Chlorination and UV illumination are being widely applied to inactivate a number of pathogenic microbials in the environment. Here, we evaluated the inactivation efficiency of individual and combined treatments of chlorination and UV under various aqueous conditions. UV dosage was required higher in waste water than in phosphate buffer to achieve the similar disinfecting efficiency. Free chlorine generated by electrolysis of waste water was abundant enough to inactivate microbials. Based on these, hybrid system composed of sequential treatment of electrolysis-mediated chlorination and UV treatment was developed under waste water conditions. Compared to individual treatments, hybrid system inactivated bacteria (i.e., E. coli and S. typhimurium) and viruses (i.e., MS-2 bacteriophage, rotavirus, and norovirus) more efficiently. The hybrid system also mitigated the photo re-pair of UV-driven DNA damages of target bacteria. The combined results suggested the hybrid system would achieve high inactivation efficiency and safety on various pathogenic microbials in wastewater.

As the balcony expansion of residential building was legalized, the expansion generation is tend to increased continuously of existing residential building or condominium complex. But balcony is the service area. So, it is worried about defect occurrence of extension construction because thermal insulation effect is insufficient to balcony installed an aluminum sash. Therefore, it is desired the method to minimize the damage of performance improvement of the windows which has an influence directly on the performance defect. See-through a-si is effective to reduce the cooling loads and sunlight, to produce the electricity by installing a-si at the wall and windows of residential building. This paper has predicted producing electricity and have analyzed heating/cooling load based on balcony expansion and building-integrated PV installation in residential building.

With the development of artificial lighting technology, human can breakout the limitation of the natural light and make it possible to create a brilliant civilization. However, the wide used outdoor artificial lighting caused severe environmental problem called "Light Pollution" due to human's less cognition of using light and excessive light. Obtrusive light at nighttime can do harm to the human health and observation activity. In this paper, the upward light control process of general lighting fixtures was suggested for reducing the adverse effects such as sky glow in the central city and light trespass in the residential areas.

Environmental lighting zone-setting has suggested regulatory standards according to the influence of artificial illumination on natural environment and human life. Then, it is necessary to check out the viability of environmental lighting zone division as it is limited to use-zone division. This study aims to suggest some problems, which occur when environmental lighting zone is set by use-zone only, by comparing and analyzing the artificial illumination luminance. In addition, this study aims to suggest basis for the environmental lighting zone-setting and eventually, more effective environmental lighting zone division.

This study fouces on the electricity generation of B1PV system in the super-tall buildings. To improve the efficiency of the B1PV system, solar irradiance and air temperature should be taken into consideration. This study does research on, one of two main parameters, the solar irracliance in the super high-rise buildings. According to the measurement of solar irracliance, it increased with altitude. It is, particularly, more obviously in the super-tall buildings than others. Subsequently, to make an accurate B1PV elecrticity generation prediction，it is necessary to anaiyze the solar irracliance distribution on the super-taII building's facade which is a prerequisite for optimal B1PV system design.

Environmental lighting zone-setting has suggested regulatory standards according to the influence of artificial illumination on natural environment and human life. Then, it is necessary to check out the viability of environmental lighting zone division as it is limited to use-zone division. This study aims to suggest some problems, which occur when environmental lighting zone is set by use-zone only, by comparing and analyzing the artificial illumination luminance. In addition, this study aims to suggest basis for the environmental lighting zone-setting and eventually, more effective environmental lighting zone division.

The paper mainly discusses on the method how to save energy so as to follow the "Low Carbon and Green Growth" by the govemment and the Building Energy Efficiency Rating System. For the purpose of interior comfort as well as effective operation and management of buildings, this paper does basic research on development of elementary technology for saving the energy used in building. In this paper, the interior lighting control zone is selected to make a lighting control algorithm which takes the reduction of building energy into consideration for saving building energy when the building envelopes are replaced by the BIPV system.

