Bistrifluron은 (주)동부한농에서 개발한 IGR계 살충제이며 나비목 해충의 알에 대한 부화억제 및 유충 생육단계에서 chitin 생합성을 저해하여 치사시킨다. Flubendiamide는 diamides계통 살충제이며 곤충의 신경과 근육의 연결 지점에 작용하여 곤충을 마비시킴으로서 살충활성을 나타난다. 본 연구는 저항성 관리 및 국내원제를 활용하여 원제 수입의존도를 감소하기 위한 목적으로 혼합 살충제를 개발하고자 Bistrifluron+Flubendiamide SC의 방제효과를 담배나방(Helicoverpa assulta)과 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)을 대상으로 포장시험을 통하여 확인하였다. 시험약제 Bistrifluron은 100g(ai/ha)과 Flubendiamide은 100, 130, 150g(ai/ha)을 각각 SC 제품을 제제하여 사용하였으며, 고추와 파에 주요해충으로 알려진 담배나방과 파밤나방에 대하여 발생초기부터 10일 간격으로 3회 경엽살포하였고, 최종약제처리 10일 후 피해과수와 피해엽수를 조사하였다. 고추에 심각한 피해를 주는 담배나방은 무처리구에서 피해과율이 12.3% 발생하였고, Bistrifluron + Flubendiamide SC의 200, 230, 250g 농도에서 각각 85.3, 89.9, 89.9%의 방제효과를 확인하였다. 파 파밤나방은 무처리구에서 피해엽율이 33.1%로 피해가 심각하였고, Bistrifluron+Flubendiamide SC의 담배나방과 동일 농도에서 각각 94.2, 97.3, 98.8%의 높은 방제효과를 확인하였다. Bistrifluron + Flubendiamide SC의 혼합 살충제 농도을 230g으로 선정하였고, 담배나방과 파밤나방의 방제 약제들에 비하여 우수한 살충활성을 확인하여 채소작물의 주요 방제제로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Bistrifluron은 IGR계 살충제이며 나비목 해충의 알에 대한 부화억제 및 유충 생 육단계에서 Chitin 생합성을 저해하여 치사시킨다. Etofenprox는 합성 Pyrethroid 계통 살충제이며 곤충의 신경세포에 영향을 미치며 이온통로를 교란시켜 곤충을 치사시킴으로서 살충활성이 빠르게 나타난다. 본 연구는 사과, 복숭아, 자두 등의 과원에서 신초 및 과실을 직접 가해하여 생산 량 및 품질저하에 큰 영향을 미치는 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta)과 복숭아 심식나방(Carposina sasakii)에 대하여 다른 작용기작을 이용한 혼합 살충제 Bstrifluron+Etofenprox 25% SE의 방제효과를 확인하고자 수행하였다. 경북지역 의 사과와 자두 과원에서 페로몬트랩을 이용하여 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방 의 1세대 성충 다발생기를 확인하였다. 복숭아순나방을 대상으로 성충 다발생기 부터 7일 간격으로 2회 경엽처리하였고, 최종약제처리 8일과 18일 후 피해 신초를 조사하였다. 복숭아심식나방을 대상으로 성충 발생초기부터 10일 간격으로 3회 경엽처리하였고, 최종약제처리 9일 후 피해과수를 조사하였다. Bistrifluron+Etofenprox SE는 복숭아순나방에 대하여 사과 과원에서 100%와 92.5%의 방제효과를 확인하 였고, 자두 과원에서 100%의 우수한 방제효과을 확인하였다. 복숭아심식나방에 대하여 자두 과원에서 84%의 방제효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구결과 Bistrifluron+Etofenprox SE는 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방의 방제약제로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The changes of feeding pattern and the amount of insecticide penetrated into the leaf were monitored for 420 min after treatment of three concentrations of dinotefuran. At about 30 min after treatment of insecticide, the overall feeding pattern in EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) monitoring was started to change, and there was significant difference in proportions of NP (non-penetration), PA (pathway activity), and phloem-feeding patterns among the different concentrations of dinotefuran treatment. Especially, as the amount of insecticide penetrated into a leaf increased, the reactive behaviors against this insecticide such as withdrawal of proboscis and movements of stylet of aphid were more quickly exhibited. And also, total time at which the proboscis of the aphids did not penetrate the plant was getting longer. The amount of dinotefuran penetrated into a leaf was monitored with HPLC. When the recommended concentration (100 ㎎/L) of the insecticide was treated, 5.24~7.24 ㎎/L of the insecticide was detected from the leaf, and the proboscis of the aphids was apparently withdrawn from the leaf at approximately 60 minutes after treatment of this insecticide.

