors. In summer, the sawdust has to be used immediately after mixing. The sterilized medium had an average of 4x103 cfu of microorganisms at 24 °C and 1.3×102 cfu at 15 °C. After 15 days of inoculation in vitro, the growth conditions of the sawdust was the best at 132 mm, followed by grain and liquid. When inoculated with liquid spawn, the moisture content of the substrate should be adjusted between 50% and 55% in advance.

This paper deals with the dynamical analysis of a vessel that leads to capsize in regular beam seas. The complete investigation of nonlinear behaviors includes sub-harmonic motion, bifurcation, and chaos under variations of control parameters. The vessel rolling motions can exhibit various undesirable nonlinear phenomena. We have employed a linear-plus-cubic type damping term (LPCD) in a nonlinear rolling equation. Using the fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithm with the phase portraits, various dynamical behaviors (limit cycles, bifurcations, and chaos) are presented in beam seas. On increasing the value of control parameter Ω, chaotic behavior interspersed with intermittent periodic windows are clearly observed in the numerical simulations. The chaotic region is widely spread according to system parameter Ω in the range of 0.1 to 0.9. When the value of the control parameter is increased beyond the chaotic region, periodic solutions are dominant in the range of frequency ratio Ω=1.01~1.6. In addition, one more important feature is that different types of stable harmonic motions such as periodicity of 2T, 3T, 4T and 5T exist in the range of Ω=0.34~0.83.

본 연구는 두점식 선박 계류시스템의 종방향 외력에 대한 비선형 동적거동 해석을 수행하였다. 특정 입력 매개변수에 대한 카 오스 운동과 한계주기궤도 등의 비선형 거동의 특성을 연구하였다. 주로 비선형복원력은 계류시스템의 강한 비선형성과 동적거동의 다양 성을 제공한다. 계의 운동방정식 시뮬레이션에 사용된 수치 적분기는 4차 룽게쿠타법이다. 외력진폭과 주파수를 변화시킬 때 분기 그림 과 동적불안정 현상들을 볼 수 있다. 외력의 주파수(진동수)가 0.4 rad/s인 경우 수많은 혼돈상태 점들 사이에 주기창이라 불리는 안정적인 주기해가 관측된다. 주파수가 0.7 rad/s인 경우는 외력진폭이 1.0을 초과할 때 혼돈 영역이 갑자기 증가한다. 주파수가 1.0 rad/s인 경우는 주 파수가 0.4 rad/s 및 0.7 rad/s인 경우와 비교해 볼 때, 혼돈 운동이 약화된다. 아울러, 두점식 계류시스템은 각 매개변수에서 준주기 운동, 한 계주기궤도, 대칭성의 깨짐과 같은 다양한 정상상태의 궤적이 관측된다.

Biological efficiency (BE), the ratio of fresh mushrooms harvested per dry substrate weight, expressed as the percentage of Lentinula edodes, also known as shiitake, was determined using the ‘Sanjo 701’ strain stored in the Department of Mushroom at the Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries. The mycelia were grown in glass columns with varying levels of moisture content and varying mixing periods of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours. The substrate was sterilized using a steam pressure autoclave sterilizer at normal and high pressure to avoid contamination. The results showed that mycelial growth (126 mm/15 days) was optimized at 55% moisture content. The best mycelial growth of 117 mm/15 days was obtained with 2 hours of mixing time. Normal pressure sterilization yielded better results with mycelial growth of 96 mm/15 days at 100°C compared to 88 mm /15 days with sterilization at 121°C. Mycelial density was higher, i.e. 3(+++), with normal pressure sterilization compared to 2(++) with high pressure sterilization. Furthermore, sawdust mixed with 5% woodchips increased the substrate porosity and yielded higher mycelial growth. Thus, we demonstrated that the optimum harvest or potential increased yield of shiitake can be obtained by modulating moisture content, mixing time, and substrate porosity.

In a previous study, it was reported that enzymatic hydrolysis under pressurization could be a new method which could produce arginine dipeptide and free amino acid in anchovy hydrolysate as salty enhancer at optimal condition. Powder is more efficient than liquid in terms of transport and storage stability. For the purpose of producing spray dried powder of various salt contents was investigated the effect of different salt concentration of anchovy hydrolysate on spray dried powder properties. The anchovy hydrolysate of various salt contents(in the range of approximately 0.7- 19.8% w/w) prepared adding the fish sauce (Dae-Young fish market) at inlet drying air temperatures of 120°C and 140°C. The process yield and physicochemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity and the morphology (EDS, XPS, XRD) of the anchovy hydrolysate powder was measured. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the powders equilibrated under various water activities were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Different drying conditions and salt concentration could generate anchovy hydrolysate powders with different process yield, bulk density and moisture content. The spray-dried anchovy hydrolysate powder was confirmed by XRD to be a mixture of an amorphous substances and crystalline salts. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the surface NaCl concentration of the powders increased with an increasing drying air temperature. Increasing moisture adsorption of the anchovy hydrolysate powders resulted in a Tg reduction. It is suggested that producing spray dried anchovy hydrolysate for the industrial use is the use of the feed salt concentration of not lower than % w/w and inlet air temperature at 120°C, 140°C