헤이그특사 사건은 1907년 고종이 네덜란드 헤이그에서 열린 제2회 만 국평화회의에 이상설 등의 특사를 파견하였던 사건이다. 당시 헤이그특사 파견은 그 기획과 추진에 있어서 국제정세와 궁중의 상황으로 1년여가 넘 는 적지 않은 시간이 걸렸고 또한 특사 선정과 파견이 비밀리에 추진되었 다. 따라서 그 역사적 실체를 파악하기가 쉽지 않다. 하지만 그동안의 연구 와 진술을 토태로 종합하면 고종황제의 헤이그특사 파견은 물론 고종의 의 지과 다각적인 대외외교 노력이 있었지만 이회영과 전덕기목사를 중심한 상동파 민족지사들의 계획과 활동을 통해 큰 영향을 미쳤다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 앞서 헤이그 특사준비와 파견에 있어서 상동청년회와 상동청년학원 및 신민회의 조직과 이 조직에 속한 민족운동가들 즉, 상동파의 역할이 매 우 컸다고 할 수 있다. 헤이그 특사 파견에 있어서 상동교회는 헤이그특사 사건의 온상이었으며, 헤이그특사 책략이 이회영과 전덕기를 비롯한 상동 파 인사들을 중심으로 협의되어 고종에게 주청되었고 승인되었음을 밝혔 다. 또한 상동파의 헤이그특사 파견 활동은 신민회의 활동 중의 하나였다. 그리하여 상동파의 특사파견 논의 과정, 고종황제에 대한 특사의 주청과 승인, 특사 선정과 파견에 있어서 상동파 인물들이 중요한 역할을 하였다.고종은 자신이 가장 믿을 수 있는 궁내의 인물, 시종 조남익과 조남승, 내시 안호형, 김상궁 등의 도움으로 상동파 인물과 연결되어 그 뜻을 전하 고 위임장을 보낼 수 있었다. 이회영을 비롯한 상동파는 고종과 특사들을 연결해주는 고리 역할을 하였다. 특사로 활약한 이상설과 이준은 이회영, 전덕기와 함께 수시로 상동교회에 모여 국사를 협의하던 상동파의 중심인 물이었고, 이준은 1907 헤이그 특사 파견이 있던 해인 상동교회에 출석하 며 청년회장직을 맡고 있었다. 더욱이 블라디보스톡에서 밀사들의 활동을 준비했다는 정순만은 상동청년회 서기였고 미국에서 윤병구와 송헌주를 헤이그로 보낸 박용만 역시 상동청년회에서 정순만 바로 전에 서기로 활동 하던 상동교인이었다. 이러한 준비와 상동파의 인적 네트워크를 통해 핵심 상동파들이 고종의 특사파견에 가담하여 힘을 모았던 것이다.

Though there were many preachers in the Korean church history, Rev. Kyung-Gik Han was one of the powerful preachers effected on the Korean church members. Korean church believe he was a faithful pastor and an influential preacher, because he became representative pastor as a symbol of clergymen in the Korean church. In order to examine the thought represented in the life and sermon of Kyung-Gik Han, it is important to search images of his life as background of his thought. The life and thought of Kyung-Gik Han was a model of images for Korean pastors because he preached with his life and took leadership in union of churches and ecumenical movement. Especially, he offered biblical and theological ground presenting real models of christian life through his sermon. Main theological thought of Kyung-Gik Han has evangelical characteristic based on the Bible. To begin with, he emphasized evangelical faith route on the basis of the central idea of Bible, Christ, and the Cross. Secondly, his thought was throughly developed on the central idea of the church. Thirdly, he was an open-minded evangelist, and was realized the union of church and the spirit of ecumenism though his whole ministry and activities. He, also, was a key figure for performing ecumenical movement with world churches. Fourthly, he was a patriot establishing democractic country on the basis of Christianity through his whole life. Through his sermon, he made an effort to implant christian patriotism to church members at the period of the 1945 Liberation of Korea and the founding of a country. Fifthly, he stressed not only church dogma and attendance of church, but also practice of christian life. So he realized christian honest and virtuous life. It showed that he was a faithful pastor, an evangelical preacher, a christian patriot, a real educator, an energetic leader of domestic and world mission.

