The current US tariff policy has become a focal point of the global trade order, signaling a restructuring of the international economic system established after World War II. The global trade regime is shifting from multilateral cooperation to a landscape increasingly defined by economic and geopolitical competition. The US domestic law is increasingly replacing multilateral mechanisms such as the WTO as the primary legal point at issue and center of gravity influencing and shaping the global trade order. In this transitional phase of order reconstruction, East Asian enterprises should allocate resources to closely monitor geopolitical developments, the US domestic politics, legal frameworks, and ideological trends. They should also establish mechanisms for geopolitical risk management and prioritize risk management over business expansion as a core strategic principle. However, this is not entirely negative; the new research, understanding, and strategic adjustments undertaken by enterprises may lay a deeper foundation for the next wave of globalization.

본 연구는 장수풍뎅이(Allomyrina dichotoma) 유충을 가수분해한 후 발생한 가수분해물 시료의 항비만 효능에 관한 결과이다. 먼저 3T3-L1 세포에 대한 시료의 독성을 테스트하였다. 시료 F10, P10, P30은 세포에 62.5ug/ml 처리 시 세포 생존율은 ~87.5% 정도로 나타났으며 F30의 경우 세포가 모두 건강하게 성장하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로 지질합성 관여 단백질인 SREBP-1과 FAS에 대한 발현 억제 실험을 진행하였다. 시료 F10과 F30을 처리 하였을 때 SREBP-1과 FAS의 발현을 가장 잘 억제한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 3T3-L1 지방세포 분화 과정을 Oil Red O staining 방법으로 염색 후 관찰을 진행하였다. 컨트롤과 비교하여 시료 F10, F30, P10과 P30을 처리한 지방 세포들은 모두 세포 분화 억제가 관찰되었으며 특히, 시료 F10에서 지방세포 분화 억제가 활발히 발생한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 위 결과를 종합해 보면, 시료 F10과 F30을 혼합하여 사용한다면 반려동물에 대하여 효과 있는 항비만 사료를 개발할 수 있으리라 판단된다.

Parasites have co-evolved with their host for a long period of time, resulting in unique parasitic systems tailored to each host species. This makes them suitable for research on physiological function control through cross-species molecules like miRNA. The body louse, a vector of bacterial pathogens, is particularly valuable as a model insect due to their frequent feeding on human blood, which results in the continuous ingestion of human-derived miRNA and injection of salivary gland-derived miRNA into the human body. In this study, we conducted miRNA sequencing on body lice with mixed stages and identified 105 miRNAs, including 50 novel miRNAs. Sequence analysis of human miRNAs remaining in body lice and the functional analysis of these miRNAs are in progress.

This research uses the Balanced Scorecard framework to create comprehensive performance indicators for foodservice programs in senior welfare centers. The study evaluates these programs in South Korean senior welfare centers from financial, customer, learning and growth, and internal business process perspectives. Thirty-five evaluation indicators were developed and validated through the Delphi study used for the survey study nationwide, and 115 were collected. Thirty elderly welfare centers participated in on-site evaluation by the expert. The results of the survey study, 81.4, indicate overall favorable performance, with social workers scoring slightly lower than dietitians and directors. On-site evaluations showed better performance, 84.4, compared to the survey study. The learning and growth perspective showed a significantly higher score on on-site evaluation, and the score was 20.9, which was 3.1 points higher than 17.8 from the survey study (p<0.001). However, there is room for improvement, including adopting nutrition management programs, defining roles for dietitians and cooks, enhancing food sanitation regulations, and providing financial support. Additional recommendations involve recruiting nutrition personnel, collaborating with local governments, and integrating centers for children’s foodservice management at the local level. This research provides valuable insights into enhancing the foodservice in elderly welfare centers to improve the nutrition and well-being of the elderly population.

The ambiguity of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) posed a challenge to many medical researchers in the early days after its discovery and continues to do so till date. The establishment of the Budapest Criteria of the International Association for the Study of Pain resolved certain queries on CRPS. Many aspects of CRPS, such as pathophysiology and etiology, remain unknown. Therefore, of these aspects, we focused on the genetic basis of CRPS. In this qualitative review, we summarized the recent findings on the genetic association of CRPS and analyzed the roles of genes identified in each study and limitations of the studies. In particular, we confirmed the reliability of each study by comparing the following research, which used the following control groups or the same candidate genes. Notably, specific phenotypes of CRPS with dystonia indicate a significant association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8. Further, HLA-DQ8, which is associated with aberrant CD4+ T-cell reaction, could be associated with CRPS etiology since an increased CD4+ T-cell population was reported in CRPS patients. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 found in genome-wide expression profiling is noteworthy since MMP-9 is associated with neuro-inflammatory reactions. Despite these suggestions on the genetic aspects of CRPS, the pathophysiology and etiology of CRPS may be polygenic and multifactorial, influenced by multiple genes and other factors. Further, some studies have suggested that CRPS phenotypes have different etiologies. Thus, further studies with the precise classification of CRPS on a unified basis and with a significant number of case groups are required

