This study was carried out to evaluate the Life Cycle Cost(LCC) of four types of BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaic) systems -Glass plus Granite, Crystalline BIPV, Crystalline BIPV + Glass plus Granite and See through Amorphous BIPV -which were vertically installed to generate the same capacity(2kW) and the same area. Initial investment costs, cost savings and maintenance costs had been predicted during the period of analysing the LCC of four types of BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaic) systems installed for the purpose of evaluating the LCC. In case of cost savings, it had been analyzed by measuring the amount of electric power generated, reduction in lighting load and heat & cooling loads through simulation. From this analysis, it was predicted that the See-through amorphous BIPV offering cost saving advantages demonstrated the economical efficiency similar to the Glass plus Granite when it is backed by more than 20 years of durability.

Poly(ether ether ketone)(PEEK)를 황산을 사용하여 설폰화시킨 후 폴리설폰과 다양한 조성으로 혼합하여 블렌드 고분자 전해질 막을 제조하였고 조성의 변화에 따른 메탄을 투과도, 수소이온전도도, 그리고 이온교환용량의 변화를 측정하였다. 폴리설폰의 경우 이온전도도는 낮은 반면에 메탄올에 대한 저항은 우수하였다. 그러나, 설폰화된 PEEK의 양이 증가함에 따라 메탄을 투과도와 수소이온전도도가 함께 증가하였다. 이온전도도와 메탄을 투과도의 비로부터 폴리설폰의 양이 20%일 때 가장 좋은 선택성을 가지는 것을 알 수 있었다.

파장분할다중 광소자용으로 새로운 치환된 고분자인 폴리아릴렌에테르를 합성하였다. 이 물질은 열적으로 500˚C까지 안정하며, 1.5μm의 파장 근처에서 넓은 투과 영역을 가진다. 굴절률도 1.495-1.530의범위에서 불소 함유량으로 조절되었다. 단일 모드 광도파로를 제작하여 광도파손실을 측정하였다. 측정된 광도파손실은 1.55μm의 파장에서 0.2 dB/cm 이하였다.

Main aspects of this study are to clarify igneous activity of igneous rocks, which is a member of various intrusives and volcanics exposed in the SE-zone of Ogcheon Geosynclinal belt, one of basement of Korean peninsula. Igneous rocks of study area along marginal area between SE-zone and C-zone of Ogcheon Geosynclinal belt consist of Pre-Cambrian orthogneiss, Triassic foliated granites and Namweon granites, Jurassic diorite-gabbro and granites, and Cretaceous granites and volcanics. Foliated granites in so-called Honam shear belt of study area is divided into four rock units based on the geologic age, mineralogy and texture : Daegang foliated granite, foliated hornblende biotite grandiorite, foliated biotite granodiorite and foliated two mica granite. Foliation of foliated granites generated by dextral strike slip movement at deep ductile shear zone. The individual synchronous plutons plottes on Harker diagram show mostly similar trend to the Daly's values. Each plots of the foliated granites, Jurassic granites and Cretaceous igneous rocks concentrate near trend of talc-alkali rock series on the AMF diagram. Igneous rocks of study area vary wide range in total REE content(83.27-377.49ppm) show LREE enriched than HREE in REE amount, and LREE have more steep negative slope in Eu(-) anomaly. From the date mentioned above, it is concluded the synchronous plutons which composed of several rock facies is considered to formed by differentiation of a series of magma. Geochronological episodes of igneous activity from early proterozoic to late Cretaceous between Jinan and Naju are two more Pre-Cambrian Orogenies, Songrim Disturbance, Daebo Orogeny and Bulkuksa Disturbance.

