This study was aimed to determine the effects of hybrid and inoculant on in vitro rumen digestibility and rumen fermentation indices of corn silage. Two corn hybrids(Kwangpyeongok (KW) vs. Pioneer 1543(PI)) were ensiled for 100 days with two inoculants(L. plantarum(LP) vs. L. buchneri(LB)) applied at 1.2 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage. Silages were incubated in rumen fluid medium at 39℃ for 72 hours. Both of KW and PI had no difference(p>0.05) on in vitro digestibility of dry matter(IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber(IVNDFD), while application of LB produced higher(p<0.05) IVDMD and IVNDFD than LP. Hybrid and inoculant applications did not affect(p>0.05) total gas volume, ammonia-N, total VFA, and acetate concentrations in the rumen. Applied LB was higher(p<0.05) propionate concentration than LP, while hybrids had no effect(p>0.05). Furthermore, the interaction effect(p<0.05) was occurred in propionate concentration. Butyrate concentration did not affected(p>0.05) by hybrid and inoculant applications, but there was an interaction effect between hybrid and inoculant(p<0.05). Applications of hybrid and inoculant had effects(p<0.05) on iso-butyrate and valerate, without any interaction effects(p>0.05). This study concluded that application of KW and PI has no effects on in vitro rumen digestibility and rumen fermentation indices of corn silage, while application of LB increase the rumen digestibility in both of corn hybrids.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of new inoculants on in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high moisture rye silage. Rye was harvested at heading stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives(CON); L. plantarum R48-27(NI1); L. buchneri R4-26(NI2); mixture of NI1 and NI2 at 1:1 ratio(MIX); and L. buchneri(LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. In vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were highest(p<0.05) in NI2 silage. The pH in NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than CON silage. Lactate concentration was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage. While concentrations of acetate and propionate were highest(p<0.05) in MIX silage. Lactates : acetate ratio was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage, but lowest in LB silage. Butyrate concentrations of NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than that in CON and NI1 silages. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in all inoculated silages was higher(p<0.05) than that in CON silage, while yeast count in LB silage was lower than in CON, NI1, and MIX silages. In conclusion, application of NI2 inoculant could improve potentially fermentation quality and digestibility of high moisture rye silage.

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at dough stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives (CON); L. plantarum R48-27 (LP27); L. buchneri R4-26 (LB26); Mixture of LP27 and LB26 at 1:1 ratio (MIX); and L. buchneri (LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. The contents of NDF and ADF were lowest (P<0.05) in LB26. The pH in LB26, MIX, and LB were lower (P<0.05) than CON and LP27. Lactate content in LB was higher (P<0.05) than the others, while acetate content in LB26 and LB were higher (P<0.05) than that in CON and LP27. Lactate to acetate ratio was highest (P<0.05) in LB, but lowest in LB26. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in LB was higher (P<0.05) than that in CON, while yeast count in CON was lower than in all silages applied inoculants. In conclusion, silages inoculated with LB26 could improve potentially the aerobic stability caused by increases of acetate and propionate concentrations.

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of home or hetero fermentative lactic acid bacteria(LAB) on chemical composition, fermentation quality, and aerobic stability of rye silage. Rye forage was harvested at dough stage(28.9% of dry matter), chopped to 3-5 cm length, and divided into 4 piles for different inoculations as treatment, following 1) No additives(CON); 2) Lactobacillus plantarum at rate of 1.5 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LP); 3) L. buchneri at rate of 1.2 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LB); and 4) Mixture of LP and LB at 1:1 ratio(MIX). Rye silage was ensiled into 20 L bucket silo in quadruplicate for 0, 1, 4, 7, and 100 day periods. After 100 days of ensiling, the silage treated with LB had lower acid detergent fiber content(p<0.05), but higher in vitro dry matter digestibility(p<0.05). The LB and MIX reduced (p<0.05) pH more rapidly than CON and LP across the ensiling days, but had no difference on 100 days. Silage treated LP had lowest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but highest(p<0.05) propionic acid. In contrast, LB treated silage had highest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but lowest(p<0.05) propionic acid with the absence of butyric acid. On microbial count, LP treated silage had lowest(p<0.05) LAB, yeast, and aerobic stability, whereas LB and MIX treated silages had highest(p<0.05). Mold was not detected across all silages. Therefore, it could be concluded that heterofermentative LAB solely or combo with homofermentative LAB might improve in vitro dry matter digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and aerobic stability of rye silage harvested at dough stage.