The Welsh onion beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), has attacked Welsh onion and is now the most important pest of Welsh onion in southwestern Korea. The beet armyworm has a wide host range, occurring as a serious pest of vegetable and fields. The relatively high abundance of beet armyworm has stimulated frequent application of insecticides to foliage. Insecticide resistance is a major problem in management of this insect. Accordingly, pesticide application for the control of beet armyworm was tried in both the open field and in laboratory, using 4 synthetic compounds such as metaflumizone and chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, flufenoxuron, emamectin benzoate. In the laboratory, each developmental stages from eggs, larva to pupa was tested against 4 insecticides. Against the eggs of welsh onion beet armyworm, there was no significantly different with each other. These tested chemicals no killing effect to eggs. However, the population of 1st larva hatched from eggs were reduced because they eaten the egg shell with residual insecticides. The tested insecticides were taken very high mortalities to 1st to 3rd larva of Welsh onion beet armyworm. Otherwise, there were decreased the death rate from 4th to 6th larva. On the other hand, their value of control effects were relatively good against Welsh onion beet armyworms in the field between 87.2 and 90.5% on 10 days after insecticide application.

Many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were used for the plant protection, furthermore they support the growth of crops in the greenhouses and the kindly environment friendly farming. Natural enemies might be used for control of insect pest with EFAMs at the same space and time. For testing the toxicity of EFAMs against to natural enemies, 10 EFAMs were selected and tested in small greenhouses and farm"s fields. In case of Harmonia axyridis larva, there was no predacious activity against cotton aphids in the block with EFAMMo L, EFAMPE D, EFAMME G and EFAMAE A, otherwise, aphid population was rapidly decreased in the control block without EFAMs. Both of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa population were slightly decreased in the block with EFAMs. There were significantly decreased in the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMSM Band EFAMPE D compared with control area. Especially, there was significantly maintained a very low population, both T. vaporariorum and E. formosa in the block with EFAMMo C. The parasitized ratio of Aphidius colemani is also very low in the block with EFAMs compared with control area. In the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMPE D and EFAMMo L, there were significantly different with control area in the number of mummies. Otherwise, in case of Diglyphus isaea and Liriomyza trifolii, there was no significantly different between blocks with and without EFAMs. In the block with EFAMMo C, Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis populations were significantly maintained a very low level. However, the population of T. urticae was increased, but P. persimilis was decreased in the block with EFAMMo L.

The multicolored Asian lady beetles (Harmonia axyridis) has characteristic color patterns, which show great variability within species. Up to now, it has been well known that main factors affected on individual color pattern variations in the population of H. axyridis are external, physical, and environmental characteristics. Indeed, there is as yet no evidence to indicate whether the variation is genetic or environmental factors. Also the factors which produce this variation are unknown in this species, although it is suspected that much of the variation is under genetic control. However, the genetic relationships among many of color types were investigated by observing the progeny of each particular pairs. It is worth mentioning a few particular breeding cases to illustrate certain facets of variability, and to indicate examples suitable for genetic analysis of the color pattern variation.

The external ultrastructural morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla and hair-pencils of Palpita indica (Saunder) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The antennal flagellum of male and female has six types of sensilla: long trichodea, short trichodea, chaetica, coeloconicum around spines, camaniformia and styloconica. There are sexual differences in antennae of P. indica. The female antenna has a coeloconicum sensillum without spines nearby the long trichodea sensilla on ninth flagellomere. Otherwise, auricillica sensilla are distribute on the basal segment of male antenna. These structures are not showed in the female antenna. There are a lot of pores on the hair tufts of the male hair-pencils.

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) has been commonly used with biological control agents for control of several kinds of aphids in agroecosystems. Also, environment friendly agricultural materials have been commonly applied in crop fields because the government held down pesticide application and environment friendly agricultures are gradually increased with consumer"s desires. The multicolored Asian ladybird beetles may be directly or indirectly under the influence of environment friendly agricultural materials in crop fields. The insecticidal environment friendly agricultural materials (IEFAMs) might be safe against each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle. Fungicidal environment friendly agricultural materials (FEFAMs) had a miner effect to each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle with the exception of FEFAM A. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) C and H might be down the hatching rate of eggs, and EFAMSM A and F had a killing effect to 1st instar of lady beetles. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extracts (EFAMPEs) A and D might be suffered effect a deathblow of egg hatching with lady beetles. Otherwise, there was a miner effect to lady beetles with the rest of tested environment friendly agricultural materials.