This study analyzed the quality characteristics of black garlic made from Seosan Yukjok Garlic and elephant garlic in Seosan, Chungnam province. Of the inorganic components, Mg content was the highest in all treatment groups, and the Ca content was high in each of the 15 day treatments. The content of K was high after 10 days aging in Yukjok garlic and after 15 days in the elephant garlic. The Fe, Na, K, and Mg content was high in Yukjok black garlic after 15 days, and Na, K, Ca, and Mg were high in the elephant black garlic aged for 15 days. The crude fat content was high in both Yukjok black garlic and elephant black garlic after 15 days. Vitamin C content was highest in both types of garlic after aging for 15 days. An analysis of four kinds of organic acids showed that citric acid was the only organic acid to appear in raw garlic of Yukjok garlic and elephant garlic. Black Yukjok garlic and elephant black garlic had a greater total amino acid content than the raw garlic of either type. However, among the tested amino acids, 13 kinds of amino acids were at their highest after five days of ripening in Yukjok black garlic, while 15 kinds of amino acids were abundant in elephant garlic after the same period. Eight kinds of amino acids were high after aging for 15 days. Through this study, it was confirmed that, in the process of making black garlic, changes in the main components of the garlic occur through different routes, and these changes vary depending on the garlic species. Therefore, this study provided basic data for the processing of Seosan's Yukjok black garlic and elephant black garlic.

The coffee grounds generated during the coffee extraction process contain several resources, but the technology for their recycling has not been commercialized yet, causing various environmental problems. Due to the recent increase in coffee consumption worldwide, the amount of coffee grounds produced has been continuously increasing, reaching more than 750 million tons. In Korea, about 120,000 tons of coffee waste are annually generated; however, most of them are landfilled or incinerated. Although there is still a shortage of coffee waste recycling technologies compared to the amount of coffee grounds produced, various recycling approaches are being actuated in many countries including Korea. In this study, the generation of coffee grounds at home and abroad, the status of coffee grounds recycling, and the associated technology development trends were investigated. The coffee grounds recycling has been studied in the fields of energy, adsorbent, construction, agriculture, and bio-foods. Research is most active in the energy and biotechnology areas; in particular, since the oil in the coffee grounds is valuable as a feedstock for biomass energy, the technology related to energy recovery is currently under development worldwide. Removed because confusing and unnecessary.

본 연구에서는 화장품 천연소재로서 모링가 에탄올 추출물의 이용 가능성을 확인하였다. Tyrosinase 와 elastase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 각각 1,000 μg/mL에서 47%, 39%의 활성을 나타내었다. 모링가 에탄올 추출물에 대한 collagenase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 1,000 μg/mL에서 31%의 활성을 확인하였다. 세포 생존율을 MTT 분석법으로 확인한 결과 대식 세포(Raw264.7)와 멜라노마 세포(B16F10)의 농도 구간이 100 μg/mL 일 때 각각 94.2%, 94.8%의 생존율을 보였다. 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위해 griess 분석에 의하여 대식 세포에 lipopolysaccharides (LPS)를 처리하였다. 그 결과 모링가 에탄올 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 NO 발현 억제효과를 확인하였다. Western blot을 통한 단백질 발현 억제 효과를 측정하기 위해 25, 50, 100 μg/mL 농도의 모링가 에탄올 추출물과 β-actin을 사용하였다. 그 결과, iNOS, COX-2, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, tyrosinase의 단백질 발현양이 100 μg/mL에서 85.8%, 57.5%, 80.7%, 30%, 29.9%, 23.6%로 억제 됨을 확인하였다. 따라서 미백 및 항염증 효과가 우수함을 확인하였고, 모링가 에탄올 추출물의 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다.

The amount of sewage sludge emission is gradually increasing every year. However, the Ocean dumping of sewage sludge was prohibited since 2012 by london convention 96 protocol. Therefore, ground disposal method for recycling organic waste or utilizing to energy technology was needed. The heat is generated when sewage sludge has decomposed with the aerobic microbes. In this study, the heat would be applied to dehydrate sewage sludge. The drying efficiency was evaluated according to Air Flow Rate(AFR) and the mixing proportion of the returned sludge. At the experiments used returned sludge Which was dried at 40% moisture content. As a result, the most high temperature was indicated when it mixed 30% and optimal AFR for maintaining aerobic condition was 200 mL/min.kg. During 14days of Biodrying, the highest temperature of reactor was 46℃ and maintained 5~7days are higher than 40℃. and also 18.8% of moisture was eliminated. These results show that using Biodrying to sewage sludge has economic potential compared to hot-air drying and can be one of the method to produce SRF with additional treatment.

