Bacterial phytopathogen Pectobacterium causes soft rot disease in several vegetable crops globally, resulting in heavy agricultural losses at both the pre and postharvest stages. The present work was carried out to screen Kimchi cabbage genetic resources conserved at the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea, for resistance against the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum KACC 21701 over a period of three years (from 2020 to 2022). Infection of the phytopathogen was carried out at four-leaf stage and for each accession, twenty-five plants per germplasm were infected with KACC 21701. Kimchi cabbage cultivars Wangmatbaechu, Seoulbaechu, and CR Kiyoshi were used as control. Seven-days post-infection, the Disease Index (DI) values were manually recorded from zero to four, zero matched perfectly heathy plants and four completely dead plants. The 682 accessions of Kimchi cabbage exhibited varying degrees of disease resistance to KACC 21701 and thirty accessions, exhibiting a DI≤2, were considered for replication studies. During the replication studies, four landrace germplasms (IT102883, IT120036, IT120044, and IT120048) and one cultivar (IT187919) were confirmed to be moderately susceptible to KACC 21701. Results of the preliminary screening as well as replication studies were documented for the all the 682 germplasms. Addition of such information to the passport data of stored germplasms might serve as potential bio-resource for future breeders and researchers to develop resistant varieties or study the mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to such phytopathogen.

English globalization entails the use of English by speakers from mother tongues other than English. Trained and professional non-native speakers of English have reportedly achieved communicative competence owing to bilingual or multilingual experiences. Their pragmatic competence developed through diverse interactions with speakers from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds (Kecskes 2015). In this study, hedges were explored in international briefings where English was used as a lingua franca by professionals of an organization. Three hedging devices including modal verbs, modal adverbs, and pronouns were analyzed to investigate their pragmatic competence. In addition, the professional non-native English briefings were compared with the U.S. briefings for their similarities and differences. Results showed developmental patterns from learner English while they shared similarities with native data. These findings were accounted for by the varieties of English and the genre differences. Implications for pragmatic competence are discussed as well.

Prevalent usage of mobile devices among consumers has been well recognized and this is especially imperative among young adult consumers. The mobile phone became the gateway of their communication, media consumption, retail transaction, education, and (virtual) social life. However, there is little empirical research explaining the dynamics behind the psychological underpinning of young adult consumers, specifically Generation Y, to understand their usages and dependency on mobile phones. This study, therefore, aims to unveil antecedents and consequences of Gen Y consumers’ mobile phone dependency from a media psychological perspective. We developed a conceptual model based on theory of self-monitoring (Snyder 1974, 1987), extended self-concept (Belk, 1988), and media dependency theory (Ball-Rokeach & Defluer, 1976). Four hundred ninety-eight students in the U.S. provided usable responses to our pencil-and-paper survey. Causal modeling analysis results demonstrated that both ability to modify one’s behavior and sensitivity to cues for social appropriate behavior dimensions of the self-monitoring tendency positively predicted one’s level of fashion involvement, which in turn positively predicted his/her mobile phone dependency. Individual’s mobile phone dependency, fashion involvement and self-monitoring’s ability dimension exhibited positive and direct impact on one’s perception of the salience of mobile phone case product attributes. Based on the findings, we provided pragmatic and theoretical implications for the industry and academia.

In the shallow coastal area, located off the northwestern Taean Peninsula of the eastern Yellow Sea, geoacoustic models with two layers were reconstructed for underwater acoustic experimentation and modeling. The Yellow Sea experienced glacio-eustasy sea-level fluctuations during Quaternary period. Coastal sedimentation in the Yellow Sea was characterized by alternating terrestrial and shallow marine deposits that reflected the fluctuating sea levels. The coastal geoacoustic models were based on data from piston, grab cores and the high-resolution 3.5 kHz, chirp seismic profiles (about 70 line-kilometers, respectively). Geoacoustic data of the cores were extrapolated down to 3 m in depth for geoacoustic models. The geoacoustic property of seafloor sediments is considered a key parameter for modeling underwater acoustic environments. For simulating actual underwater environments, the P-wave speed of the models was adjusted to in-situ depth below the sea floor using the Hamilton method. The proposed geoacoustic models could be used for submarine acoustic inversion and modeling in shallow-water environments of the study area.