Many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were used for the insect pest control and the control of plant diseases, furthermore they support the growth of crops in the greenhouses and the kindly environment friendly farming. Phytoseiulus persimilis might be used for control of two-spotted mites with environment friendly agricultural materials at the same time. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to P. persimilis, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by material contents and using methods. When environment friendly agricultural materials were directly sprayed on P. persimilis, IEFAM C, FEFAM A, EFAMSM A, D, EFAMPE A, EFAMCh B, EFAMME A, and EFAMMo C killed over 90%. However, there was no effects to FEFAM C, D, EFAMSM C, EFAML A, EFAMME C, E, H, J, EFAMMo G and I against P. persimilis. P. persimilis adults were not survived in vial for 48 hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials, for examples, EFAMSM I, EFAMME A, EFAMMo A, C, and I. Otherwise, EFAMCh C and EFAMMo B were no effects to P. persimilis. Some environment friendly agricultural materials are of different qualities, and consequently test of their toxity have to necessary.

For the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, aphids, American leaf-miners, Encarsia formosa, Aphidius colemani, Diglyphus isaea, and Dacnusa sibirica were used as biological control factors. Otherwise, many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were also used in the kindly environment friendly fanning. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to insect parasitoids as biological control factors, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by using methods and periods with insect parasitoids in the greenhouses. Environment friendly agricultural materials were sprayed to mummies and adults of E. formosa and A. colemani, and adults of Diglyphus isaea and Dacnusa sibirica in laboratory condition. Emergence rates were checked during 12 days after spray to mummies of E. formosa and A. colemani, and survival rates were at 24 and 48 hours after viral test for adult parasitoids, with 10% sugar solution. Emergence rates of E. formosa mummies were inhibited by sprayed the fungicidal environment friendly agricultural material (FEFAM) E and the environment friendly agricultural materials contained molybdenum (EFAMMo) G as 0.4 and 2.7%, respectively. E. formosa adults were not survived in vial for 48hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extract (EFAMPE) J and the EFAMMo C. The environment friendly agricultural materials contained microelements (EFAMMEs) B and EFAMPE H, environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) H, FEFAM A and FEFAM D were recorded low survival rates of E. formosa adults with 6.7, 13.3, 13.3, 20.0 and 20.0, respectively. In case of the spraying environment friendly agricultural materials to mummies of A. colemani there were low emergence rate from mummies to adults as around 20s % with water spraying as control. A. colemani adults were not survived in vial with EFAMMo C. EFAMPE J, EFAMPE F, EFAMPE H, EFAMSM H were recorded low survival rates under 20% as 6.7, 13.3, 13.3 and 13.3, respectively. D. isaea and D. sibirica adults were not survived in vial with EFAMPE J. EFAMMo C was 53.3% of survival rates in 48 hours vial tests. D. isaea and D. sibirica were not affected by environment friendly agricultural materials compared with E. formosa and A. colemani.

The pine mushroom fruit body have a harvest only from natural pine forest instead of artificial culture like other edible mushrooms until now on. We investigated the interrelationship between pine mushroom colonies and insect/invertebrates fauna, and changes of their seasonal populations. Two famous pine mushroom producing district were selected on Bong-wha and Gan-sung Eup, and were surveyed on the ground and in the soil with/without pine mushroom hyphae per month from June to November, 2005. There was some difference in collected insects and invertebrates between two producing districts. Total number of collected species and individuals were 73 and 22, and 63 individuals with 19 species in Bon-wha and Gan-sung area, respectively. Otherwise, there were many mites and nematodes were living in soil with mushroom hyphae. The population densities of mites were increased to November from June, however, the population of nematodes were fluctuated with low in hot weather and high in cool.

Catch of garden thrips, Frankliniella intonsa, on sticky traps was assessed by color and height in commercial plastic vinyl house strawberry crops grown on 40-㎝-high trellises. Yellow, blue and white sticky cards were tested for color attractiveness, and upper (50 ㎝), lower (10 ㎝ above the floor) and ground were for height. At each height, trapped thrips on yellow, blue and white were significantly different. Blue sticky cards were significantly greater than traps on yellow and white. The trapped thrips were also significantly greatest at 50 ㎝ above the floor, less at lower and ground. However, there is no significantly different the population of garden thrips on the flower in each tested site.

복숭아혹진딧물의 섭식행동을 관찰하기 위해, 고추, 무, 배추, 가지, 참외 등 5종류의 기주식물에서 EPG기술을 이용하였다. 복숭아혹진딧물의 구침이 식물체 표면에 접촉된 후 전기적 연결이 일어나기까지 소요되는 시간과 맨 처음 potential drop이 일어나기까지 소요된 시간, 구침의 세포간극내에서의 활동에 의하여 일어나는 potential drop의 수, 전기적 연결신호가 나타난 시점부터 체관부를 섭식하는 순간까지 소요된 시간 등을 조사한 결과 Potential drop 수에서는 기주들 사이에 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내었다. 그러나 나머지 요인에서는 기주식물들 사이에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 참외나 배추보다는 고추, 무, 가지에서 즘 더 기주선호성과 관련된 섭식패턴들을 확인할 수 있었다.