Bacterial phytopathogen Pectobacterium causes soft rot disease in several vegetable crops globally, resulting in heavy agricultural losses at both the pre and postharvest stages. The present work was carried out to screen Kimchi cabbage genetic resources conserved at the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea, for resistance against the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum KACC 21701 over a period of three years (from 2020 to 2022). Infection of the phytopathogen was carried out at four-leaf stage and for each accession, twenty-five plants per germplasm were infected with KACC 21701. Kimchi cabbage cultivars Wangmatbaechu, Seoulbaechu, and CR Kiyoshi were used as control. Seven-days post-infection, the Disease Index (DI) values were manually recorded from zero to four, zero matched perfectly heathy plants and four completely dead plants. The 682 accessions of Kimchi cabbage exhibited varying degrees of disease resistance to KACC 21701 and thirty accessions, exhibiting a DI≤2, were considered for replication studies. During the replication studies, four landrace germplasms (IT102883, IT120036, IT120044, and IT120048) and one cultivar (IT187919) were confirmed to be moderately susceptible to KACC 21701. Results of the preliminary screening as well as replication studies were documented for the all the 682 germplasms. Addition of such information to the passport data of stored germplasms might serve as potential bio-resource for future breeders and researchers to develop resistant varieties or study the mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to such phytopathogen.

배추의 뿌리혹병 저항성 품종 개발 및 관련 연구에 활용할 수 있는 자원 탐색을 목적으로 세계채소센터(World Vegetable Center, 대만 소재)와 아시아 지역 5개국에서 도입한 120 유전자원을 대상으로 전라남도 해남군 배추 재배포장에서 발병한 뿌리혹병균(레이스 2)을 접종하여 저항성 반응을 조사함 1. 발병정도가 1 이하로 저항성 반응을 보인 자원은 IT100384와 IT305623로 2개이고, 발병정도가 1 초과 2 미만으로 중도 저항성 반응을 보인 자원은 IT100385, 100439, 135407로 3개임. 그 외 자원은 발병정도가 2 이상으로 감수성 반응을 보임 2. 저항성 반응을 보인 IT100384는 발병정도는 0.3으로 거의 증상을 보이지 않았으며, IT305623은 발병한 식물체가 발견되지 않아 가장 저항성이 높은 자원으로 나왔음 3. 뿌리혹병균에 대해 감수성 반응을 보인 자원들 중 발병 정도가 4.0으로 병 증상이 아주 심한 자원이 IT100349 등 23개이고, 발병정도가 3.0에서 4.0 미만인 자원이 84개로 가장 많았고, 2.0에서 3.0 미만인 자원은 8개임 4. 본 연구결과 배추 뿌리혹병 발병정도가 낮아 저항성 및 중도 저항성 자원으로 예측되는 5개 자원에 대해서, 병 검정이 유묘 단계에서 이루어졌고 한 개의 균으로 검정하였기 때문에 향후 다양한 균주를 이용하여 재평가함으로 활용가치가 높은 유전자원을 제공할 수 있도록 계속 연구 필요

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetables in the world due to its health related benefits. Bitter sesquiterpene lactones (BSLs) are crucial secondary metabolites of lettuce which are useful in many physiological activities, and also has been used to relieve pain. This study was conducted to appraise the variability of phenotypic characteristics and the total content of BSLs in fifty lettuce germplasm. The germplasm collections exhibited wide variation in both qualitative and quantitative characters. The average plant weight was 333.3 g with a range from 60.0 to 700.0 g and the lactucin content was varied from 3.4 (IT265031) to 448.6 (IT300287) μg/g DW with an average concentration of 94.0 μg/g DW. Whereas lactucopicrin ranged from 6.8 (IT217859) to 2,714.9 (Superseonpung) μg/g DW with an average concentration of 805.8 μg/g DW. Total BSLs content was ranged from 19.6 (IT217859) to 2,821.9 (Superseonpung) μg/g DW with the average concentration of 899.8 μg/g DW. Significant (p≤0.05) differences in lactucin, lactucopicrin and total BSLs content were found among the germplasm collections. Leafy type lettuce germplasm collections originated from South Korea revealed the highest average total BSLs content (2,821.9 μg/g DW). Principal component analyses of lactucin and lactucopicrin generated based on leaf color and plant growth type yielded two principal components, PC1 and PC2, which accounted for 60.8 and 39.2 % of the total variance, respectively. Our study provides fundamental insights on phenotypic characteristics and the total content of lactucin and lactucopicrin of lettuce germplasm which may further help researchers and breeders to produce improved lettuce varieties.