When choosing, people often anticipate how they might feel about future outcomes, and use those feelings as guides to choices. Although the impact of emotions on decision-making is well-documented, both theoretically and empirically, relatively limited efforts have been made to quantitatively incorporate such anticipated emotions, specifically regret, into the discrete choice model, which is a workhorse for investigating various consumer choices in marketing. Regret theory suggests that the most relevant emotion in the context of decision-making is regret, which is the emotion that we experience when realizing or imagining that our current situation would have been better, if only we had decided differently. Consumers are known to be regret-averse and motivated to avoid regret. What is unique about regret is that it is directly linked to the choice or decision at hand, while other emotions relevant to decision-making may occur in the absence of a decision because these emotions are related to aspects of outcomes or uncertainty. In transportation science, a new econometric, multinomial, multi-attribute reference-dependent discrete choice model of random regret minimization (RRM) based on regret theory has recently been proposed. In this paradigm, individuals are assumed to make decisions so as to minimize the anticipated regret, which is experienced when a foregone alternative performs better than the chosen alternative at attribute-levels. However, there have been limited efforts to utilize the RRM to investigate consumers’ choices although marketing has long been interested in understanding consumers’ choices. Furthermore, despite the growing interest in the RRM in other disciplines, relatively little is known about the potential drivers for the decision rules of utility-maximization and regret-minimization. In this research, we attempt to shed light on a potential consumer-specific driver for decision rules between random utility maximization and random regret minimization in discrete choice modeling to gain a better understanding of consumers’ decision process, while introducing the RRM in the marketing domain. Specifically, we investigate what types of consumers are more likely to be regret-minimizers or utility-maximizers based on regulatory focus theory. We posit that chronically prevention-focused consumers are more likely to be regret-minimizers while chronically promotion-focused consumers are more likely to be utility-maximizers. We employ a latent class modeling framework to incorporate structural heterogeneity of decision rules to test the hypotheses using a discrete choice experiment on US residents. Notably, while the hypotheses are supported, a portion of prevention-focused consumers are in fact more likely to be utility-maximizers rather than regret-minimizers, indicating that the consumers’ regulatory focus is not entirely mapped with the decision rules on a one-to-one basis. The empirical finding further suggests that consumer-specific variables other than consumers’ chronic regulatory focus may be useful for identifying a regret-minimizing segment.

New e-navigation strains require new technologies, new infrastructures and new organizational structures on bridge, on shore as well as in the cloud. Suitable engineering and safety/risk assessment methods facilitate these efforts. Understanding maritime transportation as a sociotechnical system allows the application of system-engineering methods. Formal, simulation based and in situ verification and validation of e-navigation technologies are important methods to obtain system safety and reliability. The modelling and simulation toolset HAGGIS provides methods for system specification and formal risk analysis. It provides a modelling framework for processes, fault trees and generic hazard specification and a physical world and maritime traffic simulation system. HAGGIS is accompanied by the physical test bed LABSKAUS which implements a physical test bed. The test bed provides reference ports and waterways in combination with an experimental Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) system and a mobile integrated bridge: This enables in situ experiments for technological evaluation, testing, ground research and demonstration. This paper describes an integrated seamless approach for developing new e-navigation technologies starting with simulation based assessment and ending in physical real world demonstrations.

Salmonellosis is one of the most common food-borne diseases in both humans and animals. The recovery of Salmonella from fecal and environmental samples by bacteriological assays takes several days. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become an important technique for the rapid detection of Salmonella in a variety of samples, including feces. For rapid identification of Salmonella by PCR, 1 mL of enrichment culture was harvested after overnight incubation and DNA was extracted by heat lysis. To investigate the optimal conditions for rapid PCR detection of Salmonella, three different primer sets and three different enrichment media were used on a panel of Salmonella strains and a panel of non-Salmonella strains. The results showed that selenite cysteine enrichment broth and a primer set designed for the invA gene provided the most specific and rapid detection of Salmonella by PCR after the enrichment step.

The present study addresses a learnability problem in the acquisition of English progressive aspect by Korean learners of English. As Korean and English differ in the way that the lexical aspect of verbs interacts with progressive morphology, we predicted that Korean learners of English would be affected by their L1 aspectual system, accepting non-targetlike combinations of lexical aspect and aspectual morphology. Sixty Korean university students were presented with sentences containing different aspectual classes of verbs in two conditions—the progressive and the simple present—and were asked to judge the naturalness of the sentences. The results showed that the majority of the learners erroneously accepted progressive sentences containing stative verbs. It also showed that the learners accepted simple present constructions containing eventitive verbs for an ongoing interpretation,indicating the pervasiveness of L1 transfer. The findings strongly suggest that Korean EFL learners have difficulty ruling out erroneous form-meaning associations based on their L1 progressive morphology.

The objective of this study was to evaluate several types of uterine bacteria in Hanwoo. uterine bacteria from randomly selected 5 uterus was collected by flushing methods into a sterilized 1.5 ml centrifuge tube and was inoculated onto MacConkey agar and blood agar, respectively. After being incubated for 5% CO2, aerobic or anaerobic condition at 37℃ during 48h, bacterial colonies were selected and re-inoculated onto blood agar plates. Re-cultured colonies were identified by Gram staining and finally identified using Vitek system. The identified bacteria were Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus vitulinus, Staphylococcus warneri of Gram (+) and Rhizobium radiobacter, Sphingomonas paucimobilis of Gram () bacteria. Although, pathogenicity of identified bacteria was unclear, the bacteria can have an effect on the uterine microenvironment. Therefore, repetitive research will be required to determine the effects of bacteria in cattle exposed to a various environment.

