In Korea, two types of spent nuclear fuels (SNFs) are generated, pressurized light water reactor type (PWR) and pressurized heavy water reactor type (PHWR; CANDU), that differ greatly in size, decay heat, and radioactive characteristics. Technology development for the disposal of SNFs has mainly focused on PWR SNFs that are large in size and have extremely high decay heat and radioactivity. However, CANDU SNFs should be considered differently from PWR SNFs in deep geological disposal systems because their characteristics significantly differ from those of PWR SNFs in terms of their dimensions, number of SNF bundles, and handling systems in nuclear power plant sites. In this paper, after reviewing the status of the CANDU SNF disposal concept by Canada and Korea, concepts related to the direct geological disposal of CANDU SNFs were described, and two concepts were proposed based on the results of the development. The engineered barrier systems developed using these two concepts were comparatively analyzed in terms of disposal safety, disposal efficiency, and technical maturity. Based on the results of the comparative analyses, a vertical-type emplacement disposal concept was determined as a reference concept for the deep geological disposal of CANDU SNFs.

The present study describes Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826 with detailed descriptions, taxonomic photographs, distribution map, and proposition of a new synonym. Due to morphological similarity between P. pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 and P. rufus, taxonomic identity of P. pseudoexilis has been doubtful to date. A detailed bibliographic study of types of P. pseudoexilis between P. rufus and examination of specimens from the type locality of P. pseudoexilis with specimens of P. rufus collected across the country showed that P. rufus has all diagnostic characters found in types of P. pseudoexilis. Therefore, P. pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 should be regarded as a new synonym of Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seeding dates on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and mineral contents of rye cultivated in the paddy field. The field experiment was conceived as a randomized block design performed in triplicate with seeding dates of October 19 (T1), October (T2), November 2 (T3), November 9 (T4), and November 16 (T5). All treatments was harvested on May 22 of the following year. Plant length, stem diameter, dry matter yield, and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield were higher in rye with early seeding dates (p<0.05), whereas TDN was higher with late seeding dates (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between crude protein and ether extract among the different seeding dates. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were higher with early seeding dates (p<0.05). K and Ca contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). There was no significant difference in Mg and Na content among T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments. P content was higher in the order T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T5 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in free sugar contents (glucose, fructose and sucrose) by treatments, whereas total free sugar content was the highest in T1 than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Collectively, the results obtained in this study indicate that it is favorable to seed (T1 and T2) soon after harvesting rice to increase dry matter, TDN yield and total free sugar content of rye in the midlands of Korea.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 젤라틴 메타크릴레이트(GelMA)를 합성하고 이를 기본 하이드로겔 렌즈 혼합물과 함께 교 반한 후 제조된 렌즈의 물성을 비교 분석하여 고기능성 소재로서의 적용성을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 젤라틴 메타크릴레이트(GelMA) 합성에는 젤라틴(A형), 인산완충식염수(Phosphate buffer solution, PBS), methacrylic anhydride(MA)를 사용하였다. 