Forest vegetation of Hwangjangsan (1,077.3 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 55 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 59 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 28 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 12 communities of mountain valley forest, 3 communities of coniferous forests, 2 communities of riparian forest, 10 afforestation and 4 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis communities account for 65.928 percent of deciduous broad leaved forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica community takes up 41.459 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 86.100 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Quercus serrata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla which are climax species in the area.

본 연구는 국립공원자원모니터링 기초자료의 활용성 강화와 국립공원 관리의 효율성을 향상시키기 위해 고축적 식생전자지도 필요에 의하여 생태자연도 정밀화 사업의 일환으로 수행되었다. 식생조사 결과가 반영된 정밀식생도 중 월악산국립공원 금수산 (1,016.0 m) 및 도락산 (964.4 m) 일대의 산지삼림식생은 산지낙엽활엽수림, 산지침엽수림, 산지습성림, 식재림으로 세분되었으며, 평지삼림식생은 하반림, 기타식생은 암벽식생, 벌채지, 2차초지 등으로 세분되었다. 상관대분류에 의하여 구분된 각각의 산지삼림식생을 구성하고 있는 군락수는 산지낙엽활엽수림은 37개 군락, 산지습성림 16개 군락, 산지침엽수림 8개 군락, 식재림 15개 군락, 하반림 1개 군락, 기타식생 5개 군락이 조사되었다. 조사된 주요 군락의 분포 비율을 보면 산지낙엽활엽수림은 굴참나무군락이 15,348,501.28 m2의 19.002%로 가장 높은 분포비율로 조사되었고, 그 다음으로 신갈나무군락이 11,332,135.26 m2의 14.029%를 차지하고 있으며, 금수산 및 도락산 일대 산지낙엽활엽수림의 33.031%는 굴참나무와 신갈나무가 우점 또는 차우점종으로 분포하고 있었다. 산지침엽수림은 소나무군락이 전체의 64.477%로서 대부분의 산지침염수림은 소나무 1종이 상층부에서 우점종으로 나타나는 군락의 양상을 나타내고 있다. 산지습성림은 층층나무군락이 전체의 29.142%를 차지하고 있으며, 층층나무와 상층부의 식피율이 비슷하여 혼합군락을 이루고 있는 군락은 4개 군락으로 전체의 60.979%를 차지하고 있다. 또한 일본잎갈나무가 식재림 전체의 80.842%로 가장 많이 식재되었으며, 밤나무군락 5.751%, 잣나무군락 4.337%, 리기다소나무군락 1.683% 등으로 4개 수종이 전체의 97.614%로 대부분이 이들 4종에 의하여 분포하고 있다. 결론적으로 월악산국립공원 금수산 및 도락산 일대의 산림식생은 굴참나무, 신갈나무, 소나무, 졸참나무, 층층나무 등 소수의 수종들이 최상층부의 우점종으로 구성되어 있으며, 이들 종들과 관련된 다른 군락들은 식생천이 및 기후적 요인들에 의하여 군락 대체가 매우 빠르게 일어날 것으로 보인다. 따라서 이 지역 일대 잠재 자연 식생의 주요종은 산지낙엽활엽수림인 굴참나무와 신갈나무, 산지습성림은 층층나무와 들메나무 등에 의하여 우점될 것으로 보이며 점차적으로 낙엽활엽수의 분포비율이 증가할 것으로 보인다. 따라서 월악산국립공원에 대한 식생연구는 식물군락과 관련된 조사가 연구되어 왔으나 다소 미흡한 실정으로 기존에 발표되었던 월악산현존식생도 관련 연구(Korea National Park Service, 2006)에 비해 고해상도의 영상자료를 참고하여 크게 보완·향상된 상세한 결과를 도출하였다.

