Today, the principles of green chemistry are being fundamentally applied in the chemical industry, such as the nitrobenzene industry, which is an essential intermediate for various commercial products. Research on the application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize nitrobenzene synthesis was conducted using a sulfated silica (SO4/SiO2) catalyst and batch microwave reactor. The nitrobenzene synthesis process was carried out according to RSM using a central composite design (CCD) design for three independent variables, consisting of sulfuric acid concentration on the silica (%), stirring time (min), and reaction temperature (°C), and the response variable of nitrobenzene yield (%). The results showed that a three-factorial design using the response surface method could determine the optimum conditions for obtaining nitrobenzene products in a batch microwave reactor. The optimum condition for a nitrobenzene yield of 63.38 % can be obtained at a sulfuric acid concentration on the silica of 91.20 %, stirring time of 140.45 min, and reaction temperature of 58.14 °C. From the 20 experiments conducted, the SO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a selectivity of 100 %, which means that this solid acid catalyst can potentially work well in converting benzene to nitrobenzene.

Helicobacter pylori are known as a causative agent of gastritis, gastric duodenum and peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer, and multiple drug use is associated with various side effects in patients. The discovery of antibacterial substances against H. pylori from Korean resource plants is an important substitute for antibiotics. 52 species of Korean resource plants were collected and extracted with 50% ethanol, and antibacterial activity against H. pylori was measured using the disk diffusion method. The toxicity of plant extracts to human gastric adenocarcinoma(AGS) cells was measured by MTT assay, and the level of IL-8 secreted when gastric epithelial cells were inoculated with H. pylori was measured. As a result of measuring the antibacterial activity of H. pylori, antibacterial activity was confirmed in 38 plant extracts. The plant species with the strongest antibacterial activity were Chrysanthemum indicum, Rheum rhabarbarum, Patrinia scabiosaefolia and Petasites japonicus. C. indicum was not cytotoxic to H. pyroli-infected AGS cells and showed anti-inflammatory effects. This study's results can be used to develop healthy, functional foods and medical materials.

Integration of noble metals on graphene is renowned for their catalytic and antioxidant prowess. However, utilization of toxic chemicals in the synthesis creates environmental pollution and poisonous nature of chemically synthesized materials. To address this, an economical and eco-friendly method for synthesizing graphene-gold (BRG-Au) nanocomposite by anchoring gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto reduced graphene oxide sheets using betel leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent is presented. Comprehensive structural characterizations through UV–Visible, Raman, FT-IR, and XRD analyses confirm the successful formation of the BRG-Au nanocomposite. Morphological assessments utilizing FE-SEM and TEM techniques revealed the presence of transparent, twinkling graphene sheets embellished with 20 to 60 nm of Au NPs in various shapes, including spherical, triangular, pentagonal, circular, and trapezoids. The catalytic and antioxidant activities of the BRG-Au nanocomposite were thoroughly evaluated. In catalytic trials, the nanocomposite exhibited remarkable efficiency in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, accomplishing this transformation within a mere 30 min during the initial cycle and maintaining stable catalytic performance over three consecutive cycles. Additionally, antioxidant analyses employing Total Antioxidant Activity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methods demonstrated that BRG-Au nanocomposite possessed equal or superior antioxidant activity than the ascorbic acid standard. This research thus underscores the promising potential of environmentally benign synthesis method for graphene-gold nanocomposite with enhanced catalytic and antioxidant properties.

To fabricate intermetallic nanoparticles with high oxygen reduction reaction activity, a high-temperature heat treatment of 700 to 1,000 °C is required. This heat treatment provides energy sufficient to induce an atomic rearrangement inside the alloy nanoparticles, increasing the mobility of particles, making them structurally unstable and causing a sintering phenomenon where they agglomerate together naturally. These problems cannot be avoided using a typical heat treatment process that only controls the gas atmosphere and temperature. In this study, as a strategy to overcome the limitations of the existing heat treatment process for the fabrication of intermetallic nanoparticles, we propose an interesting approach, to design a catalyst material structure for heat treatment rather than the process itself. In particular, we introduce a technology that first creates an intermetallic compound structure through a primary high-temperature heat treatment using random alloy particles coated with a carbon shell, and then establishes catalytic active sites by etching the carbon shell using a secondary heat treatment process. By using a carbon shell as a template, nanoparticles with an intermetallic structure can be kept very small while effectively controlling the catalytically active area, thereby creating an optimal alloy catalyst structure for fuel cells.