1'0 develop an effi cient scaffold fo1' t issue-engineered bone 1'egene1'ation, we evaluated fully in terconnected globular porous bisphasic calcium-phosphate ceramics. Materials and Methods: Biphasic HA/TCP cera mic scaffolds having f띠 l y interconnected globular structure with small fenestrations adopting foaming method were p1'epared. They were evaluated by cytotoxici ty‘ cellular attachment. and theil‘ differentiation in vitro and the hi s tocompatibili ty, osteoconductivity. and ectopic os teoinductive capacity in 띠 vo ， respectively. They have average 400um s ized spherical pores and ave1'age 100um s ized inter connecting interpores with average 85% porosity. They r evealed comparable compression strength with cancellous bone. They were nontoxic and revealed no noxious effect on cellular proliferation and osteoblastic diffe re ntiation. The cul tured cells on scaffolds were well attacbed and proliferated in multi-layers. The increased surface in fully interconnected globular porous scaffold facilitated osteogenic repair by favored cell ular attachment and osteogenic differentia tion with good osteoconductivity. 1n addition. the scaffold-cell constructs induced favorable ectopic bone formati on These findings suggest that the fully interconnected globular porous biphas ic HA/ß -TCP ceramic scaffold formed by foaming method can be a promising bone substitute and a scaffold fo 1' tissue-engineered bone 1'egeneration

We evaluated the influence of internal macro- porous structure on tissue-engineered bone regeneration by cOll1paring the effi cien cy of scaffold-cell construct forll1ation and its bone induction activity. T매o types of macro-porous CMP cera rnic blocks having 400 um average pore s ize in an interconnected trabecular framework and interconnected globular structu1'e with small fenestrations were prepa1'ed, adopting sponge method and foaming method. respectively. They ware evaluated by cytotoxicity. cell ular attachment. and t heir differenti ation in vitro and the histocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and ectopic osteoinductive potenetial in vivo, respecti vely. Both scaffolds having either interconnected trabecu lar pOI‘es formed by sponge ll1ethod 0 1' fully interconnected globu lar pores formed by foam-based technology were no cyt otoxic and induced neither an immune nor an infl ammatory response regardless 0 1' geometry and manufacturing methods. The fu lly interconnected globul 81 porous scaffold showed more favora ble compression strength compared to the interconnected trabecualr porous scaffold (8.7 :tO. 5 MPa va 5. 5:t0. 5 MPa) . The increased surface in fully interconnected globular po1'ous scaffold facilitated osteogenic repall‘ by favored cellular attachment and osteogenic differentiation with good osteoconductivity. These results suggest that the fully interconnected globular porous structure be more sui table for both bone s ubstit ute and scaffold for t issue-engineered bone regeneration‘

Mecke!'s car t ilage is one of the ea rliest structu re to appear in a mandible derived from the lï rst branchi a l a rch and serves as the primorclium I"or the formation 01‘ mandible‘ mall eus. incus. and sphenomandibular li gament However. its direct role a nd the mechanism in mandibular clevelopment a re not well elucidated. 1'0 address t his Issue‘ we observed morphol ogical and histological changes and gene expression patterns in the Mecke!'s cart ilage 01" a cleveloping mouse. I"rom E13.5 to E18.5 embryos. using skeletal preparation samples a ncl routinely prepa red s lide secti ons for light mi croscopic observation in various sectional planes. The following methods were per |‘ ormecl : H&E staining I"or general hi st이 og i cal observation ‘ Von Kossafor detection of minerali zation. TRAP activ ity staining for locali zaLion 01’ osteoclastic cell s. immunohistochemistry for !Iα@-1 a ncl -9 forevaluati on of enzy matic activity 01" osteoclasLic cell s. a ncl in situ hybricli zation for detection of collagen type 1. Il. ancl X mRNA ex presslon‘ respecLively. AL E1 3.5 Mec kel's cartilage appeared as a V-shaped rod fused a t the micl line and thin minera li zed ma ndibular buccal plaLe was I"ormed lateral to. and at some clistance from. Meckel’s carti lage in an intramembranous ossi lïcation mocle. WiLh the progression of tooth development. t he Meckel’s in carti lage adjacent incisors revealecl hyperLrophi c chonclrocyte di ff"er entiation with minerali zation of the chondroid matrix. The Meckel’s car Li lage was replacecl with bone by o~ L eoc l asLs . showing strong immunoreact ivity for MMP- l ancl -9 from E16 5 Wi Lh ti me‘ Lhis bony replacement of Meckel's cartilage in an endochondral ossification mode was ex Lenclecl up Lo the mid-porLion of Lhe molar sockets til l EI8.5. The bony replacement of minera li zed hypertrophic chondrocyte zone expressing X collagen mHNA conLri buted to the formation of thick mandibular lingual plate . 1'hese f"i ndings suggesL LhaL mandibular formalion and development is closely relatecl with not only Mecke!'s carLi lage. buL also wiLh Lhc developing LooLh. and thaL C'erLai n in f"l uence from the developing tooth may play a role in detcrmin in g Lhe faLc of Meckel’s ca rLi lage cluring ma ndi bular development.