In order to get as ecological basic data for river management, We estimated health condition of Geum-river mainstream and Mihocheon using vegetation and investigated it for phytosociologic methods. Then, collected data was analysed. Appeared plants in study area were 268 species and the number of appeared plant colonies was 54. Riparian vegetation index(RVI), vegetation health condition assessment method, was evaluated as 38.3 ‘Normal(C)’. Geum-river mainstream's upper stream1(G-U1), upper stream4(G-U4) and mid stream3(G-M3) were highest as 66.7 and Geum-river mainstream's down stream1(G-D1) was lowest by 3.3.Riparian vegetation index under upper stream, middle stream, down stream in Geum-river mainstream and Mihocheon was highest in Geum-river mainstream's upper stream and lowest in Geum--river mainstream's down stream. Riparian vegetation index was negatively correlated with biological oxygen demand(BOD) and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) in study sites.PCA using species cover degree data of belt transect in each study sites was separated by two groups. One group was consisted of ‘best(A grade)’ and ‘good(B grade)’, the other group was comprised of ’normal(C grade)‘ and ’bad(D grade)’. Cluster analysis was separated by 5 groups: Digitaria ciliaris Koel. community group, Salix gracilistyla Miq. community group, Erigeron annuus Pers. community group, Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc., Salix koreensis Andersson, Miscanthus sacchariflorus Benth., and Phragmites japonica Steud. community group, Conyza canadensis Cronquist and Echinochloa crusgalli var. echinata Honda community group. Study sites having similar health condition also was grouped in analysis. These result was similar in PCA. Dominance value of study sites was significantly correlated with vegetation area, structure area, waterway area, spot width, waterway width, bank height and number of species in CCA analysis. As a result, it means that the high health condition sites are dominated by Salix, Fraxinus and phragmites spp. increasing plant diversity and the low health condition sites have a wide structure area simplifing plant diversity by river maintenance work. Thus, the hight health condition area needs to maintain condition through continuous monitoring and the low health condition area needs to restore ecosystem services.

We studied growth and physiological responses of Ambrosia trifida L. under the different light condition. Ambrosia trifida L. is Korean invasive species. For study, we selected the two spot (T1 and T2) in the Kongju National University. In each spots, we investigated growth and physiological responses in the more light environment (L) and in the less light environment (S). it makes 4 research spot (T1-L, T1-S, T2-L and T2-S). and first, we estimate light intensity (Lux) in each research spots. then take data on the growth responses which are a shoot height, a number of leaves, a leaf width and a leaf length. Also, we get some physiological data which are a photosynthetic rate, a transpiration rate, a stomata conductance, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). And, analysed them by using one-way ANOVA. As a results, the shoot height, No. of leaves, Leaf width and Leaf length were recorded relatively high in the spot of the most light quantity and in the spot of the least light quantity. In the physiological responses, the more light quantity was increased, the more photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were increased. Fv/Fm, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, was the least recorded in the spot of the most light quantity. These results show Ambrosia trifida grow well in the spot of the most and the least light quantity but it grown in the shade has the less environmental stress.l

This study was carried out to investigate the management characteristics and techniques by comparing and analyzing the process of mixing, sterilization, cooling, inoculation and incubation for bag cultivation of L. edodes. The medium was sterilized after mixing it for 30 minutes, 1 and 2 hours respectively. The general moisture content of the sawdust substrate has been adjusted to 65%, while the case of the L. edodes substrate was 55%. Only 5% of wood chips of 5-8 mm in particle size were mixed to secure the space of the sawdust particles. As a result, mycelial growth was 1.4cm faster and the density was better(+++) than control(++). Wood chips are soaked in advance for a week during winter and 4 days during summer. There is an average number of 1.6x108 (cfu) of microorganisms in the sawdust that has been piled for six months outdoor. In summer, it has to be used immediately after mixing sawdust. High-pressure sterilization should be performed to use as a mushroom spawn, and to improve physical properties, it was great to sterilize the medium at a normal-pressure. There are height and width type for bags to be consumed for bagging. When the height was reduced into 17cm and the width was increased into 13cm, the browning period was shortened by 30 days and the period of mycelial growth was shortened by 25 days. The sterilized medium had an average of 4x103(cfu) of microorganisms at 25°C and 1.3×102 (cfu) at 15°C. After 25 days from inoculation in vitro, the growth condition of sawdust was the best with 13.2 cm, followed by grain spawn and liquid respectively. When inoculated with liquid spawn, the moisture content of substrate should be adjusted to 55% to 50% in advance.