The genus Hypsopygia was established by Hübner, 1825, with type species Phalaena costalis Fabricius, 1775. Hypsopygia is characterized by the elongated uncus and valva, and pointed saccus in the male genitalia. It consists of 105 described species (Nuss et al., 2003–2024) in the world, and 11 species have been recorded in Korea (Kim & Paek, 2020; Shin et al., 2023). In this study, we reported one newly recorded species in Korea. Illustrations of adults provided, with information of host plants of all examined species.

The genus Olethreutes, established by Hübner in 1822, is based on the type species Phalaena arcuella Clerk, 1759. Olethreutes is one of the largest group within the family Tortricidae, with more than 130 species worldwide. As of now, about 31 species of the genus Olethreutes have been reported in the Korean peninsula. The proposes of this study is to describe one new species, with three similar species form Korea.

Insect cuticular extracellular matrices (ECM) including the eggshell and exoskeleton play vital roles in protecting them from natural environmental stresses. However, these chitinous ECMs must be degraded at least in part during embryonic and post-embyonic molting periods to accommodate continuous growth all the way to the adult stage. In this study we investigated the functions of groups I and II chitinases, TcCHT5 and TcCHT10, in turnover of the eggshell and cuticle in Tribolium castaneum. RNAi and TEM analyses revealed that TcCHT10 is required for digestion of chitin in the serosal cuticle for embryo hatching as well as in the old cuticle during post-embryonic molts including larval-pupal and pupal-adult metamorphosis. However, although TcCHT5 is apparently involved in these vital physiological events, TcCHT10 could substitute for TcCHT5 except during the pupal-adult molting when both enzymes are indispensable to degrade chitin in the old pupal cuticle.

겨울과 같은 환경에서 곤충은 생존과 번성을 위해 생리학적, 생화학적 및 행동적 메커니즘을 이용하고 있다. 대부분의 곤충은 생리학적 적응가운데 급속내한성(Rapid cold hardiness, RCH) 유기를 통해 기온이 급격히 낮아 지는 외부 환경에 대해 빠르게 적응하고 저온조건에서 생존율을 높인다. 열대거세미나방의 경우 행동적 메커니 즘을 통해 따뜻한 곳을 찾아 장거리 비행을 하며, 생존에 유리한 환경으로 이동한다. 본 연구에서는 열대거세미나 방의 생리적 월동능력과 RCH 능력에 관해 조사하였다. 그 결과, RCH에 의해 혈중 글리세롤의 농도가 증가와 체내빙결점이 하강하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, RCH(-10℃, 1h)에 노출된 2령 유충기를 대상으로 4령과 5령 유충기에 단기저온(5℃, 30min)에 노출 시 글리세롤 생합성에 관여하는 유전자(glycerol kinase 1, 2)의 발현이 RCH에 노출되지 않은 대조구와 비교하여 빠르게 발현되었다. 이는, 열대거세미나방의 유전자 수준에서 저온에 대한 단기기억이 존재하는 것을 제시한다.

In countries without strong biosecurity systems, Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium poses a continuing threat to agriculture. Even when quarantine laws exist, the risk is greater if one of the world's most serious pests becomes introduced to imported stored grain. The rate of Khapra beetles introduced is rising sharply with increased transport, trade, travel, and tourism between countries and continents. Species identification is usually the key to success in Khapra beetle control programs. Countries that export/import grains, such as Australia, Canada, Russia, Korea and USA, must ensure that their ports, grain storage facilities, and transportation systems are free of khapra beetle. Researchers so far developed effective quarantine treatments and eradication strategies to deal with khapra beetle infestations that occur upon import at inland port. Khapra beetle introductions are likely to be impacted by a variety of factors, including trade flow and quarantine laws. In this study, we provide an overview of the current global quarantine laws, invasions of khapra beetle, and its control strategies.

Numerous Dermestidae insects are considered significant pests because of their capacity to inflict substantial economic harm on stored food items. Trogoderma and Attagenus genera members are commonly discovered in imported grain and other food products. Usually, infestations of these species consist of various species that reproduce quickly and spread effortlessly. The small size of Attagenus and Trogoderma stored-product stages makes it extremely challenging to identify them based on their morphological characteristics. Hence, it is imperative to have precise identification techniques in place to ensure the safety and dependability of the grain industry, as well as to streamline efficient plant quarantine measures. Various molecular methods have been employed for insect species identification, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), DNA sequence analysis, and species-specific primer PCR (SS-PCR) techniques. Despite the considerable focus on quickly identifying these species in stored products in recent years, there is a notable absence of systematic molecular identification. This research highlights the use of genetic techniques to differentiate between Trogoderma and Attagenus species.

