Soybean is a short-day plant, which means short day length promotes flowering. So far nine major loci, E1 to E8 and J, affecting the timing of flowering and maturity have been genetically identified in soybean. To understand the roles of soybean flowering genes in photoperiod-dependent flowering time control in soybean, we analyzed not only expression patterns of E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes as well as soybean FT homologs, including GmFT2a, GmFT5a and GmFT4, but also structural variation of E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes in various soybean accessions exhibiting a broad range of flowering time. The mRNA level of GmFT2a and GmFT5a was low in late flowering accessions, but high in late flowering accessions. In contrast, GmFT4 exhibited opposite expression pattern to those of GmFT2a and GmFT5a. Structural variation of E1, E2, E3 and E4 gene in these accessions revealed that early and moderate flowering accessions contained non-functional alleles of E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes in their genome. These results suggested that expression patterns of GmFT2a GmFT5a and GmFT4 would be important factor determining flowering time in soybean and allelic variation and genetic combination of upstream E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes would be more important in soybean flowering time control than their gene expression patterns.

Major loci controlling flowering time and maturity of short-day plant soybean, E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8, have been identified in soybean. The gene corresponding to E2 locus is a homolog of Arabidopsis GIGANTEA (AtGI). We identified three GI homologs in soybean and are verifying their roles in day-length dependent flowering. Expression anlysis indicated that GmGIs are ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages of soybean plants. Diurnal expression of GmGIs fluctuates within light/dark cycles of long-day (LD) and short-day (SD). GmGI2 and GmGI3 have identical expression patterns under both day length conditions with the highest peak at zeitgeber time 8 h (ZT8) under LD and at ZT4 under SD. GmGI1 shows the peak at ZT12 under LD and at ZT8 under SD. All of GmGIs exhibit the earlier peak and the shorter phase under SD than LD. The results indicated that day length affects expressions of GmGIs. Subcellular localization analysis showed that GmGIs are mainly targeted to nucleus, similar to the localization of AtGI. Overexpression of GmGIs in Arabidopsis transgenic plants showed no significant effect on flowering time nor rescue of gi-2 mutant phenotype. The results suggested that GmGIs have different molecular functions in flowering time regulation of short-day plant soybean compared to long-day plant Arabidopsis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of GmGIs’ functions in soybean flowering time control, we intend to identify target gene of GmGIs and interacting proteins by using yeast two-hybrid assay.

FT is one of the major floral activator in photoperiod-dependent flowering pathway. To understand the role of FT homologs in flowering time control of short-day plant soybean, we identified ten soybean FT genes and named GmFTs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ten GmFT genes were further categorized into three subclades. Gene expression analysis showed that the most GmFT genes are mainly expressed in leaves. The expression of GmFT2a, GmFT2b, GmFT5a, and GmFT6 was strongly induced under the floral inductive short-day condition, but GmFT4 exhibited opposite expression pattern compared to those of GmFT2a, GmFT2b, GmFT5a, and GmFT6. To understand roles of GmFT genes in flowering, we generated Arabidopsis transgenic plant overexpressing GmFT genes. Both 35S:GmFT2a and 35S:GmFT5a transgenic plants showed extremely early flowering. In contrast, overexpression of GmFT4 delayed flowering of transgenic plants compared to wild type Arabidopsis. The results indicated that GmFT2a and GmFT5a might function as floral activators, while GmFT4 has an opposite function in soybean flowering. Moreover, domain swapping approaches between GmFT2a and GmFT4 revealed that the substitution of the segment B region alone, which is located in 4th exon, was sufficient to change the function of GmFT2a to floral repressor and GmFT4 to floral activator. The results suggested that soybean FT homologs have been functionally diversified during evolution and might play different roles in photoperiod-dependent flowering of soybean.