또한, 주재료인 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)와 광 개시제인 2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone(Irgacure 2959), 교차결합제인 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate(EGDMA)를 각각 사용하였다. 제조된 렌즈의 물성 분석을 위해 광투과도, 굴절률, 함수율, 접촉각을 평가하였다. 결과: GelMA의 합성은 EDS를 통해 확인되었다. 제조된 렌즈의 물성을 측정한 결과, 가시광선 투과도는 91.33~ 71.02%, 굴절률은 1.4383~1.4365, 함수율은 39.08~39.04%, 접촉각은 70.83~70.43°로 나타났으며, GelMA 첨가 비율이 증가할수록 굴절률이 증가하였다. 결론 : GelMA 첨가 시 하이드로겔 렌즈의 함수율과 습윤성에 영향을 미치지 않으면서 굴절률 증가에 효과적이 며 UV-B 및 UV-A 영역을 차단하는 기능을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과, GelMA가 첨가된 하이드로겔 소 재는 고굴절률 및 시기능성 렌즈 소재로 다양하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 작약의 품종간 개화시기 차이와 저온에서 장기 저 장이 가능한 품종을 선발하여 절화 유통 기간을 연장하기 위하 여 수행하였다. 작약 24품종을 대상으로 2022년 국립원예특작 과학원 시험포장에서 개화시기와 절화 품질을 조사하였다. 봉오 리 상태에서 수확한 작약을 건조 저장법으로 -1℃에서 60일 저장한 후 절화 수명과 절화품질을 조사하였다. ‘의성작약’은 홑 꽃이었고 나머지 품종은 겹꽃이었다. 개화시기는 5월 10일부터 18일 사이였으며, ‘Etched Salmon’, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, ‘Gilbert’, ‘Henry Bockstoce’는 개화일이 5월 10일로 가장 빨랐고, ‘Elsa Sass’는 5월 18일로 가장 늦었다. 식물체 키는 74.6∼107.8cm 였고, 절화 무게는 ‘Henry Bockstoce’ 품종 이 89.8g으로 가장 무거웠고, ‘Angel Cheeks’ 품종이 26.7g으 로 가장 가벼웠다. 꽃의 주된 색은 흰색, 빨강색, 분홍색, 자주색 이었다. -1℃에서 60일간 저장 후에 꽃과 잎의 상태가 아주 양 호한 품종은 ‘Kansas’, ‘Ole Faithful’, ‘Sonw Mountain’이 었다. 절화수명은 ‘Nick Shaylor’ 품종이 8일로 가장 길었고, 다음으로 ‘Blush Queen’, ‘Elsa Sass’ 품종이 7일이었으며, ‘Gilbert’, ‘Highlight’ 품종이 1일로 가장 짧았다. 작약은 저온 장기 저장에서 일부 품종을 제외하고는 꽃과 잎에 저온장해 증 상이 발생하였다. 이와같은 결과는 작약재배시에 품종 선택과 수확후 저온 장기 저장을 통하여 유통기간을 연장하고 하고자 할 때 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 소래풀을 경관화훼로 이용하기 위해 온도조건에 따른 발아특성을 알아보고 회귀분석(bilinear, parabolic, beta distribution)모델을 통해 주요온도(최저, 최적 및 최고온 도)를 구명하고자 하였다. 소래풀 종자는 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35℃ 항온 조건 중 25℃에서 약 6~7일만에 최종발아율이 100%에 도달하였으며, 발아세, 발아속도, 평균발아속도와 평균발아시간이 각각 100%, 21.37ea/day, 14.48, 4.39일 로 다른 처리보다 발아특성이 우수하였다. 이를 바탕으로 발아 속도(germination rate, GR)가 50%인 시점(GR50)을 역수로 (1/GR50)하여 주요온도를 분석한 결과, bilinear모델의 경우, 최저, 최적 및 최고온도는 4.8℃, 25.8℃, 35.6℃였으며 (R2=0.9566, p<0.001), parabolic모델은 최저온도 6.1℃, 최 적온도 21.6℃, 최고온도 36.7℃였다(R2=0.8818, p<0.001). 또한 beta distribution 모델의 주요온도는 최저온도 6.1℃, 최 적온도는 23.1℃, 최고온도 40.1℃였다(R2=0.9102, p<0.001). 본 연구에서 분석한 회귀모델 모두 0.1% 수준에서 통계적 유의 차가 인정된 것으로 보아 소래풀 종자의 발아 시 최저온도는 4.8~6.1℃, 최고온도는 35.6~40.1℃, 최적온도는 21.6~25.8℃ 이며, 50% 이상의 발아율을 기대하였을 때 온도의 범위는 20~25℃가 적합할 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같은 결과는 소래풀 을 이용하여 경관조성을 할 때 파종 및 발아시기를 예측할 수 있는 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 경관조성 을 하는 현장에서 실질적인 도움을 제공할 수 있도록 발아의 주요온도 모델과 함께 식물의 생물계절 관점에서 추가적인 연구 가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The Metaverse’s virtual world is used in various industries and is expected to continue to grow in the future. In addition, the Metaverse is a new type of society that integrates various new technologies, and NFT products play an essential role. Therefore, NFT product characteristics and industry trends should be assessed to revitalize the NFT market. To this end, this study confirms the influence relationship between social presence and NFT product characteristics in the Metaverse environment and examines the impact of each characteristic on consumer satisfaction and continued engagement intention to NFT product. Statistical analysis such as exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) using IBM SPSS Amos was conducted on data collected through a survey targeting male and female Korean consumers in their age group 10 to 50. Study results indicate that social presence significantly impacted all characteristics of NFT products (authenticity, scarcity, rarity, collectability, and interactivity). Scarcity and authenticity significantly impacted consumer satisfaction, and both authenticity and consumer satisfaction significantly impacted continued engagement intention. Thus, effective product development and marketing strategies can be established only by presenting different emphasized characteristics depending on the type of NFT product and the Metaverse’s social presence.