A taxonomic study was conducted on Spilonota Stephens, 1834 in Korea. As a result of the research based on materials from Incheon National University two new species; S. samseong Choi, Bae & Nasu, and S. laticucullusa Choi, Bae & Nasu from Korea. This study provides a brief description of the new Spilonota species in Korea, as well as comparisons with similar species and illustrations of adult and genital morphology.

Dystocia, a challenging condition in obstetrics, can arise from various causes, including fetal monsters with structural abnormalities. This case report presents a unique case of dystocia due to a fetal monster known as Perosomus Elumbis in a beetal breed goat from Pakistan. The 4-years-old pregnant doe presented with prolonged straining and failure to deliver the fetus after 8 hours of labor. Upon examination, the cervix was dilated, and only the forelimbs of the fetus were visible in the birth canal. The subsequent delivery involved the application of manual traction by using a dystocia kit, and the removal of edematous fluid from the legs. The monster fetus exhibited absence of hair growth, along with the absence of thoracic vertebrae. Two other fetuses were present, with one found dead and the other alive. Posttreatment involved fluid therapy, antibiotics, and supportive care for the doe. This case report sheds light on the occurrence of Perosomus Elumbis fetal monsters and their impact on dystocia in goat breeding. Understanding the underlying causes and implementing appropriate management strategies are crucial for successful outcomes in similar cases.

New tetrazole fused imidazopyridine derivatives (12a–j) were developed to exploit their cytotoxic activity towards cancer cell lines-MCF7, A549, and MDA-MB-231, utilizing MTT reduction assay with doxorubicin as standard drug. The compounds 12 h and 12j demonstrated strong anticancer activity bearing IC50 values 1.44 μM and 1.33 μM against A549 cell line.

식물의 흡수를 통한 공기오염물질 제거는 생육 상태에 따라 그 효과가 달라진다. 실내에서 토양수분의 공급은 식물의 생 육을 위한 기본적인 관리 사항이다. 따라서 본 연구는 토양수 분함량에 따른 생리적 반응이 가스상 공기오염물질인 톨루엔 저감에 미치는 영향을 구명하고, 최적의 생육과 공기 정화 효 과를 위한 적정 토양수분함량을 찾고자 수행하였다. 이를 위 해 스파티필름과 파키라를 사용하여 40일 동안의 평균 토양 수분함량을 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%로 처리한 후 양자수율, 광 합성률, 기공전도도, 증산량 등 생리적 지수와 엽면적당 톨루 엔 저감량을 측정하였다. 그 결과 스파티필름은 토양수분함량 을 20~25%로 관리할 때 생육이 양호하고 최적의 톨루엔 저 감 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 10% 이하 건조에 대한 주의가 요구된다. 반면 파키라는 토양수분함량 20% 이 하 처리구에서 톨루엔 저감량이 증가하였으나 10% 처리구에 서 생장량이 저하될 가능성이 있으므로, 공기 정화와 생육을 위한 최적 토양수분함량은 15~20% 범위이며, 25% 이상으로 장기간 유지하는 것은 과습을 유발할 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Background: Reproductive management practices play crucial roles to maximize the reproductive performance of cows, and thus contribute to farm profitability. We aimed to assess the reproductive management of cows currently practiced in the dairy farms in an urban farming system. Methods: A total of 62 dairy farms were randomly selected considering all size of farms such as small (1-5 cattle), medium (6-20 cattle) and large farms (> 20 cattle) from selected areas of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. The reproductive managementrelated parameters viz. estrus detection, breeding method, pregnancy diagnosis, dry cow and parturition management, vaccination and treatment of reproductive problems etc. were obtained in a pre-defined questionnaire during the farm visit. Results: The visual observation method was only used (100.0%; 62/62) for estrus detection irrespective of size of the farms; while farmers observed cows for estrus 4-5 times a day, but only for 20-60 seconds each time. Regardless of farm size, 89.0% (55/62) farms used artificial insemination (AI) for breeding the cows. Intriguingly, all farms (100.0%) routinely checked the cows for pregnancy at 35-40 days post-breeding using rectal palpation technique by registered veterinarian. However, only 6.5% (4/62) farms practiced dry cow management. Notably, all farms (100.0%) provided nutritional supplements (Vit D, Ca and P) during late gestation. However, proper hygiene and cleanliness during parturition was not practiced in 77.4% (48/62) farms; even though 96.7% (60/62) farms treated cows by registered veterinarian for parturition-related problems. Conclusions: While farmers used AI service for breeding and timely check their cows for pregnancy; however, they need to increase observation time (30 minutes/ observation, twice in a day: early morning and early night) for estrus detection, consider dry cow management and ensure hygienic parturition for maximizing production.