Since the introduction of criterion-referenced evaluation into the English Section of the 2018 College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT), it has become more important than ever to maintain the same level of its difficulty each year. This study was designed to examine whether 2017 and 2018 CSAT reading passages do not differ in terms of text difficulty. Both unidimensional and multidimensional indices Coh-Metrix (Version 3.0) provides were used in this study. Descriptive indices involved the respective count and length of sentences and words. As unidimensional indices, the Coh-Metrix L2 Readability score as well as the Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores was measured. Indices for text easibility at different discourse levels (the surface structure, the textbase, the situation model, and the genre and rhetorical structure) were also included. Results showed that there were no significant differences between 2017 and 2018 passages. Compared with other easibility components (narrativity, syntactic simplicity, word concreteness, and deep cohesion), referential cohesion was rather low in both 2017 and 2018. Some pedagogical implications are also provided.

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of cultivated cereals by Phellinus linteus mycelium. Also, we investigated the content of free sugar, organic acid, free amino acid, mineral and fatty acid of cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. The major free sugars were determined the glucose, maltose, and fucose by HPLC. The content of total free sugars was the highest in cultivated red rice by P. linteus mycelium at 36oC. The content of fucose was the highest in cultivated red rice by P. linteus mycelium at all cultivation temperatures. The organic acids were identified oxalic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid, as in the case of free sugar, higher contents of organic acids were observed in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than control. There was no significant difference in the mineral content between the control and cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. Sixteen kind of free amino acid were detected in cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. And the content of total free amino acids were higher in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than the control. And essential amino acids showed significantly differences between control and cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. Fatty acids were detected with seven kinds of fatty acids, and the major fatty acid was determined the linoleic acid by GC-MS. The content of linoleic acid was higher in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than the control.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 한국형 컴퓨터 인지프로그램(Cognitive Training System; CoTras)가 뇌졸중 환 자의 기억력과 뇌파에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 다중기초선 실험설계로, 뇌졸중으로 진단을 받은 환자 3명을 대상으로 2012년 8월부 터 10월까지 총 8주 동안 실시하였다. 연구기간 동안 대상자별 실험설계는 대상자 1은 기초선 5회, 중재기 15회, 대상자 2는 기초선 7회기, 중재기 13회기, 그리고 대상자 3은 기초선 9회기, 중재기 11회기로, 대상자 간 기초선과 중재기의 회기 수는 다르나 총 회기 수는 20회로 일정하였다. 각 중재기간은 CoTras를 사용하 여 인지훈련을 30분씩(주5회) 실시하였다. 기초선 기간에는 기억력을 평가하기 위하여 전산화인지검사인 전 산화신경인지검사(Computerized Neurocognitive Test; CNT)의 숫자외우기(Digit Span Test)을 실시 하였고, 뇌활성도를 측정하기 위하여 8채널 뇌파를 이용하여 뇌파변화를 측정하였다. 또한 대상자의 포괄 적인 인지기능을 평가하기 위하여 중재 전후에 로웬스타인 작업치료 인지기능 평가-노인용(Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment-Geriatric; LOTCA-G)를 사용하였다. 결과 : 중재 전과 비교하여, 모든 대상자에서 CoTras 중재 후에 CNT점수와 LOTCA-G의 기억력 항목이 향상되었다. 또한 뇌맵핑에서 뇌활성화의 효과를 측정할 수 있었다. 그러나 뇌파에는 변화가 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과는 한국형 컴퓨터 인지프로그램인 CoTras가 뇌졸중 환자 기억력을 향상시키는데가 능성을 입증하였으며, 향후 임상에서 CoTras를 사용한 뇌졸중 환자의 기억력 및 뇌활성화의 치료적 근 거를 제시하는데 그 의의가 있다.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 Interactive Metronome (IM) 중재가 경증치매환자의 기억력, 집중력과 사회적 상호작용 기술에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한 것이다. 연구방법 : 치매로 진단을 받은 환자 3명을 대상으로 2012년 8월부터 10월까지 총 8주 동안 개별 대상자 실험 연구 방법 중 ABA 설계를 사용하여 실시하였다. 연구기간 동안 대상자에게 기초선 A 5회, 중재기 B 15회, 기초선 A’5회기로 총 25회기를 적용하였다. 기초선 기간에는 전산화 인지검사(Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test; CNT)의 숫자외우기(Digit Span Test)와 청각지속검사(controlled Continuous Performance Test; CPT)를 통해, 기억력과 집중력을 평가하였고, 사회적 상호작용 기술 평가도구(Evaluation of Social Interaction; ESI)를 통해서 사회적 상호작용 기술을 평가하였다. 중재 기간에는 주 4회 30분씩 매회기마다 IM으로 치료 한 후 CNT로 기억력과 집중력, ESI를 통해 사회적 상호작용 기술을 평가하였다. 중재 전·후로 로웬스타인 작업치료 인지기능 평가-노인용(Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment-Geriatric; LOTCA-G)을 실시하여 대상자의 전반적인 인지기능의 변화를 알아보았다. 결과 : IM 중재 적용 전에 비하여 대상자 모두 기억력과, 집중력, 사회적 상호작용 기술이 향상되었으며, 중재 종료 후에도 그 효과가 지속된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. LOTCA-G의 결과 대상자 모두 기억력과 집중력 항목에서 향상이 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 IM이 경증치매환자의 기억력, 집중력, 사회적 상호작용 기술을 향상시키는 효과가 있다는 것을 확인하였고 임상적 근거를 제공하는데 의의가 있다.