For the adsorption of ammonia, activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were subjected to sulfuric acid treatment in order to modify the surface functional groups. The surface acid and base value of ACFs were measured using titration and FT-IR spectrometry. SEM was used to investigate the surface morphology. Acid treatments by H3PO4, H2SO4, and HNO3 were performed to increase the adsorption capacity of NH3. As a result, Cellulose-based ACF has high adsorption capacity for ammonia. The ammonia removal efficiency of ACF was the maximum which was treated by 15 wt% sulfuric acid at 100℃ for 60 min. The average pore diameter little increased from 19a to 20.8a and the specific surface area of ACF considerably decreased and acid values increased by 15 wt% sulfuric acid treatment. Ammonia reacted with sulfonyl radicals. After adsorption of ammonia, white material was grown on the surface of ACF through the adsorption of ammonia and it was determined to ammonium sulfate.

지난 1991년 1993년초 약 1개월간씩의 2차에 걸쳐 헝가리 자연사박물관에 소장된 북한산 표본을 검경한 경과 302종의 자나방류를 확이하였으며 그중 24종이 한반도에서는 처음 보고되는 미기록들이었으므로 그들의 원전 채집기 그리고 분포를 정리 발표한다.

자나방과(科)의 5종(種): 우수리가지나방, Mefeima mediorufa gilva D., 황갈물결자나방, Idiotephria evanescens(S.), 줄점물결자나방, I. debilitata(L.), 각시애기자나방, Scopula modicaria(L.), 노랑띠각시자나방, Polythrena coloraria H.S 등이 우리나라에서는 처음으로 보고되었으며 그외 과거 북한 등지에서 기록되어 왔으나 표본확인이 되지 않았던 8종이 함께 채집 확인되었다.

Depending on the steam pressure and temperature balance, it is possible to increase the power generation efficiency of the steam turbine by increasing the heat loss of the turbine by increasing the temperature and pressure. As the high temperature and high pressure increase, the boiler main steam amount is reduced by about 10%, but the increase rate of the heat drop is larger than the decrease rate of the steam flow rate, leading to improvement of power generation efficiency. Utilizing the US Department of Energy Steam Turbine Calculator, we calculated the electricity produced by steam temperature and pressure changes. In this study, the steam temperature was increased from 50℃ to 500℃ at the steam temperature of 20 kg/cm²×300℃, and increased by 10 kg/cm² at the pressure of 20 kg/cm² at the pressure of 60 kg/cm² to investigate the changes in electricity production. Electricity production increased with increasing temperature and pressure. The electricity production was increased by 40.11% at 40 kg/cm²×400℃ and 75.56% at 60 kg/cm²×500℃ compared to the standard condition of 20 kg/cm²×300℃ for comparison.

Energy can be reduced by reducing the exhaust gas temperature at the catalyst inlet and reducing or not using the amount of steam to reheat the exhaust gas. At this time, it is a method to improve the power generation efficiency by using the saved energy for power generation. When the exhaust gas temperature at the inlet of the catalytic reaction tower is operated at about 210℃, it is necessary to increase the temperature of the flue gas downstream of the bag filter at 165℃ to 45℃ to 210℃ required for the catalytic reaction. In the case of low temperature catalyst application, the temperature required for the catalytic reaction tower may be 185℃ and the temperature may be raised only 20℃. Therefore, the amount of steam for heating can be reduced. If the exhaust gas temperature of the bag filter inlet can be increased to 190℃, it can be combined with the low-temperature catalyst to reduce the energy consumed by removing exhaust gas ash. On the other hand, since the high-pressure steam is used as the heat source for reheating the exhaust gas, the reheating temperature is limited. According to such conditions, the exhaust gas temperature at the inlet of the catalytic reaction tower is often designed at about 200 to 220℃.