In Brassica as matter of seedling manner, they have the bilocular ovary and 20~28 seeds per silique after fertilization. Rarely some of B. juncea and yellow sarson (Brassica rapa ssp, tricolaris) have multilocular ovary. In this stdudy, the LP8 (YS-033, CGN06835) is shown tetralocular ovary as well as high seed yields. As microscope study for the different size of immature bud sections and we have known the floral meristem with already four locules in immature buds less size than 1mm of LP8. To identify of determining of tetralocular ovary formation, RNA-seq was carried out on the isolated RNA from less than 1mm and from 1mm of bud size respectively. By contrast tetralocular ovay and bilocular ovary, Chiifu is used. A total of 994 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) are detected in only LP8. Among the DEGs, we identify 18 DEGs in only immature buds of less size than 1mm. The expression patterns of 18 DEGs are validated by real time quantitative PCR and these genes are cloned and the sequence analyzed. At present, 12 candidated gene are analyzed by sequencing and there are detected by large fragment insertion as well as SNPs in sequence comparison to Chiifu. We will perform the genetic transformation of these DEG genes in Arabidopsis for relation between genes and tetralocular ovary. Our results will be helpful in understanding for mechanisms of tetraovular ovary in Brassica rapa.

Brassica rapa subspecies show morphological variability, containing vegetable types and oilseed types. The yellow sarson types(Brassica rapa ssp, tricolaris) have distinct morphology, yellow seeded and contain some lines with very unique character of tetralocular ovary. For genetic studies on tetralocular ovary related to high seed yields, we produced genetic segregation population with F2 and double haploid(DH) population. The yellow sarson LP8 (YS-033, CGN06835) with character of tetralocular ovary used as a maternal plant and crossed by LP21 of turnip rape type with bilocular ovary as paternal plant. We took on the microspore cultures on immature bud which is collected on sizing from 2mm to 3.2mm for DH population. The regenerations DH plants are analyzed by ploidy determination using flow cytrometer and selected on diploid plants. These regenerated DH and F2 plants are doing bud pollination and measuring the phenotype traits. Also, these populations will be used for identify of genetic locus relate to tetralocular ovary using genotyping by sequencing.

To understand molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation of plant cells to saline stress and stress memory, we developed Arabidopsis callus suspension-cultured cells adapted to high salt. Adapted cells to high salt exhibited enhanced tolerance compared to control cells. Moreover, the salt tolerance of adapted cells was stably maintained even after the stress is relieved, indicating that the salt tolerance of adapted cells was memorized. Salt-adapted and stress memorized cells were densely aggregated and formed multi-layered cell lump. Cell morphology analysis using transmission electron microscopy indicated that cell wall thickness of salt-adapted cells was significantly induced compared to control cells. In order to characterize metabolic responses of plant cells during adaptation to high salt stress as well as stress memory, we compared metabolic profiles of salt-adapted and stress-memorized cells with control cells by using NMR spectroscopy. A principle component analysis showed clear metabolic discrimination among control, salt-adapted and stress-memorized cells. Compared with control cells, metabolites related to shikimate metabolism such as tyrosine, and flavonol glycosides, which are related to protective mechanism of plant against stresses were largely up-regulated in adapted cell lines. Moreover, coniferin, a precursor of lignin, was more abundant in salt-adapted cells than control cells. The results provide new insight into metabolic level mechanisms of plant adaptation to saline stress as well as stress memory.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity of natural products (DNP7, 9) in responding to Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) feeding. Resistant rice (cv. Cheongcheong ), susceptible rice (cv. Nagdong) and susceptible control rice (cv. TN1) were used as materials for WBPH infestation in seedling stage. The treatment was conducted by spraying DNP 7 and 9 for 100 ppm to materials before being fed to 2nd and 3rd instar WBPH while control group was not sprayed DNP 7 and 9. The density of WBPH was 7 insect per plant. As a result, WBPH survival rate of 57% was found in the DNP 7 treatment, whereas those in DNP 9 and control were 27% and 71%, respectively. Resistance score of Cheongcheong, Nagdong, and TN1 in DNP 7 treatment were 3.4±0.8, 5.9±1.9, and 6.8±1.6, respectively, while those in DNP 9 treatment were 1.6±0.8, 4.7±1.6, and 7.9 ±1.4, respectively. The plant heights of Cheongcheong, Nagdong, and TN1 in DNP 7 treatment after 3 week infestation were 19.7±3.0, 23.4±7.5, and 15.8±8, respectively while those in DNP 9 treatment were 32.4±4, 26.3±12.7, and 25.9±8.5, respectively. Moreover, chlorophyll content was examined 3 week post infestation. In both DNP 7 and DNP 9 treatment, the chlorophyll levels of Cheongcheong and Nagdong in were higher than that in control. Based on observation and bio-scoring, plant with DNP 9 was strongly resistant to WBPH feeding and the survival rate of WHPB was lower than plant with DNP7.