The role and status of the Shinminheo held a high position of the nataional movement of Korea in the period of Japanese occupation. This Study deals with the establishment and activities of the Shinminheo in relation to Sangdong Group with the central district of Seoul. The Sangdong church with Rev. Deokgi Jeon was a central headquarter of the establishment and activities of Shinminheo, and the majority of central figures of the Shinminheo were Christians and patriots who took an active part in and around the Sangdong church. The Sangdong group with Deokgi Jeon gave solid foundations of the activities of the Shinminheo in terms of the place, figures and organization, and the ideas, goals, methods of activities as well as constituents of the Shinminheo were closely connected with the Sangdong group. The main spirit of the Sangdon Group was patriotism which was related to the kingdom of God expressed in the love of God, neighbors and nation on the basis of Christian faith. The group gave great stress on the spirit of national salvation through edification and education of people and training of promising leaders and emphasized the semse of unity by calling together men of like mind and the consistence of speech and action on the basis of trust. All these ideals of the Sangdong group were the foundation for the Shinminheo in the period of Japanese aggression. It is not surprising that the members of the Sangdong group played significant roles in the national movement in collaboration with other colleagues. At the time of national crisis, the Sangdong group showed vivid patriotism for the nation firmly grounded on Christian faith. This paper argues Christian faith contributed to practice of love of God, neighbors and nation and cosolidation of the independent movement in these critical situations.

This study examines the impact of early Jae Jung Won’s works to the Korean society in early Korean mission era. Because Jae Jung Won founded by Korean government and American missionary. Allen was a first Western mordern hospital in Korea. Medical works had significant meanings on the Korean mission. Mordern medical works of American missionaries in Korea included the spirit of Christianity which was a mental ground of Western civilization and medicine. Because Korean government did not permit the freedom of Christian mission except medicine and education in early Korean mission era, Jae Jung Won had important role of Christian mission at that time. In fact, through the Western medical cure of Allen for Young-ik Min, a high official in the government in 1884, Korean government felt kindly toward American missionaries and Western medicine. There are several meanings of the early Jae Jung Won’s works from the missionary point of view. First, due to the role of Jae Jung Won, images of Protestant in Korea get better. And the influence of Protestant became larger as time goes by. Secondly, Jae Jung Won had a role of ecumeical works through the cooperation of denominations and missionaries for Korean mission. Thirdly, foreign missionaries through activities of Jae Jung Won performed their functions most effectively at that time. Taking care of patients itself was to be a mission, and to introduce Christian love to the Koreans. Fourthly, another meaning of early Jae Jung Won’s works to the Korean society was to educate Christian talents to the Korean youth through the education of medicine. Fifthly, Jae Jung Won’s works in early era to the Korean society was to the gate of civilization for the Koreans like campaigns for enlightenment and hygiene. Therefore Western mordern medical works with the center of Jae Jung Won from 1880’s to 1890’s were effective mission in Korea.

강제 횡동요 실험을 통하여 동요하는 탱크의 내부압력을 폭정하고, 탱크의 내부압력을 추정하는 간단한 이론식을 제시하였다. 청수로 채워진 사각 탱크를 동요실험에 사용하였으며, 탱크의 안쪽 벽과 바닥에 압력게이지를 설치하여 내부압력의 시간변화량을 측정하였다. 측정된 탱크의 내부압력의 실험값과 이론식을 이용한 계산값을 비교하였다. 횡동요 하는 탱크내부의 압력을 구하기 위해 압력중심을 고려하여 추정하는 방법을 연구하였다.