Even if the amount of exhaust gas is the same, it is possible to reduce the exhaust gas exit heat at the outlet of the boiler facility by lowering the outlet temperature of the economizer, so that it is possible to increase the heat quantity recovered from the boiler facility. There are many cases where the existing facility adopts 220~250℃ as the design value of the exhaust gas temperature at the exit of the economizer. However, in recent years, there has been a case of cooling and recovering heat to 200℃ or less from the viewpoint of active heat recovery. The amount of combustion exhaust gas is reduced by reducing the amount of combustion air supplied to the incinerator, and the amount of heat exhausted from the boiler facility is reduced, thereby improving the boiler efficiency. The holding energy of the combustion exhaust gas is the product of the exhaust gas amount and the specific heat and the temperature. In order to recover more heat from the combustion exhaust gas, not only the heat loss in the boiler facility is reduced, but also the heat radiated from the boiler facility is reduced. It is effective to reduce the exhaust gas temperature at the outlet of the heat recovery equipment and reduce the amount of exhaust gas in order to reduce the amount of exhaust heat of the exhaust gas. Even if the exhaust gas temperature at the outlet of the economizer is the same, the amount of exhaust gas discharged at the boiler facility outlet is reduced by reducing the amount of exhaust gas, and an increase in the recovered heat quantity at the boiler is expected.

Persistent organic pollutants are highly toxic, stay in the environment for a long time, accumulate in the body according to the food chain, and cause damage not only to the area where they occur but also to other areas beyond the border. Parties to the Convention, as well as Korea, are obliged to carry out various efforts to control, reduce or eliminate sources of POPs in accordance with the national implementation plan. In addition, national efforts to limit the production, distribution and use of persistent organic pollutants and the current state of domestic pollution and emissions should be submitted every five years. A flame retardant is a polymeric material with a property that is easy to burn, and it lowers the ignition point by adding a compound having a large flame retarding effect such as halogen, phosphorus, and a nitrogen metal compound. Among them, chlorine-based flame retardants classified as halogen-based are used for suppressing ignition of combustible organic materials including plastics, furniture, textiles, clothing, and electronic products. It is also used as an alternative to brominated flame retardants, causing mutations in carcinogenic substances, hormone destruction, and nervous system damage. In the case of waste containing chlorine-based flame retardants in Korea, the methods and standards for disposal of waste are not specified. The highest SCCP values were 4,253.09 mg/kg for polyurethane foam, 628.29 mg/kg for mobile phone case and 341.91 mg/kg for flame retardant rubber sheet. In the case of car seats no SCCPs were detected, and TCEP was detected at 512. 66 mg/kg, exceeding the EU limit of 5 mg/kg. However, other chlorinated flame retardants TDCP and TDCPP were not detected in all samples.

Annex A and Annex B of the Stockholm Convention define POPs as unintentional releases to Annex C, as well as organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzen which are intentionally produced and used. These pesticides are very stable in the atmosphere due to insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc., and are likely to accumulate in living organisms due to residues in crops. There are 15 substances listed in POPs. These materials are widely used due to their high chemical stability, low solubility in water, high volatility, strong insecticidal effect and relatively low production costs. Aldrin-containing pesticides are known to have a combustion method for incineration in a chemical incinerator equipped with a reheat-burner device and a gas scrubber, and a solidification isolation method for solidifying and filling with cement mixed with a combustible material in waste treatment. In the case of solid-phase pesticides, HCB was 421.8 ng/g, Endosolfan-2 73.044 ng/g, PeCB 53.972 ng/g and Endosolfan-1 43.649 ng/g. In the case of liquid pesticides, HCB concentration was the highest at 167.489 ng/g similar to that of the solid phase, followed by PeCB at 23.462 ng/g. B-HCH, g-HCH, d-HCH and the like were detected as a small amount of other substances. It is judged that it is not necessary to set separate operating conditions or preventive facility standards since the material is decomposed sufficiently at 850℃ or more. However, considering the possibility of dioxin or unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered appropriate to operate at above 1,100℃.