Through density functional theory calculations, to provide insight into the origins of the catalytic activity of Au nanoparticles (NPs) toward oxidation reactions, we have scrutinized the oxygen adsorption chemistry of 9 types of small unsupported Au NPs of around 1 nm in size (Au13, Au19, Au20, Au25, Au38, and Au55) looking at several factors (size, shape, and coordination number). We found that these NPs, except for the icosahedral Au13, do not strongly bind to O2 molecules. Energetically most feasible O2 adsorption that potentially provides high CO oxidation activity is observed in the icosahedral Au13, our smallest Au NP. In spite of the chemical inertness of bulk Au, the structural fluxionality of such very small Au NP enables strong O2 adsorption. Our results can support recent experimental findings that the exceptional catalytic activity of Au NPs comes from very small Au species consisting of around 10 atoms each.

Because of many benefits from raw seed sprouts, consumers have consumed them largely. However, despite of many benefits, raw sprouts has been implicated in food-borne diseases. The source of food-borne disease related to raw seed sprouts is thought to originate from seeds contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. So, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL), a non-thermal processing method, is an effective device for seeds to maintain microbial safety without loss of seed viability. The objective of this research was to determine the effects on microbial inactivation and quality in radish and wheat seed by IPL treatment and to figure out the correlation between inactivation of seeds and surface roughness value (Ra). At 5th day of germination, the average germination rate and shoot length of radish sprouts by IPL at total fluences of 121 J/cm2 were 95% and 5.8 cm. It was not significant compared to the control group. And log reductions of radish and wheat seeds by IPL showed 1.0 and 1.2, respectively. The results showed radish seeds have higher tolerance to IPL treatment than wheat seed. Also, radish seed had the rougher surface (Ra=2.85 μm) than wheat seed (Ra=0.55 μm). Therefore, IPL can decontaminate microbial population on seeds, but the effectiveness of IPL is dependent on the surface morphology of seeds.

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the most important bacteria in the formation of dental plaque and dental caries. S. mutans adheres to an acquired pellicle formed on the tooth surface, and aggregates with many oral bacteria. It initiates plaque formation by synthesizing glucan from sucrose, which is catalyzed by glucosyltransferases. Propolis is a resinous mixture produced by honeybees, by mixing saliva and beeswax with secretions gathered from wood sap and flower pollen. Bees prevent pathogenic invasions by coating the propolis to the outer and inner surface of the honeycomb. Propolis has traditionally been used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma and dermatitis. We investigated the inhibitory effects of propolis ethanol extract on biofilm formation and gene expression of S. mutans. The biofilm formation of S. mutans was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and safranin staining. We observed that the extract of propolis had an inhibitory effect on the formation of S. mutans biofilms at concentrations higher than 0.2 mg/ml. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of biofilm formation, such as gbpB, spaP, brpA, relA and vicR of S. mutans, was significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. The ethanol extract of propolis showed concentration dependent growth inhibition of S. mutans, and significant inhibition of acid production at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml, compared to the control group. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of propolis inhibits gene expression related to biofilm formation in S. mutans.

The structural diversity and localization of cell surface glycosphingolipids (GSLs), including gangliosides, in glycolipid-enriched microdomains (GEMs) render them ideally suited to play important roles in mediating cell recognition, adhesion, interactions, receptor function, and signaling. Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing GSLs, are most abundant in the nerve tissues. The quantity and expression pattern of gangliosides in brain change drastically throughout development and these changes are mainly regulated through stage-specific expression of glycosyltransferase genes. However, roles of gangliosides in neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is unclear. We previously demonstrated for the first time that the glycosyltransferase genes during mouse embryogenesis. So, we investigated the effects of ganglioside gene in differentiation of adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs). GM2 and GD3 ganglioside synthease were increased during neuronal differentiation of AD-MSCs. This study showed that the differentiation of neuronal marker was decreased on the first step of ganglioside synthase UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase(UGCG) and knock downed GM2 sythase (B4GALNT1). The result of suggested that GM2 and GD3 might be important roles in the neural differentiation of mini-pig AD-MSCs. This work was carried out with the funding of the cooperative research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development[Project No. PJ00999901], the Rural Development Adiministration, the KRIBB Research Initiative Program[KGM4251622].

During tick infestation, the tick secretes bioactive substances that modify the host’s physiological and immunological reactions. The study of tick saliva is important to understand tick biology as tick saliva plays a special physiological role in pathogen transmission. The average salivary protein concentration was found to be 0.169 μg/μl/tick and saliva secretion decreased with increased time of tick detachment from the host. Saliva secretion volume increased to 3.56 μl in the group of ticks with a body weight between 301–350 mg as compared to higher and lower body weight groups. On-chip-electrophoresis results show 13 distinct bands ranging from 9.9 to 294 kDa. For salivary protein LC-MS/MS was performed. A total of 135 tick salivary proteins were identified of which 30 proteins were found exclusively in fully engorged nymph saliva, 74 in fully engorged adult females, and 31 were detected in both stages. Results of this may help researchers to identify tick proteins as potential candidates for further studies aimed to develop novel tick control strategies to affect both the ticks and the pathogens transmitted by them.