Diabetic encephalopathy is a major complication with cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). DM-induced glucolipotoxicity is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease–like phenotype, including amyloidogenesis, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal apoptosis. Although the detailed mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy remains unclear, mitochondrial oxidative stress is emerging as a key factor for diabetic complications and neurodegeneration. A deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial oxidative stress under hyperglycemic conditions will provide insights into the development of therapeutic strategies for diabetic encephalopathy. Here, we review the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in diabetic encephalopathy and the regulatory mechanisms by which high glucose induces the generation of mitochondrial reactive species oxygen species in neuronal cells. This review also summarizes the mitochondrial-dependent and -independent pathways (O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation, calcium, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β signaling) that regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress in a DM model.

Automatic question-answering is a classical problem in natural language processing, which aims at designing systems that can automatically answer a question, in the same way as human does. The need to query information content available in various formats including structured and unstructured data has become increasingly important. Thus, Question Answering Systems (QAS) are essential to satisfy this need. QAS aim at satisfying users who are looking to answer a specific question in natural language.Moreover, it is a representative of open domain QA systems, where the answer selection process leans on syntactic and semantic similarities between the question and the answering text snippets. Such approach is specifically oriented to languages with fine grained syntactic and morphologic features that help to guide the correct QA match. Furthermore, word and sentence embedding have become an essential part of any Deep-Learning-based natural language processing systems as they encode words and sentences in fixed-length dense vectors to drastically improve the processing of textual data. The paper will concentrate on incorporating the sentence embedding with its various techniques like Infersent, ElMo and BERT in the construction of Question Answering systems, and also it can be used in game play.

This study addresses the lack of comprehension data in second language acquisition research by focusing on English existential there-constructions (ETCs) with a locative extension (e.g., there is an X on the Y). The post-copular noun X used in the present study consisted of two types: actual and nonsense. Participants included 40 native speakers, as well as 40 advanced and 40 intermediate Korean learners of English, who completed an online picture selection task. In one picture, X was placed on the nearby Y; in another picture, X was placed on the far Y. The choice of both pictures was the correct response because ETCs are used to describe the existence of something regardless of its distance. There was a statistically significant relationship between English proficiency and the interpretation of ETCs. However, there was no relationship between the noun type and the interpretation of ETCs. In the Korean English curriculum, the distinction between expletive there and locative there must be emphasized.

PURPOSES : The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of air voids, binder content, and aggregate gradation on the indirect tensile strength (IDT) and cracking tolerance index (CTindex) of cored asphalt pavements. METHODS : Cored samples were obtained from roads in Incheon city, and several laboratory experiments were performed. First, the cored samples were first to cut into a size appropriate for the IDT test. Subsequently, the air voids of the samples were measured. The damaged sample from the IDT test was loose mixed at 150 ℃ before the binder content was determined, which was conducted via an asphalt extraction test. Finally, the clean aggregates obtained from asphalt extraction process were analyzed in the aggregate gradation test. RESULTS : The result shows that an increase in air voids from 4% to 8% decreases the IDT and cracking tolerance index (CTindex) by 30% and 28%, respectively. Incorporating a binder enhances the ductile behavior of the asphalt mixture, resulting in a higher CTindex. Finally, the contribution of the aggregate grade on the IDT and CTindex is negligible. CONCLUSIONS : The IDT and CTindex are primarily affected by the air voids and binder content. A higher percentage of air voids results in a lower IDT. In addition, a higher amount of binder increases the IDT and CTindex of the cored samples. Meanwhile, the aggregate grade does not affect the IDT.

본 연구에서 Tetraneura triangula 를 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 이 종의 분포지역, 기주식물, 형태학적 정보를 제공하였다.

본 연구에서 Kaltenbachiella japonica를 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 이 종의 분포지역, 기주식물, 형태학적 정보를 제공하였다.