The nitrogen solubility and nitride capacity of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaF2 slag systems were measured by using gas-liquid equilibration at 1773K. The nitrogen solubility of this slag system decreased with increasing CO partial pressure, with the linear relationship between nitrogen contents and oxygen partial pressure being -3/4. This system was expected to show two types of nitride solution behavior. First, the nitrogen solubility decreased to a minimum value and then increased with the increase of CaO contents. These mechanisms were explained by considering that nitrogen can dissolve into slags as "free nitride" at high basicities and as "incorporated nitride" within the network at low basicities. Also, the basicity of slag and nitride capacity were explained by using optical basicity. The nitrogen contents exhibited temperature dependence, showing an increase in nitrogen contents with increasing temperature.

A study on the corrosion behavior of Inconel alloys and Incoloy 800H in molten salt of LiCl-Li2O was investigated at 650˚C for 24-312 hours in an oxidation atmosphere. The order of the corrosion rate was Inconel 600< Inconel 601< Incoloy 800H< Inconel 690. Inconel 600 showed the best performance suggesting that the content of Fe, Cr and Ni are the important factor for corrosion resistance in hot molten salt oxidation conditions. The corrosion products of Inconel 600 and Inconel 601 were Cr2O3 and NiFe2O4, In case of Inconel 690, a single layer of Cr2O3 was formed in the early stage of corrosion and an outer layer of NiFe2O4 and inner layer of Cr2O3 were formed with an increase of corrosion time. In the case of Incoloy 800H, Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 were observed. Most of the outer scale of the alloys was observed to be spalled from the results of the SEM analysis and the unspalled scale which adhered to the substrate was composed of three layers. The outer layer, the middle one, and the inner one were Fe, Cr, and Ni-rich, respectively. Inconel 600 showed localized corrosion behavior and Inconel 601, 690 and Incoloy 800H showed uniform corrosion behavior. Ni improves the corrosion resistance and too much Cr and/or Fe content deteriorates the corrosion resistance.

The electrolytic reduction of a spent oxide fuel involves liberation of the oxygen in a molten LiCl electrolyte, which is a chemically aggressive environment that is too crosive for typical structural materials. Therefore, it is essential to choose the optimum material for the process equipment for handling a molten salt. In this study, the corrosion behavior of pyro-carbon made by CVD was investigated in a molten LiCl-Li2O salt under an oxidation atmosphere at 650˚C and 750˚C for 72 hours. Pyro-carbon showed no chemical reactions with the molten salt because of its low wettability between pyro-carbon and the molten salt. As a result of XRD analysis, pyro-carbon exposed to the molten salt showed pure graphite after corrosion tests. As a result of TGA, whereas the coated layer by CVD showed high anti-oxidation, the non-coated layer showed relatively low anti-oxidation. The stable phases in the reactions were C(S), Li2CO3(S), LiCl(l), Li2O at 650˚C and C(S), LiCl(l), Li2O(S) at 750˚C. Li2CO(S) was decomposed at 750˚C into Li2O(S) and CO2(g).

Multinucleated giant cells appear in a variety forms in different types of oral lesion. However, their nature is still not well understood. Thus, to address this issue, the immunohistochemical characteristics of inflammatory giant cells (Langhans’ giant cells in lesions of tuberculosis and foreign body giant cells in odontogenic keratocysts and squamous cell carcinomas) and tumor giant cells in central giant cell granulomas were compared with those of osteoclasts, the normal giant cell, using a panel of macrophage and osteoclast marker antibodies, such as calcitonin receptor (CT-R), c-Src, Cathepsin K (Cath-K), CD14, RANK, and c-fms. The foreign body giant cells around cholesterol clefts in inflamed odontogenic keratocysts revealed more macrophage-like characteristics than the foreign body giant cells resorbing keratin pearls in squamous cell carcinomas. As such, both cases of foreign body giant cell exhibited immunoreactivity for the macrophage markers, such as CD14, RANK, and c-fms, yet only the latter case exhibited immunoreactivity for the osteoclast markers, such as CT-R and c-Src. Moreover, both cases of foreign body giant cells were positive for TRAP activity, yet negative for Cathepsin K activity. In contrast, the other inflammatory giant cells, Langhans’ giant cells, exhibited immunoreactivity for both the macrophage and osteoclast markers, yet were negative for TRAP activity. Meanwhile, the giant cells in the central giant cell granulomas reacted positively to both the macrophage and osteoclast markers, and were also positive for TRAP activity. Accordingly, these findings suggest that the immunoprofiles of giant cells in oral lesions vary according to the nature of the lesion, despite shared osteoclast and macrophage characteristics. Furthermore, the giant cells in tumorous lesions closely associated with bony destruction revealed more osteoclastic characteristics and their enzyme components were different according to the nature of the lesion