“A Concise History of International Law in China-Conflicts, Fusion, and Development” presents a panoramic view of international law in China. The book historically reviews the origin and development of international law in China, discusses China’s contribution to the theory and institutional innovation of contemporary international law, and looks forward to the future of international law in China and the world. More concretely, this book pays attention to the development history of China’s international law scholarship; closely follows the latest trends in China’s international law research; and guides further research. A careful review of the book will provide the readers with a panoramic view of the history of China’s international law. It is not only an important treatise on the history of international law in China but also an indispensable reference for theoretical and practical circles with bibliography.

Background: Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the sports population or during usual daily life activities. The sprain can cause functional ankle instability (FAI), and it is very important to treat FAI. However, the optimum intervention method for FAI has yet to be determined. Objects: This study investigated the impact that virtual reality (VR) training program on balance with ankle kinesio taping for FAI. Methods: Twenty-two people were selected for the study and randomly divided into the experimental (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). The experimental group had attached kinesio taping on the ankle and then implemented a virtual reality exercise program for 30 minutes a day. Nintendo Wii Fit Plus was used for the VR intervention three times a week for four weeks. The control group performed only two measurements without intervention. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in overall, anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML) index of the static balance, and significant differences in overall, AP, ML index of the dynamic balance when taping and VR exercise were applied at the same time (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in overall and ML index of static and dynamic balance compared with before and after assessment between the experimental and the control group, and found differences in AP index of static and dynamic balance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesio taping may not influence the balance of FAI as great as people expected. VR approach does not affect the static balance of FAI, but it influences dynamic balance in overall, AP, ML index. The authors suggest that VR-based exercises can be used as an additional concept in clinicians for FAI or as part of a home program because the exercises still have limitations.

예술은 미에 대한 추구이지만 동시에 참선과 유사한 목적을 가지는 행위이기도 하다. 즉 반복과 몰입을 통해 복잡한 생각을 덜어내고 스트레스를 경감시키는 기능을 가진다는 것이다. 예술 작품을 만드는 과정은 전체적으로 보면 굉장히 전문적이고 미적인 감각과 경험을 필요로 하지만, 그렇지 않은 부분도 엄연히 존재하며 그러한 부분이 요구하는 것은 대부분 단순한 반복적 행위들이다. 이 지점을 상품화시켜서 예술 작품을 상대적으로 단순하게 모사할 수 있도록 하는 제품들이 지속적으로 나오고 있으며, 이는 고도화된 사회에서의 스트레스를 보여주는 것이기도 하다. 이러한 유행에 힘입어 티베트 불교의 만다라나 젠탱글 등의 수행적 예술이 매체에서 소개되기도 하였다. 스트링 아트는 이와 유사하게 수행적인 성격을 가지며, 동시에 수학적인 요소를 가지고 있는 예술 표현 방식이다. 스트링 아트는 일정한 공간에서 실을 계속해서 연결시켜서 특정한 기하학적 무늬나 그림을 얻어내는 표현 방식인데, 이를 통해 정서적 안정을 얻고자 하는 목적으로 처음 개발 되었으나 현대에는 여러 작가들이 사용하는 작품적인 요소가 되었다. 게임과 같은 가상 환경에서 많은 사람들이 예술적 행위들을 하곤 하는데, 본 논문에서는 가상 환경에서도 스트링 아트와 같이 새로운 표현 양식을 적용할 수 있도록 표현 양식을 알고리즘화 시킨 사례를 찾아보고, 이를 재구성하여 어떻게 가상 환경에서 이를 적용할 것인지에 대하여 연구하였다. 또한 이를 통해 가상 환경에서도 심미적이고 수행적인 예술의 기능을 모사할 수 있음을 보였다.

손끝은 최고의 촉각 센서이자 최고의 운동 기관이다. 많은 기술자들은 손끝의 감각에 의존하여 그들의 정확하고 숙련된 솜씨로 결과물을 만들곤 한다. 컴퓨터 게임 역시 섬세한 조작을 요구하는 분야임에도 불구하고 제작과 구현의 어려움 때문에 대부분의 게임 인터페이스들은 촉각이나 손이 나타내는 복잡한 표현들은 고려하지 않는다. 또한 VR이 빠르게 발전하고 있고 여러 종류의 가상 환경 몰입형 입력 장치들이 나타나고 있지만, 그들의 기술 수준은 게임 패드에 각종 센서가 추가된 정도에 머무르고 있다. 본 논문에서는 손가락의 위치를 통한 3D 인터페이스를 설계하는 방법론을 소개한다. 전통적으로 손을 인식하는 입력 방식에서는 주로 몇몇 제스쳐와 간단한 표현들을 인식하는데 그쳤으며, 상대적으로 미소한 손가락 관절의 움직임이나 손과 손 사이의 상호작용 등의 복잡한 제스쳐에 대해서는 전혀 고려하지 못하고 있다. 본 방법론은 이러한 표현들을 어떻게 구현할 것인지 제시하며, 손가락의 위치나 각도 등 복합적인 데이터를 계산하여 의미 있는 정보들을 도출해낼 수 있게 한다. 또한 실험을 위해 구현된 간단한 프로그램에서는 구체적으로 어떻게 작동하는지와 무엇을 표현할 수 있는지 보여준다. 이를 통해 3D와 몰입형 가상 환경에서 손이 나타내는 복잡한 표현들을 구현하는데 적용될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