This study investigated the perceptions of elementary school preservice teachers in their 4th year at KEducation University, an elementary school teacher-training institution, on the nature of science (NOS). To examine the differences in elementary school preservice teachers’ perceptions of NOS according to their high school career aptitude, we conducted in-depth interviews with two students each in the humanities and social sciences (HS) and natural sciences (NS) based on the subjects that they had taken while attending high school. For this purpose, we used the Views of Nature of Science Form C (VNOS-C) and Views about Scientific Inquiry (VASI) questionnaires, which were reconfigured. The main research results were that the elementary school preservice teachers showed a positivistic perspective on the NOS, validity of scientific knowledge, difference between theory and law, and social and cultural embeddedness of science. However, they had a latest perspective on the tentativeness of scientific knowledge, observation and inference, and the role of imagination and creativity. In particular, there were clear differences in perception between HS and NS teachers in the areas of tentativeness of scientific knowledge and understanding of observation and inference. Based on these research results, educational implications for improving the science education competencies of preservice elementary school teachers were proposed.

We explored the effect of galaxy-galaxy interaction on the FIR-radio correlation of star-forming galaxies by comparing the qFIR parameter distribution between interacting and non-interacting galaxies. Our sample galaxies were selected from the SDSS Stripe 82 region, where relatively deep optical images are available in addition to ancillary FIR and radio data. The qFIR values were 2.73±0.49 and 2.53±0.90 for interacting and non-interacting galaxies, respectively. The t-test results indicated that the difference in qFIR values between the two categories is not statistically significant. Our findings align with those of previous studies suggesting that either FIR excess or radio excess occurs only transiently during brief timescales in the merger stages, rather than persisting throughout the majority of merger events identified by features such as tidal tails or double nuclei.

많은 연구에 따르면 Tenebrio molitor은 유충 단계에서 플라스틱을 섭취할 수 있다고 보고되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 T. molitor 유충의 성장과 발달에 발포폴리스티렌 섭취가 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 밀기울을 섭취한 유충의 성장률은 발포폴리스티렌을 섭취한 유충의 성장률보다 더 좋았고(p < 0.001) 발포폴리스티렌을 섭취한 유 충의 번데기로 전환되는 기간은 밀기울을 섭취한 유충의 번데기로 전환되는 기간보다 더 빨랐다(p < 0.001). 하지만 두 처리구간 생존율은 유의미한 차이가 없었다(p = 0.786). 이 결과에 따르면 발포폴리스티렌을 섭취한 유충은 체중 감소와 짧은 발육기간이 특징이지만 생존하는 것에는 문제가 없었다. 따라서 우리는 T. molitor가 플라스틱 폐기물 의 지속 가능하고 친환경적인 제거를 위한 주요 자원이라는 결론을 내렸다.