국내 시설재배 상추의 시들음병에 대한 안정적 재배를 위해 농가에 보급 가능한 저항성 자원을 탐색하기 위하여 12개 국가에서 육성한 111개 도입자원의 시들음병 저항성 정도를 조사하였다. 1. 병원균 접종 후 14일째 공시한 저항성 표준품종인 ‘뚝섬적축면’과 감수성 ‘미풍포찹적축면’을 포함한 공시 자원들의 병징이 뚜렷하게 나타남. 2. 시들음병 저항성 정도 범위는 전혀 고사되지 않은 자원( 발병정도 0)부터 전체 고사하는 자원(발병정도 4) 까지 넓게 분포하여 전체 111개 자원에 대한 평균 발병정도는 2.6±0.19 이었음. 3. 전체 자원 중 IT 294125 등 7개 자원이 병징이 전혀 나타나지 않았고, 저항성 기준으로 정한 발병정도 0인 개체비율이 80%이상이고 발병정도가 3이상인 개체비율이 20% 이하인 자원은 IT 289569 등 16개 자원이었음. 4. 저항성을 보인 16개 자원 중 IT 289569 등 미국 원산이 11개, 터키 원산이 IT296680 등 4개, 중국 원산이 IT 301287로 1개이었음. 1) 상추 유형으로는, 결구상추가 IT289569 등 8개, 잎상추는 IT 296679 등 5개, 로메인 상추가 IT296680 등 2개, 줄기상추 1개(IT 301287) 5. 본 연구결과 시들음병 저항성을 보인 16개 자원은 시들음병 발생이 높은 농가에서 이용 가능한 품종으로 생각되나, 병 저항성 검정이 유묘 단계에서 이루어졌기 때문에 생육 전반의 종합적인 특성을 고려하여 우수자원을 선발하는 후속연구 필요

산형과 식물의 종자는 형태생리학적 휴면을 하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 형태생리학적 휴면은 배가 미숙하고 생리적으로 휴면상태인 종자휴면중의 하나이다. 본 연구는 산형과의 세 종, 갯기름나물, 고본, 갯방풍 종자의 휴면타파와 발아에 미치는 온도, 광, 화학물질의 효과에 대하여 조사하였으며 그 결 과는 다음과 같다. 1. 본 시험에 사용된 종자의 크기는 길이 5.57 - 9.7 mm, 폭 3 - 7 mm 범위였고, 천립중은 갯기름나물 0.50 g, 고본 0.21 g, 갯방풍 17.53 g 이었다. 2. 예냉, 광, GA3, KNO3, 그리고 온도조건을 달리하여 전처리를 실시한 결과, 갯기름나물, 고본, 갯방풍의 최대 발아율은 각각 62.6%, 43.3%, 36.4%였다. 3. 갯기름나물은 4oC에서 7일 동안 예냉처리 하였을때 휴면 타파와 발아에 가장 효과적이었고 GA3의 저온 대체효과는 없었으며 20oC 항온조건에서 발아에 적합하였다. 4. 고본의 경우도 갯기름나물과 유사하게 4oC에서 7일간 예냉처리 하였을때 효과적이었으며 GA3와 KNO3 처리는 휴면타파에 효과가 없었다. 갯기름나물과 고본 두 종은 휴면타파와 발아를 위해 저온을 필요로 하였다. 5. 갯방풍은 GA3 200 mgL−1 처리가 발아에 효과적이었고 15/20oC(16/8h) 변온조건과 20oC 암조건에서 비교적 잘 발아하였다.

