The inclusion of conductive carbon materials into lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential for constructing an electrical network of electrodes. Considering the demand for cells in electric vehicles (e.g., higher energy density and lower cell cost), the replacement of the currently used carbon black with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) seems inevitable. This review discusses how CNTs can contribute to the development of advanced LIBs for EVs. First, the reason for choosing CNTs as a conducting agent for the cathode is discussed in terms of energy density. Second, the reinforcing effect of CNTs on the anode is described with respect to the choice of silicon as the active material. Third, the development of water-based cathode fabrication as well as dry electrode fabrication with aid of CNTs is discussed. Fourth, three technical hurdles, that is, the price, dispersion issue, and entrapped metal impurities, for widespread use of CNTs in LIBs are discussed.

기후변화와 세계시장 개방에 따른 외래 및 돌발해충의 종류는 다양해지고 밀도는 지속적으로 증가하고 있지만 발생 실태에 관한 자료는 미흡하다. 본 연구는 경상지역 돌발 및 남방계 해충의 발생과 피해조사를 위해 미국선녀벌레, 갈색날개매미충, 꽃매미 등 돌발해충 6종을 경남 9시군과 경북 9시군에서 월동기 1회, 약충기 2회, 성충기 1회를 순회 조사하였고, 애멸구, 배추좀나방, 볼록총채벌레 등 남방계 해충 5종을 산간지, 중산간지, 평야지 각 3지역에서 10일 간격으로 조사하였다. 돌발해충인 꽃매미와 갈색날개매미충 월동난 발생현황으로 농경지 발생면적은 2017년 비해서 2018년도에 발생면적이 늘었으나 발생 농가수는 줄어들어 발생지역은 점차 확대해가고 있으나 발생밀도는 줄어드는 것으로 조사되었다. 해충별 조사결과로 미국 선녀벌레 약충이 함안에서 가장 밀도가 많이 조사되었고, 함양, 상주, 예천 둥에서 발생하였고, 갈색날개매미충 약충은 하동에서 가장 발생이 많았고 진주, 사천, 고성, 산청, 함양, 거창, 상주, 예천 등에서 넓게 발생하였으나 꽃매미 약충은 함안과 함양에서만 조사되었다. 고도별 발생 차이는 발생밀도가 적어서 알 수가 없었다. 갈색여치는 조사지역 모두에서 발생을 확인하지 못했고 먹노린재는 하동에서만 일부 조사되었고 나머지 지역에서는 확인하지 못했다. 목화진딧물은 조사지역간에 밀도 차이가 많았고 고도에 따른 차이보다는 농가에서 농작물 재배관리나 조사 시기에 따른 차이로 보인다. 애멸구의 월동기 조사와 육안조사 결과 발생밀도가 낮았고, 볼록총채벌레는 트랩조사 결과 조사지역 감나무에서 모두 발생하였으나 발생밀도는 높지 않았고 7월중 밀도가 함양에서 평균 9.8마리로 가장 높았다.

Recently, climate change has been increasingly reported to be associated with vector-borne diseases including West Nile Virus, avian poxvirus, bluetongue virus. These diseases, which are of medical and veterinary importance, are known to affect the health status of wildlife. In this sense, it is vital to understand the distribution of mosquitoes and biting midges as the disease-vectors in the habitat of wildlife. In order to do this, nocturnal insects were collected using CDC Mini Night Traps (cat. no. 2836BXQ, BioQuip, CA, USA) in the coniferous and deciduous forest near the ponds in National Institute of Ecology (NIE) on the weekdays from June to September. As a result, 920 mosquitoes belonging to 13 species of 7 genus and 5,129 biting midges belonging to 8 species of Culicoides were collected in total. For mosquitoes, Aedes vexans nipponii and Culex orientalis were the predominant species consisting about two thirds of all the mosquitoes. For biting midges, Culicoides arakawae was the prevalent species present and 97.3% of this kind appeared to have preference to feed on birds. The number of mosquitoes collected remained relatively constant as opposed to the number of biting midges which showed the tendency to fluctuate - the second or third week of each month had the highest number of Culicoides spp. Forest ecology had more diverse distribution of species than livestock farms and reflected the abundance of birds in NIE. In addition, further evaluation of the effect of environment, such as climatic factors, on the ecology of these disease vectors would be required.