Elemental analysis, calorific value, etc. were measured to obtain basic information such as decomposition temperature and required oxygen amount for thermal treatment of waste containing chlorine-based flame retardant. Moisture, flammability and ash content of polyurethane foam were high in water, flammable rubber sheet in case of ash and flame retardant rubber sheet in case of ash. As a result of thermogravimetric analysis, the weight change in the range of 300 ~ 600 ℃ was large. The content of chlorinated flame retardant agent was analyzed to be higher than that of polyurethane foam (4,253.09 mg/kg), cell phone case (cloth, leather) 628.29 mg/kg and flame retardant rubber sheet 341.91 mg/kg. Chlorinated flame retardant materials, TDCP and TDCPP, were not detected in all samples. As a result of the decomposition tests for chlorine-based flame retardants at 850 ℃ and 1,100 ℃, chlorine-based flame retardant components were not detected in exhaust gas at all at 1,100 ℃ as well as at 850 ℃ in all samples including mobile phone cases, flame retardant rubber sheets and car seats. As a result of calculating the conversion rate for total chlorine value, it showed more than 99% even at 850 ℃ as well as at 1,100 ℃. Considering the decomposition rate in laboratory experiments of chlorine-based flame retardant-containing wastes, it is considered possible to incinerate at a scale of 2 ton/hour or more, which is the existing incineration facility. It is judged that it is not necessary to set separate operating conditions or preventive facility standards since the material is decomposed sufficiently at 850 ℃ or more. However, considering the possibility of dioxin or unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered appropriate to operate at above 1,100 ℃.

As a result of analyzing the contents of organic chlorine pesticide-containing wastes, HCB 421.8 ng/g, Endosolfan- 2 73.044 ng/g, PeCB 53.972 ng/g, Endosolphan-1 43.649 ng/g respectively. In the case of liquid pesticides, the HCB concentration was the highest at 167.489 ng/g, similar to that of the solid phase, followed by PeCB at 23.462 ng/g. As a result of decomposition experiments on total OCPs among the pesticide liquid and solid phase components, initial concentrations were 597.384 ng/L for liquid pesticides and 198.176 ng/L for solid pesticides. However, the final effluent gas after decomposition showed a decomposition rate of more than 99.99% at a minimum of 0.005 ng/L and a maximum of 0.055 ng/L. Degradation test results for 25 species of OCPs such as PeCB, HCB, and Endosolfan for pesticide solid phase and liquid phase at reaction temperatures of 850℃ and 1,100℃. Of the 25 OCPs in the exhaust gas, trace amounts of PeCB and HCB were detected in the range of 0.006 to 1.025 ng/L at 1,100 ℃ and 850 ℃, and 23 OCPs were not detected. In the case of pesticides, the method of high temperature incineration and high temperature melting is proposed as the designated waste, but detailed methods of treatment conditions such as incineration conditions are not presented. Organochlorine pesticides were decomposed smoothly at 850 ℃ as well as incineration temperature of 1,100 ℃. However, since the dioxin concentration in exhaust gas exceeds 850 ℃, it is safe to operate at more than 1,100 ℃ in order to prevent the possibility of dioxin in advance.

WtE of MSW plays a crucial role in renewable energy production in Korea. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important energy resource for combined heat and power (CHP) production. This study investigated an increasing method to the power generation efficiency by MSW to energy (WtE) plants in South Korea and discussed the issues related to energy efficiency improvement. To achieve energy efficiency improvement is used to lower temperature for emission gas at catalyst inlet, or to reduce/stop using steam to reheat emission gas. Saved energy from this process can be used as power source in order to increase generation efficiency. It is possible to increase denitrification efficiency by maintaining the temperature of emission gas for catalyst denitrification. The temperature of emission gas of which moisture is increased to saturation point (relative humidity of 100%) at the exit of wet scrubber is between 50 and 60℃. This means there should be reheating of emission gas with the approximate temperature of 150℃. Dry emission gas treatment, on the other hand, is the technology to increase generation efficiency by using highly efficient desalination materials including highly-responsive slaked lime and sodium type chemicals in order to comply with air pollution standards and reduce used steam volume for reheating emission gas. If dry emission gas is available, reheating is possible only with the temperature of 45℃ in order to expect generation efficiency by reducing steam volume for reheating.