The amount of sewage sludge that is emitted is gradually increasing every year. However, since 2012, because of the London Protocol, the oceanic dumping of sewage sludge has been prohibited. Therefore, for recycling organic waste, either the ground disposal method has to be used or technological solutions that develop energy from such waste have to be identified. Heat is generated when the sewage sludge has decomposed by aerobic microbes. In this study, to dehydrate sewage sludge, heat was applied and the drying efficiency was evaluated according to the air flow rate (AFR) and the proportional mixing of the returned sludge. For the experiments, returned sludge that was dried to 40% moisture content was used; consequently, the highest temperature was obtained when the moisture content was 30% and, for maintaining aerobic conditions, the optimal AFR was 200 ml/min·kg. During biodrying for 14 days, the highest temperature of reactor was 46℃, which was maintained at higher than 40℃ for 5-7 days; moreover, 18.8% of moisture was eliminated. These results show that using biodrying for treating sewage sludge has economic potential compared to hot-air drying; moreover, with additional treatment, biodrying can be one of the methods for producing Bio Solid Refuse Fuel (Bio-SRF).

This Research was the standardization of nutrient sources by reviewing the possibility of cultivation and analysis of imported nutrient sources used in Pleurotus ostreatus culture. As a first result, the concentration of heavy metals was not detected or trace, and the total nitrogen content of cotton seed pomace was 6.22% in Australia, which was higher than that of Chinese or USA. As a second result of physical properties of nutrient sources, the water holding capacity of beet pulp from Egypt was higher with increasing pressure. The volume water content of US was highest at 400hpa and 500hpa in case of cottonseed meal. Third, the content of total nitrogen was the highest at pH 5.51 and the total nitrogen content was the highest at 2.45, and the C/N ratio was the highest at 28.18. Last result shows that first germination day, yield and biological effciency of all treatments were not significant differnet except T2. These results shows that australian cootton was inappropriate to Pleurotus ostreatus culture. Nevertheless, the safety and standardization of the Pleurotus ostreatus culture medium should be assured by reviewing the media low material importing season, mushroom yield and nutrient sources.

유기성 폐기물 중 하나인 하수슬러지는 하수처리시설 중 1차 침전지와 생물학적 처리 단계에서 대량 발생한다. 이러한 하수슬러지는 재활용, 소각, 매립, 그리고 해양투기 방식으로 처리되어 왔으며, 국내에서는 발생량의 절반이상이 해양투기에 의해 처리되어왔다. 하지만 2012년 런던협약에 의해 해양투기가 금지됨에 따라 하수슬러지 처리에 관한 문제가 급부상 하였고, 최근에는 고형연료로의 재활용에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 고형연료의 요구함수율을 충족시키기 위하여 탈수슬러지의 추가적인 건조과정이 필요하다. 하지만 높은 수분을 함유하고 있어 건조과정이 길어지고 고형연료로써 가치가 떨어져 경제적으로 어려움이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 하수슬러지의 건조방법 중 하나인 Bio-drying공법을 사용하였으며, 무분별하게 폐기되는 한약재 부산물을 혼합하여 적용하였다. Bio-drying은 생분해성 폐기물이 퇴비의 초기 단계를 통해 빠르게 가열되어 폐기물 흐름에서 수분을 제거하여 전체 중량을 감소시키는 과정이다. Bio-drying 공정에서 강제통풍뿐만 아니라 생물학적 열에 의해 건조 속도가 증가한다. 유기물의 호기성 분해를 통해 자연적으로 이용 가능한 생물학적 열의 주요 부분은 혼합 된 슬러지와 관련된 표면 및 결합수를 증발 시키는데 이용된다. 이 열 발생은 보충화석 연료가 필요 없고 최소한의 전력 소비로 Biomass의 수분 함량을 감소시킨다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Bio-drying을 통하여 하수슬러지와 한약재 부산물을 비율에 따라 혼합하여 Bio-drying의 20일 동안의 건조효율을 살펴보았다. 또한, 혼합물의 특성분석을 통하여 고형연료로써의 이용가능성을 평가해보았다.