Background : Recently, hair loss, which has been regarded as a mere means of middle-aged men due to stress and environmental pollution. The market for hair loss in Korea is about four trillion won and it is growing continuously. It is mainly made by mixing natural extracts such as medicinal plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol extracts of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. whole plant and Calendula officinalis L. flower extracts on the growth of fibroblasts, dermal papilla cells and lipid precursors, I want to try to make a materialization. Methods and Results : The cytotoxicity of each sample extracts treated with 50%, 100%, and 500 μg to fibroblasts, cell-viability were 107.3%, 109.6%, and 128.2%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of each sample to the dermal papilla cells was not observed. And the lipid differentiation of the lipogenic precursor cells which regulates the hairegeneration by secretion of the platelet derived growth factor. The 70% ethanol extracts of H. cordata whole plant and C. officinalis flower were showed promotes the hair growth activity. The lipolysis rate was significantly increased with increasing treatment concentration Conclusion : As a result of this study, in-vitro hair growth activity of herbal medicines for hair treatment material development was not shown to be toxic to each cell. And 70% ethanol extract of H. cordata whole plant stimulated lipid precursor cells inducing differentiation. As a result, the 70% ethanol extracts of H. cordata whole plant and C. officinalis flower have potential to developing hair-related product.

Background : Ischemic stroke is a common cause of adult disability and death worldwide. Excessive oxidative stress is an important pathogenic mechanism in ischemic stroke. Major reduction of endogenous antioxidative systems increases production of free radicals inducing peroxidation of lipid, protein, and nucleic acid. 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (DPOG) is a triglyceride found in oils from various natural sources such as palm kernels, sunflower seeds and rice bran. We found DPOG as an active constituent of rice bran oil. In the present study, we investigated neuroprotective effect of DPOG derived from rice bran oil on excitotoxicity in cultured neurons and on ischemic brain injury in rats. Methods and Results : Transient focal ischemic brain damage was induced by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24h reperfusion (MCAO/reperfusion) in rats. After MCAO/reperfusion, the infarct and edema volume of brain tissue was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining methods. Glutathione concentration and lipid peroxidation rate were measured in brain tissue. The expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs), inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins in brain tissue were detected by Western blot. Cerebral cortical neuronal cells were cultured in 15-days-old fetus. Cortical neurons were incubated with 1 mM N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) for 14 h to produce excitotoxicity. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. DPOG (1-5 mg/kg) significantly reduced MCAO/reperfusion-induced infarction and edema formation, neurological deficits, and brain cell death. Depletion of glutathione level and lipid peroxidation induced by MCAO/reperfusion were inhibited by administration of DPOG. The increase of phosphorylated MAPKs, inflammatory factors, and proapoptotic proteins and the decrease of antiapoptotic protein in ischemic brain were significantly inhibited by treatment with DPOG. DPOG (0.1-10 uM) inhibited 1 mM NMDA-induced neuronal cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Conclusion : From the above results, the present study provides an evidence that DPOG derived from rice bran oil might be effectively applied for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Background : Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment and personality defects accompanied by diffuse structural abnormalities in the brain. The major pathological hallmarks of AD include beta amyloid (Aß) protein deposition, presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neurodegeneration of cholinergic neurons. Aß, a 39-43 amino acid proteolytic fragment of amyloid precursor protein, is the major constituent of the senile plaques. Rice bran, the major byproduct of the rice milling industry, is the source of a high quality vegetable oil. Rice bran oil (RBO) has attracted much medicinal attention for its strong hypocholesterolemic properties because of its balanced fatty acid composition and high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals such as oryzanols, tocopherols and tocotrienols. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of RBO against Aß (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results : Memory impairment was produced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) microinjection of 15 nmol Aß (25-35) and measured by passive avoidance test in ICR mice. Glutathione concentration, lipid peroxidation rate and acetylcholine esterase activity were measured in mice brain. The expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs), inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins in mice brains were detected by Western blot. Cerebral cortical neuronal cells were cultured from 15-days-old fetus. Cortical neurons were incubated with 10 μM Aß (25-35) for 36 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Chronic treatments of RBO (0.1-1 ml/kg, 8 days, p.o.) protected against memory impairment induced by Aß (25-35). Depletion of glutathione level, lipid peroxidation and increased acetylcholine esterase activity by the treatment with Aß (25-35) were inhibited by administration of RBO. The increase of phosphorylated MAPKs, inflammatory factors, and proapoptotic proteins and the decrease of antiapoptotic protein in Aß (25-35)-administered mice brain were significantly inhibited by treatment with RBO. RBO (0.1-5ul/ml) inhibited 10μM Aß (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Conclusion : The present study suggests the role of RBO as a promising therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases like AD and stroke.