종자 건전성(seed health)은 종자 또는 식물체에 유익하지 못한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 생물체의 감염상태를 의미한다. 이들 생물체는 종자의 품질에 직접적인 피해를 줄 수 있으며,감염 종자는 식물체에 병을 유발하고 포장에서의 발병을 확산시킴으로써 대규모의 경제적 피해를 유발할 수 있다. 상업용종자의 해외증식 및 국제교역, 종자 유전자원의 해외분양 및 상호교환이 활발해짐에 따라 이러한 위험성이 더욱 커지고 있으며 더불어 종자 건전성 관리의 중요성 또한 증가하고 있다. 다양한 벼 종자 유전자원을 보존하고 연구용으로 분양하는 국제미작연구소(International Rice Research Institute, IRRI)는 유전자원의 건전성 확보를 위하여 종자건전성연구실(Seed health unit)을 두어 체계적인 관리시스템을 운영하고 있다. 필리핀 식물산업국 산하 식물검역소로부터 권한을 부여받아 필리핀 국내로 도입되거나 해외로 분양되는 유전자원에 대하여종자처리 및 건전성 모니터링, 종자 건전성 검사 및 데이터베이스 관리 업무를 수행하고 있다. 대상 병원균에 따라 육안검사, 수세현탁액 검사, 습지법 검사, 한천배지 검사 등을 적용하고 있으며, 감염종자는 온탕처리와 같은 물리적 처리와 살균제 또는 훈증제와 같은 화학적 처리를 수행한다. 국제미작연구소의 건전성 관리시스템을 우리나라 벼 종자 유전자원의보존·관리에 선별 적용하고, 더불어 종자소독방법과 저장 전관리체계를 확립함으로써 벼 유전자원의 품질을 제고할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 국제협력 및 공동연구 등 신뢰구축을 통해유용한 해외 유전자원을 확보하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

미얀마는 한국에 비해 3배 큰 국토를 가진 동남아시아 국가이며 다양한 기후대가 분포하여 생물상이 다양하다. 미얀마에 서는 농업이 가장 중요한 산업으로 농업자원에 대해 중요하게 생각하며, 농업유전자원보존을 위해, 1990년에 농업관개부 산하 농업연구청에 소속된 종자은행이 설립하였으며. 이곳에는 단기저장시설에 벼 6,302점을 비롯하여 10,108점이, 중기저장 시설에 벼 6,250점을 포함하여 9,905점, 합계 20,013점이 보존되고 있다. 한편, 미얀마의 유용식물자원은 185과 1,528종으로 정리되어지며, 이중 41과 59종의 약용식물이 다양한 병 치료에 이용되어진다. 농업관개부 산하에 약용식물원을 조성하여, 말라리아 치료용 517점, 결핵치료용 712점의 허브자원, 기타 약용식물 6,090점, 희귀 약용식물 4,055점 등을 현지 내 보존 중이다.

근적외선 분광 분석법을 이용하여 참깨의 지방함량의 신속측정 가능성에 대해서 연구하였다. 검량식의 기본 모형은 다중 회귀 모형으로 하였으며, 회귀 모형의 독립 변수의 선택은 step-wise법을 이용하였다. 1. 참깨의 121점 중 지방산 함량 분포는 palmitic acid(IT028899-7.2%, IT169359-10.0%), stearic acid(IT028897-4.5%, IT028910-7.0%), oleic acid(IT170020-32.2%, IT156371-46.5%), linoleic acid(IT156348-36.5, IT169926-49.6%), 그리고 linolenic acid(IT169316-0.2%, IT156367-0.6%)로 나타났다. 2. 지방함량을 예측하기 위해서 검량선 작성시 종래의 화학적 방법에 의한 분석치와 NIRS 분석치 와의 상관계수는 oleic acid(r2-0.834) and linoleic acid(r2-0.925)로 판단되어 linoleic acid의 이용은 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