거저리는 식품으로 사용되기 때문에 유충기가 오래 지속되면 더 좋다. 반면에 거저리의 개체수 유지를 위 해 성장을 가속화하기 위해서는 유충이 빨리 성충이 되면 더 좋다. 이 연구에서는 개체군 밀도가 거저리의 발달 시 간에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 이를 위해 상단 7 cm, 하단 5 cm, 높이 3 cm 크기의 용기를 사용했다. 거저리는 용기 당 1, 2, 5, 10, 20마리의 밀도로 용기에서 서식하였다. 용기에 밀기울 1 g을 넣고 거저리의 먹이 여부에 따라 라벨을 붙였다. 실험은 세 번 반복되었다. 모든 실험에서 개체군 밀도가 높을수록 유충에서 번데기로의 변환 시간이 짧았 지만 번데기에서 성충으로 변환되는 시간은 크게 다르지 않았다. 또한 먹이가 있는 그룹에서 번데기로의 변환 시간 이 단축되었지만, 성충으로 변환되는 시간에는 차이가 없었다. 이 연구 결과는 유충기를 연장하기 위해 더 낮은 밀 도가 필요하고 더 빠른 속도로 성충이 필요하다면 밀도가 더 높아야 한다는 것을 보여주었다. 결론적으로 거저리의 발달 시간은 개체수 밀도에 의해 제어할 수 있을 것이다.

Forbush decreases (FDs), as the transient event of decreasing cosmic ray (CR) intensity, show the main phase of a sudden decrease within approximately one day and the recovery phase over several days. FDs are associated with abrupt solar wind events such as interplanetary shocks (IP shocks) and magnetic clouds. FD generation is explained by drift due to the magnetic field strength and by diffusion caused by magnetic turbulence. The FDs and the IP shocks from 1998 to 2004 in the solar maximum period were chosen to determine a more effective generation of FD between drift and diffusion. Seventy FDs with a CR variation of more than 3.0% and a minimum value of less than −1.5% were selected using Oulu neutron monitor data. The Advanced Composition Explorer satellite identified 292 IP shocks and we divided them into two sections: the pre-sheath region ahead of the shock front and the post-sheath region behind the shock front. The magnetic field strength, magnetic turbulence, solar wind speed, and solar wind turbulence of the post-sheath regions were analyzed. Most (62/70) of the FDs were associated with the post-sheath regions of the IP shocks. The important factors that generated the FDs were drift by the large physical properties in the post-sheath regions and diffusion by the strong turbulence in the post-sheath regions. The increase in the magnitude of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) shows larger in the IP shocks associated with FD (2.33 times) than in those not associated with an FD (1.70 times) between the pre-sheath and post-sheath regions. On the other hand, the increase in turbulence of IMF was the same for IP shocks associated with an FD and not associated with an FD. Although it was difficult to determine the dominant factor for the generation of FDs, the present study suggested that the drift by the magnetic field strength may play a more significant role than the diffusion by the magnetic turbulence.

Background: Community welfare centers in Korea offer various exercise programs aimed at improving the physical and mental health of individuals with intellectual disabilities. This systematic review assesses the impact of these programs. Objectives: To systematically review and evaluate the effectiveness of exercise programs provided by community welfare centers in Korea on the physical, psychological, and mental health of children, adolescents, and adults with intellectual disabilities. Design: A systematic review. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from inception to December 1, 2023, using databases such as Korea Citation Index, Research Information Sharing Service, and Korean Medical Database. Inclusion criteria were studies focusing on individuals with intellectual disabilities engaged in exercise or exercise-based rehabilitation programs. Results: A total of 3,968 records were identified, with 14 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Of these, 6 studies focused on children and adolescents, while 8 studies involved adults. Significant improvements were observed in physical fitness, motor performance, mobility skills, pelvic alignment, abdominal obesity, blood lipids, spontaneity, physical self-concept, adaptive behavior, and social competence for children and adolescents. For adults, notable improvements were reported in balance, physical fitness, physical activity levels, upper limb function, inflammatory markers, blood lipids, adaptive behavior, satisfaction, stress reduction, self-efficacy, emotional function, and cognitive function. Conclusion: Exercise programs provided by community welfare centers in Korea have a significant positive impact on the physical, psychological, and mental health of individuals with intellectual disabilities. These programs are essential for enhancing the quality of life for this population.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been reported to have better properties than conventional materials; however, they are more expensive due to the high cost of their main components. Therefore, research is needed to reduce manufacturing costs. In this study, CoCrFeMnNi HEAs were prepared using metal injection molding (MIM), which is a powder metallurgy process that involves less material waste than machining process. Although the MIM-processed samples were in the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase, porosity remained after sintering at 1200°C, 1250°C, and 1275°C. In this study, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process, which considers both temperature (1150°C) and pressure (150 MPa), was adopted to improve the quality of the MIM samples. Although the hardness of the HIP-treated samples decreased slightly and the Mn composition was significantly reduced, the process effectively eliminated many pores that remained after the 1275°C MIM process. The HIP process can improve the quality of the alloy.