Potato glycoalkaloids(PGAs) are potentially toxic to humans at high levels and current safety regulations have recommended that PGAs content in tubers of potato cultivars should not exceed 20 mg/100g·FW. Accordingly, it is important to determine the PGAs composition and levels on potato cultivars for food safty and the breeding for new cultivars with low levels of PGAs. The main aim of this study was to evaluate α-chaconine, α-solanine and total PGAs content in the peel and cortex portions in 24 cultivars including ‘Haryoung’, ‘Goun’, ‘Hongyoung’ and ‘Jayoung’, recently released by Highland Agricultural Research Institute. The total PGAs ranged from 3.1 to 10.1 mg/100g·FW. 75-94% of total PGAs was existed in the peel part of all cultivars. We selected two cultivars, which can be eaten wth the skin on tubers, and so used for soy sauce braised potatoes and baby potatoes for the rest area. These results will provide consumers and breeders with fundamental information about the content of PGAs in Korea major cultivars.

Low temperature is a major abiotic stress that adversely affects rice production in rice cultivation regions of the world. Low temperature during the rice growing season, can inhibit growth and development at any development stage, from germination to grain filling. Among the rice growth stage, reproductive stage was known as the most sensitive to low temperature, causing sterile grain and lead yield loss. However, low temperature during the grain filling stage also, may cause delay and incomplete grain maturation. In this study QTL analysis were performed to identify the QTLs associated with percent of grain filling under low temperature condition during the grain filling stage. A 139 RIL derived from a cross between ‘Milyang23’ (Tong-il, cold susceptible) and ‘Gihobyeo’(Japonica, cold tolerance) were exposed to air and water of 17℃ at the same time for 14 days during the grain filling stage. One significant QTL associated to percent of grain filling was detected on chromosome 7. This QTL could explain 14.7% of the phenotypic variance for percent of grain filling. We have the plan to confirm the detected QTL through further study.

Treatment of spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage (SRH) is mainly conservative. However, if intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) or abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) develops, the treatment strategy should be more aggressive. Surgical decompression has been the gold standard; however, it is very invasive and highly morbid. Thus, percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) has been introduced as an alternative therapeutic option. We report on a case of successful PCD for prevention of progression of IAH to ACS in a patient with SRH after coronary stent implantation. This case showed that PCD can be an efficacious and safe method for treatment of IAH with impending ACS.

Transposon elements are widely distributed in the plant genomes. Maize genome consists of various transposable elements that constitute as much as 80% of the genome. Transposon display (TD) is a modified from AFLP, and can be used to generate and display hundreds of genomic fragments affixed to transposons, consequently tagging transposons. We developed maize specific transposon insertion- sequence characterized amplified regions (Ti-SCAR) using Isaac and CACTA transposons. Currently, we have developed 58 dominant Ti-SCAR markers. Validation of the Ti-SCARs is being carried out using a various maize germplasm. Since AFLP is tedious and unsuitable for large scale application in MAS, the Ti-SCAR markers displayed simple binary presence or absence pattern. Thus, the Ti-SCARs can provide a fast, cheap and reliable PCR based assay. A pipeline in developing the Ti-SCAR will be presented in the poster.

