본 연구는 주택정원을 조성하는데 필요한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 정원을 소유하고 있는 도시민과 소유하지 않은 도시민들의 정원 이용 행태와 선호에 대한 인식을 분석하고자 하였다. 전국 대도시의 농업기술센터에서 도시농업 및 정원 관련 교육이나 프로그램에 참여하는 도시민 508명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 실제 정원 소유 집단의 정원 규모는 넓지 않으며 무소유 집단 또한 소규모의 정원을 가꾸길 희망하고 있다. 정원을 이용하는 목적으로 두 집단 모두 휴식, 먹거리 재배, 마음 안정을 추구하고 있다. 하루 중 정원에서 소요하거나 소요하고 싶은 시간은 30분에서 2시간 정도로 분석되어 일상생활의 여가시간 중 정원 활동이 차지하는 비중이 적진 않다. 정원 소유 집단은 식물(나무)가꾸기, 텃밭가꾸기, 휴식 등의 이용행태를 보이며 무소유 집단 또한 이러한 행태를 희망하고 있다. 이는 이용 목적과 비슷한 경향으로 도시민들은 식물, 나무, 텃밭 등의 정원을 가꾸고 정원에서 휴식을 취하길 기대하고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 정원 조성 시 고려해야 할 사항으로 그늘 바람에 의한 쾌적함, 환경오염에 대한 완충이나 정신적 위안을 포함하는 건강함, 자연성, 아름다움을 중시하였다. 정원에서 식재공간, 휴게공간, 텃밭, 다목적공간 등을 선호하였다. 응답자들은 정원에 그늘을 제공, 계절별 꽃 감상, 열매를 제공할 수 있는 식물, 아름다움 형태 등의 식물 도입을 선호하였다. 정원 관리에 있어서 병해충 및 식물을 비롯한 체계적인 정원 관리방법이 문제가 될 수 있으므로 이를 위한 정원 관리 교육이 진행될 필요가 있다. 또한 정원 소유 집단은 병해충 방제, 식물 전정 및 정지, 식물 파종 및 식재 방법 등 실제적인 교육을 요구하였으며 무소유 집단은 정원 조성방법, 총괄적 관리방법 등에 관한 교육을 선호하여 수요자의 요구에 맞도록 정원 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) based ceramics are considered potential lead-free alternatives for Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT) based ceramics in various applications such as sensors, actuators and transducers. However, BNT-based ceramics have lower electromechanical performance as compared with PZT based ceramics. Therefore, in this work, lead-free bulk 0.99[(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.935Ba0.065](1-x)LaxTiO3-0.01SrZO3 (BNBTLax-SZ, with x = 0, 0.01, 0.02) ceramics were synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction The crystal structure, dielectric response, degree of diffuseness and electric-field-induced strain properties were investigated as a function of different La concentrations. All samples were crystallized into a single phase perovskite structure. The temperature dependent dielectric response of La-modified BNBT-SZ ceramics showed lower dielectric response and improved field-induced strain response. The field induced strain increased from 0.17% for pure BNBT-SZ to 0.38 % for 1 mol.% La-modified BNBT-SZ ceramics at an applied electric field of 6 kV/mm. These results show that Lamodified BNBT-SZ ceramic system is expected to be a new candidate material for lead-free electronic devices.

The present study prepared molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), the most important intermediate of molybdenum metal, by using a fluidized bed reactor for the thermal decomposition of ammonium molybdate (AM) in the presence of an air flow. During the process of fluidizing the sample inside the reactor, the reaction time and temperature were optimized with a close analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In particular, the temperature level, at which the AM decomposition is completed, is very important as a primary operating parameter. The analysis of the XRD and TGA data showed that the AM decomposition is almost completed at ~350 oC with a reaction time of 30 min. A shorter reaction time of 10 min. required a higher reaction temperature of ~500 oC with the same air flow rate to complete the AM decomposition. A sharp rise in the decomposition efficiency at a temperature ranging between 320 and 350 oC indicated a threshold for the AM decomposition. The operating conditions determined in this study can be used for future scale-ups of the process.

Insect is an important player in the ecosystem as a prey for animals. Moreover, they are a valuable candidate food source for rearing animal. Tenebrio molitor (Coeloptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are known as a good food source with high protein, unsaturated fatty acid, minerals. Therefore, it has strong potential to substitute the conventional meat consumption. To utilize T. molitor as a feed, the standard mass-rearing protocol is required. To make standard mass-rearing protocol, we tested different temperature(17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C) conditions for egg, larvae, pupae and adult T. molitor to identify the optimal rearing condition. Hatching was occurred within 15~32.5°C range. However, 17.5~27.5°C was required to get more than 70 % hatching rete. When the eggs were treated in 22.5~27.5°C, all eggs were hatched within 10 days. As larval development, shorter developmental period, higher pupation and eclosion rates were observed within 25~27.5°C temperature range. In addition, we compared the number of egg, oviposition duration and time required to start egg-laying. The minimum egg-laying(258.40±10.86) was observed at 17.5°C, but the maximum(749.10±7.45) was at 27.5°C. The maximum oviposition duration (137.00±12.73 day (mean±S.D.)) was achieved at 27.5°C, but the minimum (87.50±3.54 day (mean±S.D.)) was at 30°C. The time required to start egg-laying was less than 10 days at 17.5, 27.5, and 30°C. To consider all the factors, we concluded that the optimal temperature is 27.5 °C.

