In this study, thermal environment improvements throughout public design improvement project on the urban street space were compared and evaluated. Thermo-Render 3.0, 3D-CAD based thermal environment simulation program, had been used for thermal environment improvement evaluations. Followings are the results. First, clayey blocks which have low heat transfer rate and cool island effect by trees and roof gardens brought cooling effects for buildings and surface of streets. Seconds, MRT values showed low levels because of low radiant mulching materials. Thirds, roof gardens contributed to reduce heat island effect since HIP levels were affected by decreasing heat storage effect of buildings from roof gardens. As a result, reducing heat storage effect throughout selecting and arranging proper materials which would not increase heat island potentials should be performed to improve heat island effects.

This study is mainly focused on micellar effect of cetylpyridinium chloride(CPyCl) solution including alkylbenzimidazole( R-BI) on dephosphorylation of diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(DPNPIN) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). The reactions of DPNPIN with R-BI⊖ are strongly catalyzed by the micelles of CPyCl. Dephosphorylation of DPNPIN is accelerated by BI⊖ ion in 10 -2 M carbonate buffer(pH 10.7) of 4×10 -3 M CPyCl solution up to 100 times as compared with the reaction in carbonate buffer by no BI solution of 4×10 -3 M CPyCl. The value of pseudo first order rate constant(k m BI) of the reaction in CPyCl solution reached a maximum rate constant increasing micelle concentration. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalyzed bimolecular reactions. The reaction mediated by R-BI⊖ in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by BI⊖, and the reaction rate were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups of R-BI⊖ in Stern layer of micellar solution. The surfactant reagent, cetylpyridinium chloride(CPyCl) , strongly catalyzes the reaction of diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(DPNPIN) with alkylbenzimidazole (R-BI) and its anion(R-BI⊖) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). For example, 4×10 -3 M CPyCl in 1×10 -4 M BI solution increase the rate constant (kψ=1.0×10 -2 sec -1 ) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.14, when compared with reaction (kψ=7.3×10 -4 sec -1 ) in 1×10 -4 M BI solution(without CPyCl). And no CPyCl solution, in 1×10 -4 M BI solution increase the rate constant (kψ=7.3×10 -4 sec -1 ) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.36, when compared with reaction (kψ=2.0×10 -5 sec -1 ) in water solution(without BI). This predicts that the reactivities of R-BI⊖ in the micellar pseudophase are much smaller than that of BI⊖ . Due to the hydrophobicity and steric effect of alkyl group substituents, these groups would penetrate into the core of the micelle for stabilization by van der Waals interaction with long alkyl groups of CPyCl.

혈당저하를 위한 천연물복합제를 한의학 처방 및 문헌 등을 기초로 하여 구성하고, 기능성 식품 소재로서의 이용가능성을 조사하기 위하여 추출물의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 천연물복합제 5가지 추출물의 수율은 의 범위로 나타났으며, 총페놀성 화합물 함량은 , 총 플라보노이드 함량은 의 범위로 조사되었다. 특히 2번, 3번 및 5번 복합제에서 1,000 mg% 이상의 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 전자공여능 또한 이들 복합제에서 높은 활성을 보여주었다.

New functional surfactant, N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl-N-(2-methyl benzimidazoyl) ammonium chloride(DDBAC) having benzimidazole(BI) functional group have been synthesized and the critical micellar concentration of DDBAC measured by surface tentiometry and electric conductivity method was 8.9×10-4M. Micellar effects in DDBAC functional surfactant solution on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate(p-NPA), p-nitrophenylpropionate(p-NPP) and p-nitrophenylvalerate(p-NPV) were observed with change of various pH (Tris-buffer). The pseudo first rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV in optimum concentration of DDBAC solution increase to about 160, 280 and 600 times, respectively, as compared with those of aqueous solution at pH 8.00(Tris-buffer). It is considered that benzimidazole functional moiety accelerates the reaction rates of hydrolysis because they act as nucleophile or general base. In optimum concentration of DDBAC solution, the rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPP and p-NPV increase to about 1.5 and 3.0 times, respectively, as compared with that of p-NPA. It means that the more the carbon numbers of alkyl group of substrates, the larger the binding constants between DDBAC micelle and substrates are. To know the hydrolysis mechanism of p-NPCE(p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV), the deuterium kinetic isotope effects were measured in D2O solutions. Consequently the pseudo first order rate constant ratios in H2O and D2O solution, kH2O/kD2O, were about 2.8～3.0 range. It means that the mechanism of hydrolysis were proceeded by nucleophile and general base attack in approximately same value.