중국에서의 환경권에 관한 연구는 20세기 80년대초에 시작되었으며, 그후 개혁개방과 시장개발의 심화에 따른 환경문제의 악화로 점차 사회적 이슈와 학계의 큰 주목을 받게 되었다. 비록 개발위주의 국가정책의 영향하에 아직 헌법상 기본권으로 확립되지 못하였으나 환경권에 관한 연구는 부동한 시각에서 활발하게 전개되고 있다.환경권을 하나의 구체적인 권리로 인정할 경우, 그 권리주체나 내용 및 구제방식에 있어서 큰 논란이 있을 수 있다. 주목할 점은 중국에서 일부 학자(徐祥民)들은 환경권의 구체적 권리성을 비판함과 동시에 인류의 공동책무의 시각에서 그 义务性을 강조하고 있다. 환경권을 하나의 구체적인 권리로 인정할 경우, 과연 그 권리의 범위를 어디까지 한정할 것인지에 대하여 많은 논란이 있을수 있다. 예컨대,인류가 아닌 다른 생명체에게도 그 권리를 부여할 수 있는지? 또한 주관적인 권리만 보호되는 현행 법체계내에서 공익적인 생태계파괴나 훼손은 따로 보호될 방도가 없는 것도 권리중심적인 제도의 한계일것이다. 하지만 환경권을 구체적인 권리가 아닌 인류의 의무 또는 책무의 각도에서 접근할 때, 그 구체적인 실행과 이론구성에 많은 어려움이 있는 것도 사실이다. 보편적이고 도덕윤리적인 의무만을 강조할 때, 자칫하면 국가권력범위의 막연한 확대를 초래할 수 있다. 사실상 현재 중국에서는 환경공익의 보호라는 명분하에 정부의 관련 기관(예컨대 환경보호국)이나 검찰기관에서 제소권을 임의로 행사하고 있다. 결론적으로 중국에서 환경권을 하나의 구체적인 권리로 인정하기에는 법제도적으로 아직 불비한 점이 많다. 헌법이나 기타 관련 법률에서 환경권에 관한 포괄적인 규정을 둘 필요가 있으며, 권리구제면에서 원고적격의 범위를 보다 확대할 필요가 있다. 사적인 재산권이나 인격권에만 한정하지 않고 보다 공익적인 제도도입도 적극적으로 검토하고 실행할 필요가 있다.

The effect of heat treatment on the micro-structures and the mechanical properties of 0.002% boron added low carbon steel was investigated. The tensile strength reached the peak at about 880-890˚C with the rising quenching temperature and then the hardness decreased sharply, but the tensile strength hardly decreased. The tensile and yield strength decreased and the total elongation increased with a rising tempering temperature, but the tensile and yield strength sharply fell and the total elongation prominently increased from above a 400-450˚C tempering temperature. Tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) was observed at tempering condition of 350-400˚C. In the condition of quenching at 890˚C and tempering at 350˚C, the boron precipitates were observed as Fe-C-B and BN together. The hardness decreased in proportion to the tempering temperature untill 350˚C and dropped sharply above 400˚C regardless of the quenching temperature.

This work was designed to determine the effect of steaming-Pretreatment on Physicochemical and functional properties of roasted Polygonatum odoratum roots. Steaming treatments led to some reduction in the contents of water solubles, such as total solid, reducing sugar and free-amino nitrogen of the unroasted samples. Moreover, roasting processing caused decrease in reducing sugar and free-amino acid, with increase in total soluble solid and browning color of the samples, which showed the dependence of steaming treatment as well as roasting temperature. Electron-donating ability and nitrite-scavenging ratio of the samples were also highly developed along with roasting processing at 17 within 35min. Considering the physicochemical and some functional parameters of water extracts of roasted samples, roasting at above 14 for over 55min or at 17 for around 35min was recommendable for the higher quality of Polygonatum odoritum tea, which conditions were similarly adapted for both steamed and unsteamed samples.