Background : Rice bran is the outer brown layer of the rice grain and produced when rice is milled. The basic components of rice bran are fiber, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. The oil extracted from this bran is called rice bran oil. Although whole rice bran in itself does not have anti-cholesterol properties, its oil offers significant benefits. Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The cessation or critical reduction of blood flow in brain during acute stroke results in deprivation of the oxygen and glucose supplies, which can produce a local brain ischemia and injury. It is well established that excitotoxicity, a type of neurotoxicity evoked by elevated extracellular glutamate level, is a primary contributor to ischemic neuronal death. The present study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Rice bran oil (RBO) on ischemic brain injury in rats and on excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. Methods and Results : Transient focal ischemic brain damage was induced by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h reperfusion (MCAO/reperfusion) in rats. After MCAO/reperfusion, the infarct and edema volumes of brain tissues were measured using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining methods. The expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs), inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins in brain tissue were detected by Western blot. Primary cortical neuronal cultures were prepared using SD rat fetuses on embryonic days 15. Cortical neurons were treated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (1 mM) for 14 h to produce neuronal cell death. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. RBO inhibited the formation of infartion and edema in MCAO/reperfusion–induced ischemic brains. The increase of phosphorylated MAPKs, inflammatory factors, and proapoptotic proteins and the decrease of antiapoptotic protein in ischemic brains were significantly inhibited by treatment with RBO. RBO (0.01-1ul/ml) inhibited 1 mM NMDA-induced neuronal cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Conclusion : These results suggest that RBO might be a promising therapeutic for neurodegenerative disease such as stroke.

The present study investigated an ethanol extract (SSB) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Vitisamurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced byAmyloid β protein (Aβ) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cor-tical neurons to 15μM Aβ (25-35) for 36h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At 1-30㎍/㎖, SSB inhibited neuronal death,elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²+]i), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ(25-35) in cultured cortical neurons. Memory impairment and increase of acetylcholinesterase activity induced by intra-cerebroventricular injection of mice with 16nmol Aβ (25-35) was inhibited by chronic treatment with SSB (25, 50 and100㎎/㎏, p.o., for 8 days). From these results, it is suggested that antidementia effect of SSB is due to its neuroprotectiveeffect against Aβ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and that SSB may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression ofAlzheimer’s disease.

본 연구에서는 괴산댐 하류 달천에서 성어기 피라미에 대한 물리 서식처 모의를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 퍼지논리에 의한 서식처 적합도 지수를 산정하는 CASiMiR 모형을 이용하였다. 또한 모의결과를 서식처 선호도 곡선을 이용하여 서식처 적합도 지수를 산정할 수 있는 수리모형인 River2D 모형의 결과와 비교, 분석하였다. CASiMiR 모형의 수위 자료는 River2D 모형을 통한 수위계산결과를 활용하였으며 현장측정자료와 비교한 결과 잘 반영하는 것을 확인하였다. 대상구간의 만곡부 상류 직선구간에 있는 여울에서 성어기 피라미의 서식처가 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. CASiMiR 모형의 경우 7.23m3/s의 유량조건에서 가중가용면적이 최대값을 보였고, River2D 모형은 9m3/s의 유량에서 최대 가중가용면적을 예측하였다. 또한 갈수량(Q355), 저수량(Q275), 평수량(Q185), 풍수량(Q95) 유량조건에서 CASiMiR 모형은 River2D 모형에 비해 가중가용면적을 0.3～25.3% 정도 과대 추정하는 결과를 보였다.

침수식생 개수로 흐름은구조적으로상부영역과식생영역으로구분되는데, 상부영역은 일반 개수로의 흐름특성을 보이며 식생영역은 줄기에 의해 난류가 억제되어 정수식생 조건의 흐름과 유사하게 단순한 흐름특성을 보인다. 본 논문은 침수식생 개수로 흐름의 난류 및 유사이동 특성에 관한 실험연구이다. 이를 위해 폭 0.5m, 길이 12m인 개수로 실험장치를 이용하여수리실험을 실시하였다. 다양한 유량에 대하여 수심비 2～3인 흐름을 구현하였고, 나무원형 실린더를 이용하여 식

본 연구에서는 복단면개수로및 불규칙한 하상을보이는 횡단면 상에서의 수위-유량곡선 및단위유량횡분포예측을 위한 유한요소모형을 개발하였다. 지배방정식은 정상류와 종방향 등류를 가정한 운동량방정식을 이용하며, 수면은 횡단면에 걸쳐 일정하다고 가정한다. 홍수터 식생의 영향을 반영하기 위해 식생항력이 지배방정식에 포함되었으며, 수치해를 구하기 위해 유한요소법을 적용하였다. 단면형상과 Manning의 조도계수, 식생정보, 종방향 하상경사를 입력자료로 수위-유량 곡선