After the permanent shut down of Kori Unit 1, various decommissioning activities will be implemented, including decontamination, segmentation, waste management, and site restoration. During the decommissioning period, waste management is among the most important activities to ensure that the process proceeds smoothly and within the expected timeframe. Furthermore, the radioactive waste generated during the operation should be sent to a disposal facility to complete the decommissioning project. Square and cylindrical concrete re-package drums were generated during the 1980s and 1990s. The square, containing boron concentrates, and cylindrical, containing spent resin, concrete re-package drums have been stored in a radioactive waste storage building. Homogeneous radioactive waste, including boron concentrates, spent resin, and sludge, should be solidified or packaged in high-integrity containers (HICs). This study investigates the sequential segmentation process for the separation of contaminated and non-contaminated regions, the re-packaging process of segmented or crushed cement-solidified boron concentrate, and re-packaging in HICs. The conceptual design evaluates the re-packaging plan for the segmented and crushed cement-solidified waste using HICs, which is acceptable in a disposal facility, and the quantity of generated HICs from the treatment process.

InP quantum dots (QDs) have attracted researchers’ interest due to their applicability in quantum dot light-emitting displays (QLED) or biomarkers for detecting cancers or viruses. The surface or interface control of InP QD core/ shell has substantially increased quantum efficiency, with a quantum yield of 100% reached by introducing HF to inhibit oxide generation. In this study, we focused on the control of bandgap energy of quantum dots by changing the Zn/(In+Zn) ratio in the In(Zn)P core. Zinc incorporation can change the photoluminescent light colors of green, yellow, orange, and red. Diluting a solution of as-synthesized QDs by more than 100 times did not show any quenching effects by the Förster resonance energy transfer phenomenon between neighboring QDs.

Sprout products, such as broccoli, alfalfa, and cabbage, have positive health effects. Thus far, sprout foods have attracted attention owing to their good bioavailability. In particular, young broccoli sprouts exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects. They contain 100 times more chemoprotective substances than adult broccoli. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of freeze-dried young sprout broccoli (FD-YB) in vitro using RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The FDYB powder antioxidant ability test showed that the radical-scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FD-YB was not cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cells, and nitric oxide production decreased after the FD-YB treatment of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, FD-YB significantly decreased the expression of inflammation-related proteins (Cyclooxygenase-2, Inducible nitric oxide synthase, and Prostaglandin E Synthase 2) and cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor- and Interleukin-6). In conclusion, FD-YB can be a potential nutraceutical for preventing and regulating excessive immune responses during inflammation.

Undeclared nuclear activities are challenging given the lack of information from the sites involved in such activities. Wide-area environmental sampling (WAES) can be an effective method to detect undeclared nuclear activities. However, it is crucial to address the potential risks during the WAES, including sample tampering or extortions. Therefore, tracking and monitoring of various on-site data is imperative to accurately interpret the status of samples and workers throughout the WAES process. ‘Environmental and Geographical Data Transfer (EGDT)’ was developed for the real-time monitoring of integrated on-site data. EGDT module is equipped with various sensors and can be attached to a worker’s uniform or a sample storage box. This study demonstrated the technical effectiveness of EGDT by exploring three experimental methodologies for feasibility assessment. Compared to the Normal Operation case, the inference of the Sample Extortion case was predominantly based on changes in lux and dose rate. The inference of the Out-of-Work-Area case primarily relied on changes in dose rate and acceleration. Finally, the preliminary evaluation of the performance of the developed prototype was conducted, and a foundation was established for enhancing the application in the WAES process.