This paper is to study a technique to detect the real-time route aberrance on the passage route using bumper area of the ship domain theory. In order to evaluate the risk of route aberrance, a quarter line was created between the center line and the outer line, and a passage route with the image line outside the outer line was designed. It calculated the real-time route aberrance with the vessel bumper area to measure the risk level on the passage route. The route aberrance using overlap bumper area was simulated through three kinds of scenario vessel at the designed passage route. In this paper, we proposed Ratio to Aberrance Risk as one of the evaluation parameter to detect the route aberrance risk at each sector in the passage route and to give the evaluation criteria of 5 levels for seafarer’s navigation safety. The purpose of this work is to provide the information of the route aberrance to seafarer automatically, to make it possible to prevent the human errors of seafarer on the high risk aberrance route. As the real-time risk of route aberrance on the passage route is automatically evaluated, it was well thought that seafarer can have only a little workload in order to know the risk of route aberrance at early-time. Following the further development of this work, the techniques for detecting the real-time route aberrance will be able to use the unmanned vessel.

The shortest path problem is one of network optimization problems. This paper considers a shortest path problem under the situation where lengths of arcs in a network include both uncertainty and randomness, and focuses on the case that the lengths of arcs are expressed by uncertain random variables. This paper presents a new type of model: relative entropy model of shortest path. By the definition of relative entropy of the uncertain random variables, relative entropy model of shortest path problem is proposed to find the shortest path which fully reflects uncertain and random information. This model is formulated to find a shortest path whose chance distribution minimizes the difference from the ideal one. A numerical example is given to illustrate the model’s effectiveness.

This study was conducted to determine changes in quality and microbial population of intact and fresh-cut button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Freshly collected mushroom was cut into approximately 0.5 cm thick slices and washed in tap water or 100 ㎕L-1 chlorine solution (pH 7) for 60 seconds. Intact mushrooms were washed in the same condition as cut samples. Both intact and fresh-cut samples were then dried, packaged in 50㎛ poly ethylene bags, and stored at 5 ℃ for up to 9 days. Quality and microbial safety parameters such as gas composition, color, off-odor, visual quality, electrical conductivity, E. coli / coliform count, and total aerobic population were evaluated during storage. All sample packages exhibited a rapid depletion of O2 (to ~0 kPa) and accumulation of CO2 (10.3 to 12.6 kPa) throughout the storage period. No significant color difference was found between tap water and chlorine. However, chlorine treatment was effective in reducing off-odor development of intact and fresh-cut samples at the end of storage. The chlorine application also reduced aerobic bacterial populations. Both Intact and cut mushrooms had ≤ 5 log CFU/g of total aerobic plate counts until the end of storage. Fresh-cut samples regardless of chlorine sanitation had higher overall visual quality score than intact samples. Results indicated that fresh-cut mushrooms treated with chlorine maintained quality and shelf-life throughout the 9 day storage period.

This study was conducted to investigate optimum processing procedure of fresh-cut button mushrooms. The experiments were done with different processing parameters including washing method, washing time, sanitation, and cutting time. Fresh mushrooms were washed by swirling water (SW), lift type-immersion washing (LIW), or combined LIW and water spray (LI+WS). Mushroom samples were washed by LIW for 0, 1, 3, and 5 minutes separately. Mushrooms were sanitized with 0, 50, or 100 ㎕L-1 chlorine solution (pH 7) for 60 seconds. Mushrooms were sliced at different times (before washing, after washing, or after drying). The combined washing treatment, LIW+WS was effective in maintaining better appearance and higher Lightness color value among treatments. Optimum washing time to remove foreign materials and maintain color was 3 minutes when mushrooms were washed by LIW. Samples sanitized with 50 ㎕L-1 chlorine reduced initial aerobic bacterial population and had only slight residual chlorine odor. Fresh-cut mushrooms sliced after washing had the lowest loss among samples. The optimized washing, sanitation, and cutting time parameters can be used for sequential processing of fresh-cut button mushrooms.