인위적인 토양 pH 변화가 식물에 미치는 영향과 식물의 생화학적 방어반응을 조사하고자 황산용액을 첨가하여 산성화시킨 토양(pH 5.3, 4.5, 3.9, 3.5)에 만수국을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 토양 산성화에 의해 MDA 함량이 크게 증가되었다. 토양의 H+ 부하량 증가에 따라 산화형인 DHA 및 GSSG의 함량이 크게 증가되었다. 항산화 효소의 활성도 토양의 H+ 부하량의 증가에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

The phase transfer catalysis(PTC) reagent, ethyl tri-octyl ammonium bromide(ETABr), strongly catalyzes the reaction of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphinate(p-NPDPIN) with benzimidazole(BI) and its anion(BI⊖). In ETABr solutions, the dephosphorylation reactions exhibit higher first order kinetics with respect to the nucleophile, BI, and ETABr, suggesting that reactions are occuring in small aggregates of the three species including the substrate(p-NPDPIN), whereas the reaction of p-NPDPIN with OH⊖ is not catalyzed by ETABr. This behavior for the drastic rate-enhancement of the dephosphorylation is referred as 'aggregation complex model' for reaction of hydrophobic organic phosphinates with benzimidazole(BI) in hydrophobic quarternary ammonium salt(ETABr) solutions.

This study deals with micellar effects on dephosphorylation of diphenyl-4- nitrophenylphosphate (DPNPPH), diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate (DPNPIN) and isopropylphenyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphinate (IPNPIN) mediated by OH⊖ or o-iodosobenzoate ion (IB⊖) in aqueous and CTAX solutions. Dephosphorylation of DPNPPH, DPNPIN and IPNPIN mediated by OH⊖ or o-iodosobenzoate ion (IB⊖) is relatively slow in aqueous solution. The reactions in CTAX micellar solutions are, however, much accelerated because CTAX micelles can accommodate both reactants in their Stern layer in which they can easily react, while hydrophilic OH⊖ (or IB⊖) and hydrophobic substrates are not mixed in water. Even though the concentrations (>10-3 M) of OH⊖ (or IB⊖) in CTAX solutions are much larger amounts than those (6×10-6 M) of substrates, the rate constants of the dephosphorylations are largely influenced by the change of concentration of the ions, which means that the reactions are not followed by the pseudo first order kinetics. In comparison to effect of the counter ions of CTAX in the reactions, CTACl is more effective on the dephosphorylation of substrates than CTABr due to easier expelling of Cl⊖ ion by OH⊖ (or IB⊖) ion from the micelle, because of easier solvation of Cl⊖ ion by water molecules. The reactivity of IPNPIN with OH⊖ (or IB⊖) is lower than that of DPNPIN. The reason seems that the 'bulky' isopropyl group of IPNPIN hinders the attack of the nucleophiles.

To determine whether the enhanced UV-B causes oxidative stress, and to test the relationship between plant growth response and biochemical defense response to UV-B, two soybean plants, Keunolkong, a highly UV-B susceptible cultivar, and Danyeubkong, a less UV-B susceptible cultivar, were subjected to the enhanced UV-B [daily dose : 0.06 (control) and 11.32 (enhanced UV-B) kJ m^-2 ; UV-B_BE] for 3 weeks. Contents of malondialdehyde and total carotenoid were increased in Keunolkong compared with Danyeubkong by UV-B. In control plants, ascorbate level of Danyeubkong was 3 times higher than that of Keunolkong. The ratio of dehydroascorbate/ascorbate was highly increased in Keunolkong by UV-B. The activities of antioxidative enzyme such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase were increased in both cultivars by UV-B. This results indicate that enhanced UV-B caused oxidative stress in both two cultivars, especially in Keunolkong. Susceptibility of two soybean cultivars to UV-B is closely related to the levels of antioxidants such as carotenoid and ascorbate.

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of enhanced UV-B on growth and differential responses among cultivars in soybean. The soybean cultivars subjected to enhanced UV-B irradiation at daily dose of 11.32 kJ m^-2(UV-B_BE) revealed that the growth was significantly depressed. Plant height, leaf number, leaf area and dry weight were inhibited by UV-B irradiation showing differential responses among cultivars used. Danyeubkong seems to be less sensitive to the enhanced UV-B irradiation, while Keunolkong more sensitive. Reduction of chlorophyll content was also found significantly greater to Keunolkong. Specific leaf weight, an index of leaf thickness, and flavonoid content known as UV-absorbing compounds were significantly increased in Danyeubkong by UV-B, but those in the other cultivars were not significantly affected. The results indicated that there are cultivar differences in the growth and physiological responses to the enhanced UV-B irradiation and specific leaf weight and UV-absorbing compounds in the leaves were highly related to the sensitivity of soybean by UV-B irradiation.

Rice plants cv. Koshihikari, were subjected to the biologically effective ultraviolet-B (UV-B_BE) radiation {daily dose : 0.0 (control) and 11.5 (enhanced UV-B) kJ m^-2} to investigate the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on lipid peroxidation and to determine whether carotenoids and polyamines are involved in protection mechanism against enhanced UV-B radiation. Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly depressed plant dry weight. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in rice leaves was increased by about 30% after 6 days of UV-B irradiation. Total carotenoid contents tended to slightly decrease with the UV-B irradiation, even though there was no significance. In rice leaves, 3 major polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine are observed. All of the polyamine contents were increased with UV-B irradiation. The results suggest that enhanced UV-B radiation caused oxidative stress on lipids and that polyamines may serve as a biochemical protectant against increased UV-B radiation in rice plants.