The purpose of the present study is to provide exercises, together with music, that are helpful for elderly people’s balancing ability, and to determine their effects in order to provide data for the promotion of elderly persons’health. Thirty elderly persons were randomly assigned to a balance training group(BTG) of 15 subjects, or a music and balance training group (music therapy + balance training [MTBTG]) of 15 subjects; intervention was implemented three times per week for six weeks. To measure the changes in their balancing ability before and after the experiment, the limit of stability, the“Timed Up and Go”(TUG) test, and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were measured. Changes in the limit of stability before and after the experiment were shown to be significant in both the BTG and the MTBTG. Changes in the limit of stability of the right side before and after the experiment showed statistically significant differences between the BTG and the MTBTG. Changes in the TUG test and the BBS before and after the experiment were shown to be statistically significant in both the BTG and the MTBTG. The application of music during balance training thus is considered to have a positive effect on elderly persons’balancing ability.

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a group exercise program on cognitive function of elderly people. Subjects were chosen to be elders with dementia having minor to moderate degrees of cognitive function. Study was started out by randomly dividing the 16 subjects into two groups, each with 8 people; the group exercise group and the control group. The group exercise group performed 8 weeks of group exercise program and general physiotherapy while the control group only performed general physiotherapy. Cognitive function was measured by Korean version mini-mental state examination. The study group's attention and calculation statistically significantly improved but the control group saw no statistically significant change. The group exercise program affected improvement in cognitive function of elderly people with dementia and in particular, was effective for enhancing their attention and calculation.

The purpose of this study is to provide the case of influence of myofacial release(MFR) and cryotherapy in acute whiplash injury. The subjects were consisted of 3 adults(2 males, 1 female) who had been diagnosed with whiplash injury. The performance period was 1 weeks, 6 times and 1 time is 40min(MFR: 20min, cryotherapy: 20min). We measured neck pain(Visual analogue scale, VAS) and cervical alignment(cervical curvature & line of gravity). All measurements of each subject were measured at pre-treatment and post-treatment. The results are listed below. The neck pain(VAS) index decreased from 7.54cm to 4.11cm. The cervical curvature increased from 23.62°to 29.76°. The line of gravity decreased from 8.03mm to 3.66mm. Based on the results, it can be suggested that both MFR and cryotherapy can be used to neck pain and alignment in acute whiplash injury.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of chronic shoulder pain on the muscle tone in trunk muscles. The study's subjects were 40 men and women in their 30 to 50s, which were divided into two groups. A chronic shoulder pain group consisted of 20 subjects who had been diagnosed with chronic shoulder pain by doctors, and a painless group consisted of 20 subjects who had experienced no such pain. An analysis was performed using electromyography on the muscle tone in the rectus abdominalis, external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles under the same conditions between the two groups. The analysis results were as follows. The chronic shoulder pain group exhibited an overall high level of trunk muscle tone than the painless group, along with a statistically significant difference in the rectus abdominalis(p<.05). Moreover, the chronic shoulder pain group showed differences in the trunk muscle tone depending on the affected side. The chronic left shoulder pain group yielded higher levels of muscle tone in the right-side trunk muscles. In particular, the group revealed statistically significant differences in the rectus abdominalis and internal oblique(p<.05). The chronic right shoulder pain group exhibited higher levels of muscle tone in the left-side trunk muscles with a statistically significant difference in the internal oblique(p<.05). The above results suggested that chronic shoulder pain influences increases in the muscle tone in the trunk muscles on the opposite side to the affected shoulder.

The majority of strokes are caused by ischemia and result in brain tissue damage, leading to problems of the central nervous system including hemiparesis, dysfunction of language and consciousness, and dysfunction of perception. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) on necrosis in neuronal cells that have undergone needle electrode electrical stimulation(NEES) prior to induction of ischemia. Ischemia was induced in male SD rats(body weight 300g) by occlusion of the common carotid artery for 5 min, after which the blood was reperfused. After induction of brain ischemia, NEES was applied to Zusanli(ST 36), at 12, 24 and 48 hours. Protein expression was investigated using immuno-reactive cells, which react to PARP antibodies in cerebral nerve cells, and Western blotting. The results were as follows: In the cerebral cortex, the number of PARP reactive cells after 24 hours significantly decreased(p<.05) in the NEES group compared to the GI group. PARP expression after 24 hours significantly decreased(p<.05) in the NEES group compared to the GI group. As a result, NEES showed the greatest effect on necrosis- related PARP immuno-reactive cells 24 hours after ischemia, indicating necrosis inhibition, blocking of neural cell death, and protection of neural cells. Based on the results of this study, NEES can be an effective method of treating dysfunction and improving function of neuronal cells in brain damage caused by ischemia.