RNAi 기법은 예쁜꼬마선충을 비롯하여 초파리, 생쥐, 인체및 식물들을 포함한 다양한 생물종에서 작용기작이 잘 알려져 있고, 특정 유전자들의 발현을 제어하기 위해 사용되어 왔다.본 논문은 RNAi 기법을 통해 구축된 뿌리혹선충 저항성 형질전환식물체들의 개발현황, 발전 및 응용 가능성에 대해 고찰하고자 하였다. 지난 10여년에 걸쳐 진행된 연구들을 통해 다양한 분화단계의 뿌리혹선충으로부터 분석된 79,978개의 EST가 GenBank에등록되었고, 고구마뿌리혹선충(M. incognita)과 당근뿌리혹선충(M. hapla)의 전체 게놈 염기서열이 해독됨으로써 뿌리혹선충의 기생에 관련된 단백질들 및 식물세포벽 분해 관련 효소들에 대한 정보를 이용할 수 있게 되었다. RNAi의 기본 기작은 모든 진핵생물종에서 잘 보존되어 있고, 최근 식물기생선충들에서 RNAi 효과에 대한 연구결과들이 많이 발표되었다. 서로 다른 뿌리혹선충들에서 현재까지 22종 이상의 RNAi를위한 목표 유전자들이 보고되었다. 제2령 식물기생선충(second-stage juvenile of plant parasitic nematodes)에게dsRNA의 섭취를 유도하는 octopamine, resorcinol, serotonin등의 화합물들이 발견되었고, 이를 이용하여 선충 유전자의 발현제어를 쉽게 판별할 수 있는 새로운 기술의 활용이 가능하게 되었다. 최근에 RNAi 기술의 응용 및 발전을 통해 형질전환식물체에서 발현된 dsRNA에 의한 식물기생선충 유전자들의 발현제어가 증명되었고, 이를 위한 핵심 요소들로서 적절한 선충 표적 유전자의 선택, 식물체 내 높은 함량의 dsRNA의 발현 및선충이 섭취할 수 있는 충분한 양의 dsRNA의 운반 등이 중요하다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 특히, 비표적 유전자서열(off-target gene sequence)의 발현제어를 피하기 위해 다음과 같은 사항들이 고려되어야 한다. 1)비표적 유전자서열을 확인할 수 있는 소프트웨어의 개발 및 이를 통한 비표적 유전자서열을 제거한 RNAi 벡터를 제작하여야 한다. 2)식물과 동물에서 상동성이 높은 표적 유전자의 발현을 피해야 한다. 3)전사해석틀(open reading frames)의 염기서열들 보다 상동성이 낮은 5' 혹은 3'-비해석부위(untranslated regions)로부터 표적 유전자를설계하여야 한다.

Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) is the antibody in egg yolk and can be produced in egg yolk by immunizing hens with antigens. IgY is functionally equivalent to mammalian IgG. It is found in the serum of the chicken and is passed from the mother chicken to the embryo via the egg yolk, a process that results in a high concentration of IgY in the egg yolk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of specific IgY against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K99, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Choleraesuis that cause porcine bacterial diseases. To prepare specific IgY, Hy-Line Brown chickens were vaccinated with killed vaccine complex including E. coli K99, S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis. The chicken egg yolk antibodies were purified from egg yolk by ammonium sulfate precipitation and the quality of the final preparation was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (SDS-PAGE). Titres of specific IgY in final preparations were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody titers peaked at 3 weeks regardless the bacterial types and the similar patterns of immune response were observed for respective pathogens. In growth inhibitor test, specific IgY showed inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. After 0, 3, 6 and 12 hour of incubation with specific IgY (100 ㎍/㎖, 250 ㎍/㎖, 500 ㎍/㎖), there was a significant decrease in the growth (A 600nm ) of E. coli K99, S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis compared to nonspecific IgY and controls. In BALB/c mice, the effect of specific IgY (100 ㎎/㎏, 250 ㎎/㎏) on bacterial challenges was investigated by intramuscular injection and oral administration of bacteria. Mice treated with specific IgY showed high survival rate though there was no significant differences on blood biochemichal examinations between treated and untreated groups. These results indicate the potential of specific IgY for the treatment of porcine bacterial diseases caused by E. coli K99, S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis.

The present paper addresses Korean EFL learners’ acquisition of psych-verb and unaccusative constructions from a processing point of view. Korean learners’ interlanguage psych-verb constructions and unaccusative constructions are marked by underpassivization and overpassivization, respectively. While both kinds of errors are observed in Korean learners’ data, the processing account of language acquisition predicts that learners will commit underpassivization errors more frequently than overpassivization errors because passivization requires more processing. In order to see if the acquisition of psych-verb and unaccusative constructions is affected by the processing complexity of passivization, the present study compared learners’ performance on psych-verb and unaccusative constructions. Ninety six university students performed a timed grammaticality judgment task on the two types of constructions. The comparison of the learner performances between psych-verb and unaccusative constructions revealed that the learners were more accurate with psych-verb constructions than with unaccusative constructions. The learners’ accuracy with psych-verb constructions increased faster than unaccusative constructions, with the increase of the overall proficiency. The findings suggest that while processibility might be a major issue for low-level learners, there are other factors such as L1 transfer that exert a pervasive influence on the acquisition of psych-verb and unaccusative constructions.