The perturbation of the steady state of reactive oxygen species due to biotic and abiotic stresses in a plant could lead to protein denaturation through the modification of amino acid residues, including the oxidation of methionine residues. Methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs) catalyze the reduction of methionine sulfoxide back to the methionine residue. To assess the role of this enzyme, we generated transgenic rice using a pepper CaMSRB2 gene under the control of the rice Rab21 promoter with/without a selection marker, the bar gene. A drought resistance test on transgenic plants showed that CaMSRB2 confers drought tolerance to rice, as evidenced by less oxidative stress symptoms and a strengthened PSII quantum yield under stress conditions, and increased survival rate and chlorophyll index after the re-watering. The results from immunoblotting using a methionine sulfoxide antibody and nano-LC-MS/MS spectrometry suggest that porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), which is involved in chlorophyll synthesis, is a putative target of CaMSRB2. The oxidized methionine content of PBGD expressed in E. coli increased in the presence of H2O2, and the Met-95 and Met-227 residues of PBGD were reduced by CaMSRB2 in the presence of dithiothreitol. An expression profiling analysis of the overexpression lines also suggested that photosystems are less severely affected by drought stress. Our results indicate that CaMSRB2 might play an important functional role in chloroplasts for conferring drought stress tolerance in rice

Glucosinolates of Brassica rapa collection from Korea genebank were measured to determine total glucosinolate content and their variation of diverse glucosinolates; Around 100 accessions representing the different morphotypes and geographical origin of Brassica rapa were analysed. The principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the differences among morphotypes using the profiles of 14 glucosinolates identified from the leaves. DMRT test and box plots showed the significant difference between total glucosinolates of subspecies. Most of turnip accessions had higher gluconilates compared to the other type accessions, Chinese cabbage and pak choi. These accessions will be used for GWAS study for glucosinolate. Now they are being finger-printed by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Among these accession, we selected a turnip accession with high amount of glucosinolate, K0466 and two Chinese cabbage accession with low amount of glucosinolate, K0015 and K0621. To analyse quantitative traits loci (QTL) for glucosinolate synthesis, these three accessions were fixed through microspore culture. Finally, six homozygous lines were selected and were crossed each other to make F1 hybrids. We just harvested F2 seeds and transferred doubled haploid plants to pots. QTL analysis for glucosinolate will be performed these F2 and DH population.

The objective of this study was to evaluate grain appearance and cooked rice taste preferred by Africans for the rice ecotype of one Japonica variety, one Indica variety, and two varieties of Tongil type as compared with Korean’s preference. The preferred grain appearance by Africans who have participated as panelists was in the order of grain length, aroma, and shape, while Korean preferred rice quality in the order of appearance(head rice) and grain length. Africans preferred imported Indica rice from Thailand the most, while Korean preferred Japonica Haimi the most. Overall, African preferred aromatic rice with long grain, while Korean preferred short grain rice with high head rice ratio. In the evaluation of cooked rice taste, there was no significant statistical difference between varieties preferred by Africans. Whereas, Koreans showed clear preference in the order of Haiami > Dasan 1 = Hanareum > Indica rice. The preference analysis results of cooked rice taste subjected to Japonica and Indica which showed clear preference by Koreans revealed that Africans from Cameroon, DR Congo, and Tanzania preferred Haimai. Meanwhile, the Africans from Uganda, Mali, and Nigeria preferred imported Indica rice from Thailand. The Africans from Kenya, Malawi, Ghana, and Sudan showed similar preference among Japonica and Indica varieties. The study results indicated that Africans had different preference of cooked rice taste for eco-type rice varieties by different nations. It is regarded that additional research would be conducted to evaluate cooked rice taste by the appropriate numbers of panelists from various field and by the various rice varieties including rice variety preferred by different African countries.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich.) is a hardy perennial herbaceous plant of the Urticaceae family and has been grown as a fiber crop in several countries including Korea for many centuries. Ramie leaves also have been traditionally used as a major ingredient of a type of rice cake called ‘Song-pyun’ in the Southwest area of Korea, especially Yeong-Gwang province. Despite its economic importance, the molecular genetics of ramie have not been studied in detail yet. Genetic resources of ramie were widely collected from domestic local sites by Bioenergy Crop Research Center (RDA) and Yeong-Gwang Agricultural Technology Center. For the systematic and efficient management of the genetic resources, we developed microsatellite molecular markers of ramie. To do this, we generated microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA libraries using magnetic bead hybridization selection method. 216 contigs containing microsatellite repeat motif were generated using nucleotide sequences of 376 clones from the libraries. Primer sets were designed from the flanking sequences of the repeat motif. Finally, we selected 26 microsatellite markers, possibly showing polymorphism among the genetic resources. Results on the genotype analysis of the ramie genetic resources using the microsatellite markers will be presented.

