The occurrence characteristics of major insect pests infesting organically cultivated maizes, millets, sorghums, and soybeans were surveyed from 2015 to 2017 in paddy-upland rotation and continuing upland fields. In grain fields, the main damage of maizes and sorghums was caused by Ostrinia furnaclais and Helicoverpa spp. The occurrence pattern of O. furnacalis was 3 times and that of Helicoverpa spp. was 3-4 times. In soybean fields, Riptortus clavatus was the most important, but the pest was not observed at geumhwajaerae and bongeui varieties. Interestingly, the more high the invasive rate of lepidopteran larvae was, the more low the yield of maizes and sorghums was. The surveyed results indicate that the focused management on lepidopteran larvae or hemipteran pests in maizes and sorghums or soybeans cultivated in paddy-upland rotation and continuing upland fields is an important strategy.

Sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Heterodera schachtii, is one of the important pests of sugarbeet growing area inthe world, especially in Europe, Canada and USA. SBCN has host in 23 plant families and the important crop host occursin two families; the Chenopodiaceae and Brassicaceae. Host crops include beets, mangolds, cabbage, spinach, brassicas,radish, mustard, and broccoli etc. In korea, SBCN was first detected in the highland Kimchi cabbage fields of easternGangwon-do, 2011. The obvious foliar symptom is poor plant stands and growth, wilting and yellowing. The most easilyrecognized sign of infection is the white to pale yellow and lemon-shaped adult female attached to roots. A survey ofBrassica spp. fields was conducted to determine the distribution of SBCN in Korea. The cyst nematode was only foundedin a restricted highland Kimchi cabbage fields in Gangwon-do. Damage from SBCN may be reduced by employing acombination of various management practies such as prevention of nematode infestation, crop rotation, SBCN resistanttrap crop, weed control and chemical control.

For preliminary molecular typing, PCR-based fingerprinting using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is the method of choice. In this study, 14 bacterial strains were isolated from different Korean food sources, identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and characterized through RAPD-PCR. Two PCR primers (239 and KAY3) generated a total of 130 RAPD bands, 14 distinct PCR profiles, 10 polymorphic bands, one monomorphic band, and four unique bands. Dendrogram-based analysis with primer 239 showed that all 14 strains could be divided into seven clades out of which clade VII had the maximum of seven. In contrast, dendrogram analysis with the primer KAY3 divided the 14 L. citreum strains into four clades out of which clade IV consisted of a maximum of 10 strains out of 14. This research identified and characterized bacterial populations associated with different Korean foods. The proposed RAPD-PCR method, based on sequence amplification, could easily identify and discriminate the lactic acid bacteria species at the strain-specific level and could be used as a highly reliable genomic fingerprinting tool.

For preliminary molecular typing, PCR-based fingerprinting using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is the method of choice. In this study, 14 bacterial strains were isolated from different Korean food sources, identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and characterized through RAPD-PCR. Two PCR primers (239 and KAY3) generated a total of 130 RAPD bands, 14 distinct PCR profiles, 10 polymorphic bands, one monomorphic band, and four unique bands. Dendrogram-based analysis with primer 239 showed that all 14 strains could be divided into seven clades out of which clade VII had the maximum of seven. In contrast, dendrogram analysis with the primer KAY3 divided the 14 L. citreum strains into four clades out of which clade IV consisted of a maximum of 10 strains out of 14. This research identified and characterized bacterial populations associated with different Korean foods. The proposed RAPD-PCR method, based on sequence amplification, could easily identify and discriminate the lactic acid bacteria species at the strain-specific level and could be used as a highly reliable genomic fingerprinting tool.

Fermented food consists of a variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that are also used in the industry as starter cultures. This genus comprises of different species that find importance as a preservatives in food like meat and sausages. Likewise, Lactobacillus brevis has been recognized as GRAS and is a potential probiotic strain extensively being used on an industrial scale. Since such bacteria are directly related to human health, there has been a need to identify and characterize them on the molecular level. In this study, LAB was identified and characterized from various fermented food samples available in South Korea. Two types to PCR-based molecular typing methods were used to analyze the 13 Lactobacillus brevis isolates, of which one was based on difference in the banding patterns originated on agarose gel and the other was related to the sequence analyses of various housekeeping genes in the particular strain. The former rep-PCR technique used three primers namely, REP, ERIC and (GTG)5 that amplified repetitive sequences in the genome and provided characteristic fingerprint profile for each isolate. This clustered the strains in 3 groups with the help of UPGMA method of clustering distinguishing between closely related strains. However, the latter multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) technique provided definite identification of the strains. A set of 7 housekeeping genes were determined as groEL, gyrB, rpoA, rpoB, pheS, recA and dnaK. These genes were amplified and sequenced and were subjected to comparative analysis. Discrete allelic profiles and 13 sequence types (STs) were resolved and minimum spanning tree (MST) was constructed, revealing the genetic relatedness among the isolates. On comparing the results from both the techniques, MLST proved to generate accurate and precise fingerprints owing to the sequence analysis of conserved genes thus providing a scope for research in the monitoring related species.