목적: 안경광학과 교과과정에 대한 만족도를 조사하여 효율적인 교과과정 개발에 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 방법: 경기지역 안경광학과 재학생 183명과 서울, 경인지역 산업체 재직 안경사 123명을 대상으로 교과과정에 대한 만족도 설문조사를 실시하고 통계분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 안경광학과 교과과정을 5개 분야로 구분하여 5점 척도로 만족도를 조사한 결과, 두 집단의 교과과정 만족도는 유사한 경향을 보여주었는데(재학생: 16.44±2.66, 산업체: 16.47±3.38) 분야별로는 이론교육의 만족도가 가장 높게 나타났으며(재학생: 3.87±0.74, 산업체: 3.82±0.68) 외국어교육과 인성교육에 대한 만족도가 낮게 나타났다. 재학생의 경우에 이론교육(p

We suggested specific and practical marketing strategies to coffee shop managers and customers to create a symbiotic relationship. The coffee shop's relationship to reliability, commitment, and shop loyalty was analyzed thoroughly. The samples for this study were 393 coffee shop customers in Seoul. The results showed that customer reliability about coffee shops improved as reputation, customer orientation, specialty, and tie increased, but reliability was reduced as the size of the coffee shop became larger. Communication did not significantly affect reliability. Second, customer reliability positively affected commitment, so commitment increased as customer reliability increased. Third, customer reliability positively affected shop loyalty, so shop loyalty increased as customer reliability increased. Fourth, customer commitment positively affected shop loyalty, so shop loyalty increased as customer commitment increased.

A diamond-like carbon (DLC) film deposited on a WC disk was investigated to improve disk wear resistance for injection molding of zirconia optical ferrule. The deposition of DLC films was performed using the filtered vacuum arc ion plating (FV-AIP) system with a graphite target. The coating processing was controlled with different deposition times and the other conditions for coating, such as input power, working pressure, substrate temperature, gas flow, and bias voltage, were fixed. The coating layers of DLC were characterized using FE-SEM, AFM, and Raman spectrometry; the mechanical properties were investigated with a scratch tester and a nano-indenter. The friction coefficient of the DLC coated on the WC was obtained using a pin-on-disk, according to the ASTM G163-99. The thickness of DLC films coated for 20 min. and 60 min. was about 750 nm and 300 nm, respectively. The surface roughness of DLC films coated for 60 min. was 5.9 nm. The Raman spectrum revealed that the G peak of DLC film was composed of sp3 amorphous carbon bonds. The critical load (Lc) of DLC film obtained with the scratch tester was 14.6 N. The hardness and elastic modulus of DLC measured with the nano-indenter were 36.9 GPa and 585.5 GPa, respectively. The friction coefficient of DLC coated on WC decreased from 0.2 to 0.01. The wear property of DLC coated on WC was enhanced by a factor of 20.

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) is a promising material for use in many potential applications because of its outstanding physical properties such as high thermal stability, high abrasive wear resistance, and super hardness. Even though 316L austenitic stainless steel (STS) has poor wear resistance causing it to be toxic in the body due to wear and material chips, 316L STS has been used for implant biomaterials in orthopedics due to its good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Therefore, in the present study, c-BN films with a B4C layer were applied to a 316L STS specimen in order to improve its wear resistance. The deposition of the c-BN films was performed using an r.f. (13.56 MHz) magnetron sputtering system with a B4C target. The coating layers were characterized using XPS and SEM, and the mechanical properties were investigated using a nanoindenter. The friction coefficient of the c-BN coated 316L STS steel was obtained using a pin-on-disk according to the ASTM G163-99. The thickness of the obtained c-BN and B4C were about 220 nm and 630 nm, respectively. The high resolution XPS spectra analysis of B1s and N1s revealed that the c-BN film was mainly composed of sp3 BN bonds. The hardness and elastic modulus of the c-BN measured by the nanoindenter were 46.8 GPa and 345.7 GPa, respectively. The friction coefficient of the c-BN coated 316L STS was decreased from 3.5 to 1.6. The wear property of the c-BN coated 316L STS was enhanced by a factor of two.