Purpose – This study aims to find ways to create win-win market strategies for department stores, vendors, and customers by studying the operation of the Teukyakmeip system—the distinctive trade system of Korean department stores—and preceding cases. Research design, data, and methodology – We simultaneously examined various materials, analyzed preceding research,and interviewed department store managers (the parties to the Teukyakmeip transaction). Results – We examined whether the Teukyakmeip transactions are really beneficial to department stores, but unfavorable to vendors. Significant results emerge including figures and tables. Conclusions – Department stores will implement and develop the system to advance the win-win partnership by minimizing errors and drawbacks from the system.

In order to adapt to various environmental stresses, plants have employed diverse regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications play an important role in gene expression regulation under stress condition. It has been known that some of epigenetic modifications are stably inherited after mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, which is known as stress memory. To understand molecular mechanisms underlying stress memory mediated by epigenetic modifications, we developed Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cell lines adapted to high salt by stepwise increases in the NaCl concentration up to 120 mM. Adapted cell line to 120 mM NaCl, named A120, exhibited enhanced salt tolerance compared to unadapted control cells (A0). Moreover, the salt tolerance of A120 cell line was stably maintained even in the absence of added NaCl, indicating that the salt tolerance of A120 cell line was memorized even after the stress is relieved. By using salt adapted and stress memorized cell lines, we intend to analyze the changes of DNA methylation, histone modification, transcriptome, and proteome to understand molecular mechanisms underlying stress adaptation as well as stress memory in plants.

FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is major determinant of the length of the vegetative phase in plants. To understand the role of FT homologs in flowering time control of soybean, we identified ten soybean FT genes and named GmFTs. Expression analysis of GmFT homologs showed that the transcripts of most FT clade genes are mainly expressed in leaves. The expression of GmFT2a, GmFT2b, GmFT5a, and GmFT6 strongly induced in response to floral inductive short-day condition, but GmFT4 and GmFT6 exhibited opposite expression pattern. To understand the biological function of each GmFT/TFL1 genes in flowering time control, we ectopically expressed GmFT cDNAs in Arabidopsis under the control of CaMV 35S promoter. Interestingly, while 35S:GmFT2a and 35S:GmFT5a transgenic plant showed extremely early flowering phenotype, overexpression of GmFT4 delayed flowering. Furthermore we analyzed expression patterns GmFT genes in the leaves of Korean soybean landraces showing various flowering time. The results showed that the transcript level of two FT homologs, GmFT2a and GmFT5a, was high in early flowering landraces, but low in late flowering landraces. In contrast, GmFT4 exhibited opposite expression pattern to those of GmFT2a and GmFT5a, suggesting that GmFT4 may function antagonistically to GmFT2a and GmFT5a in flowering time control of soybean. These results demonstrated that soybean FT homologs have both unique and conserved functions in the photoperiodic control of flowering compared with those in Arabidopsis.

Malignant mixed tumor is an aggressive malignant neoplasm composed of heterologous malignant epithelial and stromal components. It is a rare neoplasm, accounting for 0.05 % of all salivary gland tumors and 0.16 % of all malignant salivary gland tumors. The tumor may occur in the background of a preexisting pleomorphic adenoma or may arise de novo. We report on an 84-year-old female who was diagnosed with carcinosarcoma on her left parotid gland. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of two components - mainly myxoid chondrosarcoma (75%), poorly differentiated carcinoma and a few remnants of benign pleomorphic adenoma in the periphery of the tumor.