In recent years, interest in edible insects has increased, and the number of farmers that breed insects in large quantities is increasing. As a result of mass breeding of insects, the damage from diseases and mites is also increasing. The chief aims of the investigation reached during some work are briefly stated. In this experiment, the kinds of mites and the environment of mites occurring in beneficial insects were investigated. The species with the highest frequency were Sanacassania sp., Tyrophagus sp., Canestriniidae and Gaeolaelaps sp.. Sanacassania sp. and Canestriniidae of them are reported as parasitic mites on beneficial insects.

While designation status of state-appointed cultural properties, promotion status of scenic sites, overlap with natural parks, and relationship with both nine river bends and eight views were reviewed, application and promotion status of scenic sites were analyzed by exploring culture and tourism websites of local governments and tourist leaflets on scenic sites. The results of the analysis are as follows. There are totally 109 designated scenic sites in Korea and these are distributed in 59 local governments, which account for 26.1% of local governments. Accordingly, unequal regional distribution was found to be significant. As a result of the exploration of the status of overlapping between scenic site-designated areas and national, provincial, and county parks, altogether 53 designated scenic sites that account for 48.6%, overlapped with natural parks. Thus, there is a great need for role sharing and cooperation with natural park management entities in terms of experience programs within scenic sites and cultural commentaries. Meanwhile, there is a significant difference among the local governments regarding the efforts in highlighting cultural properties as tourist resources while universal awareness and promotion of scenic sites was found to be very low. Marking scenic sites on leaflets were prone to lag behind those on homepages. The analysis on status of scenic sites revealed that festivals and events were being held in 39.4% of scenic sites and those with longer designation- lapsed years were associated with the prevalence of festivals. Moreover, natural scenic sites located in natural parks were unwilling to be used through local government’s awareness and tourism endeavors compared to historical and cultural scenic sites. Additionally, several wrong descriptions were found on the markings of scenic sites and thus, promotion of scenic site culture and operational management requires urgent improvement.

목 적: 난시안의 정확한 교정을 위해 자각적굴절검사에서 크로스실린더렌즈의 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 방 법: 근시성 난시를 가지고 있는 경기도 일부지역 대학생 159 안을 대상으로, Phoropter(Topon ACP-8, Japan)와 방사선시표를 이용하여 난시를 교정한 후 잭슨크로스실린더렌즈를 이용하여 난시 정밀검 사를 실시하였다. 방사선시표를 이용한 난시축과 난시량 검사결과와 크로스실린더렌즈를 이용하여 난시 정 밀검사 후의 난시축과 난시량을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 난시량은 방사선시표를 이용했을 때는 1.27±5.58D, 크로스실린더렌즈를 이용하여 정밀검사 후 는 1.64±7.86 D 이었으며, 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 난시교정 축방향은 방사선시표 이 용했을 때는 122.77±63.85°, 크로스실린더렌즈를 이용하여 정밀검사한 후는 112.37±67.20° 이었으며, 통계학적으로 서로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 결 론: 난시량과 난시축이 부정확하게 처방된 난시교정안경의 착용은 잔여난시를 생성하게 하여 안정피 로를 초래할 수 있으므로, 임상에서 크로스실린더렌즈를 활용한 난시 정밀검사가 필요하다.

We present photometric results of the  Sct star V1162 Ori, which is extensively monitored for a total of 49 nights from mid-December 2014 to early-March 2015. The observations are made with three KMTNet (Korea Microlensing Telescope Network) 1.6 m telescopes installed in Chile, South Africa, and Australia. Multiple frequency analysis is applied to the data and resulted in clear detection of seven frequencies without an alias problem: five known frequencies and two new ones with small amplitudes of 1.2-1.7 mmag. The amplitudes of all but one frequency are significantly different from previous results, confirming the existence of long-term amplitude changes. We examine the variations in pulsation timings of V1162 Ori for about 30 years by using the times of maximum light obtained from our data and collected from the literatures. The O − C (Observed minus Calculated) timing diagram shows a combination of a downward parabolic variation with a period decreasing rate of (1/P)dP/dt = −4.22 × 10−6 year−1 and a cyclic change with a period of about 2780 days. The most probable explanation for this cyclic variation is the light-travel-time effect caused by an unknown binary companion, which has a minimum mass of 0.69 M⊙. V1162 Ori is the first  Sct-type pulsating star of which the observed fast period decrease can be interpreted as an evolutionary effect of a pre-main sequence star, considering its membership of the Orion OB 1c association.