A series of laboratory tests were carried out to verify the strength characteristics of soil-cement improved by the biomineralization of microorganisms and to evaluate the utilizations of soil-cement mixed with oyster shell as an alternative aggregate. The higher the mixed oyster shell ratio, the lower the specific gravity and dry density. The mixing processes were more likely to change the liquid limit and plasticity index of the soil-cement into those for sand. The uniaxial compressive strength of soil-cement mixed with 20% oyster shell and 1 × 103 cells/mL of microorganisms satisfied the requirements of 3,000 kPa for seven days of curing in the Standard Specification for Public Works.

비정형 판 부재의 탄소성 좌굴 강도를 평가할 수 있는 새로운 지표를 제안하였다. 부재 경계면에 작용하는 하중 또는 경계면의 변화 에 따른 외부일 또는 변형에너지를 부재의 평형 변형경로에 따라 계산하고, 이 에너지의 이차 변분량의 부호가 양에서 음으로 바뀌는 시점을 안 정한계로 제안하였다. 판 부재의 단면력을 등분포 또는 선형으로 근사한 상태로 단면력을 사용하여 좌굴한계를 평가하는 현 기법과는 반대로 단면력의 변화가 비선형적인 복잡한 경우에도 간단히 좌굴한계를 평가할 수 있다. 선형탄성 문제에 대해서는 본 기법의 결과와 전통적인 방법 이 동일한 결과를 도출한다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of bottom-ash recycling from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and investigate the possibility of the use of bottom ash for Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete and Bottom Ash Aggregate for Road Construction according to Korean Industrial Standards (KS). Samples were taken from the MSWI bottom ash collected at the resource recovery facilities “A” and “B.” In the results, both samples did not satisfy the criteria of the particle sizes. In particular, the two samples failed to comply with the physical and chemical characteristics criteria of the Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete. On the other hand, both bottom ash samples met the physical characteristics criteria of the Bottom Ash for Road Construction. Therefore, the recycling of Bottom Ash Aggregate for Road Construction can be more a suitable method for recycling, provided that proper pre-treatment as a screening process for bottom ash is performed.

The amount of food waste is generated every year in Korea. Despite food waste contain a large amount of valuable organic resources, The rate of recycling is low because of high moisture contents and sodium. It proposed a solution to the problem is the Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology. The Bio-char is produced by HTC allows to increase the recycling uses. The agents of heavy metal adsorption are mainly used with lime and activated carbon. However, these have difficulties such as low economical feasibility and solubility. This study focused on the application of the adsorbent. It is expected to have advantages in heavy metal waste water like Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) or industrial effluent. In this study, the adsorption capacity of bio-char was measured with the conditions of the time and the amount of bio-char inputs to remove in the artificial AMD. Artificial waste water 10 ppm and 100 ppm was prepared using Cu, Pb, Cd, As, and analyzed a batch-test to find the optimum condition. The experimental results showed The optimal blending ratios with activated bio-char and contaminated water were 1 : 20 for high concentration (100 ppm), 1 : 100 for low concentration (10 ppm). As the results, the absorption efficiency of the heavy metals, shows more than 99% except for arsenic.

The ocean dumping of organic waste as food waste has been prohibited since 2012 and so it is necessary to find alternative methods for its treatment and disposal. The purpose of this study was to treat food waste via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) that has advantages such as no pre-treatment as drying feedstock and low energy consumption. Additionally, feasibility study for Bio-SRF (Solid Refused Fuel) was conducted to produce hydrochar via HTC. As results from quality standards experiments based on 「Solid Fuel Product Quality Testing Method in Korean」, the optimal condition of 220oC as reaction temperature and 4 hr as reaction time have been selected. Since 2012, the ocean dumping of organic waste as food waste has been prohibited, it is necessary to replace its treatment and disposal. This study applied to treat of food waste via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) which the method has advantages such as no pre-treatment as drying feedstock and low energy consumption. Moreover, feasibility study for Bio-SRF (Solid Refused Fuel) conducted to producted hydrochar via HTC. As a results from quality standards experiments based「Solid Fuel Product Quality Testing Method in Korean」, the optimal condition of 220oC as reaction temperature and 4 hr as reaction time has been selected.