Many forest pests present a problem during wood quarantine. The effectiveness of phosphine (PH3), which is an altered form of MB, was examined in Monochamus saltuaris and M. alternatus. After 24 h, the larvae and the adults of both insects were susceptible to PH3 at 3 mg/L at 20°C. However, the larvae of both pests were rather than dead, seem to have been quiescent condition. PH3 showed increasing insecticidal activity in a time-dependent manner in the larva stage of both pests. We investigated the fumigants at all stages of M. saltuaris and M. alternatus, as well as the synergistic effects of PH3 in controlled atmospheres of 50% and 80% oxygen. The atmospheric oxidation of PH3 fumigation slightly increased the toxicity of the fumigant to larva stages in 125 L container at 4 mg/L. These results indicate that highly concentrated atmospheric oxidation of PH3 could be useful as a fumigant agent against M. saltuaris and M. alternatus.

This study was conducted to examine the occurrence characteristics of pine trees infected by pine wood nematode in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Based on the GPS coordinate data of the infected trees at Yeongdeok-gun from 2013 to 2014 and at Andong-si in 2014, nearest neighbor analysis was conducted to analyze nearest distance between the infected trees. And the influence of geographical factors such as altitude, slope, and the distance from the road on the position of infected trees were identified. Our results showed that over 60% of the newly infected trees were found within 50m of the trees infected in previous year. Over 70% of infected trees occurred below 100m altitude in Yoeongdeok-gun whereas less 32% of total pine trees distributed below the altitude. 98% of the infected trees and 74% of total pine trees in Andong-si were found between 150 and 300m altitude, and altitudinal distribution of the infected trees was similar to that of pine forests. Only less 5% of infected trees found in the forests located below 5 degree of slope in Yeongdeok-gun whereas 18% of total pine trees existed in the areas. Over 50% of infected trees in the forests located from 10 to 20 degree of slope, and 47% of total pine trees were found in the forests located from 5 to 15 degree of slope. Most infected trees and total pine trees were found in the forests located below 15 degree of slope in Andong-si. Over 80% of the infected trees occurred within 1km of road in both study areas.

In the present study, Cydia kamijoi Oku is newly recognized in korean insect fauna. This tortricid moth was first found damaging the cones of Abies koreana in Jeju Island 2014. The moth can be a serious insect pest on A. koreana because of high damage rate on the cones, up to 71% average. The genus Cydia now was 11 korean species including C. kamijoi. Regarding this species, some basic information such as collection records, morphological characters, and ecology were provided

This study was carried out to investigate insect community structure from different habitats. We performed day and night collection at three different habitats (mountain, coast and rural area) of island Deokjeok, island Soya and island Mungap from May to September in 2014. A total of 3,482 individuals of 725 species, 119 families belonging to 10 orders were collected and identified. A dominant species was Corymbia rubra (Cerambycidae) despite a very low percentage of the species among the catches. Results of ANOVA test showed a significant effect of habitats typeon species diversity. Also, combination of seasons and habitats types were significantly influential with species abundance and species diversity. Indicator species analysis (ISA) result identified 121 significant (p < 0.05) indicator species; one species for the habitats cluster, 93 species for the season cluster and 27species for combination of habitats with seasons.

The ascomycete fungus Beauveria bassiana is a wide host range entomo- pathogenic fungus, which is commonly used as an environmental friendly biopesticide. However, the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction of B. bassiana are not well understood. Here, the high throughput next generation sequencing was performed to analyze the transcriptome of B. bassiana JEF-007 infected bean bug (Riptorus pedestris). Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis results showed that total 4,684 genes including 2,381 up and 2,303 down regulated genes were identified. Most of the DEGs were classified into single- organism, cellular and metabolism processes by gene ontology (GO) analysis. Metabolism pathway was the most abound category of DEGs via KEGG pathway mapping. Several possible candidates of virulence factors were dramatically expressed after infection, such as cytotoxic lectin, bacterial-like toxin, and proteins related to cell wall, hyphal growth, nutrient uptake and halogenated compounds synthesis. Furthermore, we also found the highest expression of a novel small RNA virus in the infected bean bug, but the relationship between fungal virulence and the RNA virus was under determination. The functional roles of these possible virulence factors are remained unclear, but this work provides a new insight for further fungal studies. Our results reflect systemic impacts of fungal pathogenesis and these findings represent a significant advance in the fungal functional genomics.

Hydroxyapatite (HA), which is an important calcium phosphate mineral, has been applied in orthopedics, dentistry, and many other fields depending upon its morphology. HA can be synthesized with different morphologies through controlling the synthesis method and several parameters. Here, we synthesize various morphologies of HA using two simple methods: hydrothermal combustion and solution combustion. The phase purity of the synthesized HA is confirmed using X-ray diffractometry. It demonstrates that pure phased hydroxyapatite can be synthesized using both methods. The morphology of the synthesized powder is examined using scanning electron microscopy. The effects of pH and temperature on the final powder are also investigated. At 140 oC, using the hydrothermal method, nano-micro HA rods with a hexagonal crystal structure can be synthesized, whereas using solution combustion method at 600 oC, a dense cubic morphology can be synthesized, which exhibits monoclinic crystal structures.