감국(Dendranthema indicum)의 환경조건에 따른 개화기의 초장, 개화소요일수, 카로티노이드 함량 및 peroxidase 활성을 고랭지(대관령, 표고 800m)와 평난 지(강릉, 표고 20m)의 노지와 온실에서 각각 비교하여 원예화 개발 가능성을 검토하였다. 환경조건에 따른 광 량은 고랭지 노지 > 평난지 노지 > 고랭지 온실 > 평난지 온실 순으로 감소하였다. 고랭지의 노지에서는 UV A와 UV B의 세기가 22.4, 3.02W·m-2로 평난지 노지의 19.9, 2.24W·m-2보다 각각 12.6, 34.8% 더 강했다. 감국의 초장은 평난지의 온실조건에서 가장 컸 으나 개화는 고랭지의 노지에서 가장 빨랐다. 감국 꽃 의 주요 색소인 카로티노이드는 고랭지의 온실에서 60.9OD·g-1으로 가장 많았다. 그러나 peroxidase 활성 은 평난지의 온실에서 자란 식물체에서 5.72unit·mg-1 protein 가장 높았다.

High-quality and high-phytonutrient watermelon fruits have strong market opportunities besides their health related benefits. Hence, investigating quality and nutritional related traits of watermelon genetic resources could provide important baseline data in breeding for increased lycopene content thereby increasing the marketability of watermelon. To this end, we have examined some fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of 105 genetic resources. Seeds, originally obtained from 22+ countries, were obtained from the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju, South Korea, grown in an experimental field and harvested at a fully mature stage. The size of pistil scar (SPS), the width of stripes (WS), weight of fruit (WF), length of fruit (LF), width of fruit (WIF), the thickness of pericarp (TP), soluble solids content (SSC), fruit shape in longitudinal section, ground color of skin, the intensity of the green color of skin, fruit shape at the apical part, grooving distribution, conspicuousness of stripes, and main color of the flesh were recorded on the field and inside laboratory and the lycopene was measured using spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Watermelon fruits have shown a diverse morphological characters. Red and pink fleshed fruits dominated in the entire collections. Fruits with higher thickness of rind were found to exhibit less soluble solid content (SSC). Korean origin fruits were characterized by intermediate SSC while the United States of America (USA), Russia (RUS), Tajikistan (TJK), Turkmenistan (TKM), Taiwan (TWN), and Uruguay (URY) originated fruits had the highest SSC. The lycopene content varied between 41.37 and 182.82 ㎍/g, 2.81 and 163.72 ㎍/g, and 3.54 and 255.47 ㎍/g using HPLC, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and microplate reader spectrophotometer, respectively. Red- and pink-fleshed fruits had the highest levels of lycopene content compared to the yellow- and orange-fleshed. Lycopene content had a significant positive correlation with SSC, however, no correlations were detected between lycopene and other quantitative fruit morphological characters. Our study demonstrated high diversity exists in fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of the germplasm collections which provide beneficial baseline data for a future breeding program and utilization of watermelon germplasm collections in gene banks for the maintenance and improvement of the current levels of production, marketability, and health-related benefit of watermelon fruits.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate total phenolic content (TPC) and individual phenolic compounds in leaves of perilla genetic resources, assess whether they could be used as distinguishing factor among germplasms, and evaluate their relationship with some quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. TPC and individual phenolic compounds were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and UPLC-PDA system, respectively. Wide variations in TPC (7.99 to 133.70 ㎎GAE/g DE), rosmarinic acid (ND to 21.05 ㎎/g DE), caffeic acid (ND to 1.17 ㎎/g DE), apigenin- 7-O-diglucuronide (ND to 2.21 ㎎ luteolin equivalent (㎎LUE)/g DE), scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 5.25 ㎎ LUE/g DE), and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 2.81 ㎎ LUE/g DE) were observed. Intensities of green pigment at abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces were positively correlated with phenolic compounds whereas leaf length and width had negative correlation. Purple pigmented accessions were shorter in leaf length and width but exhibited higher amount of phenolic compounds compared to green pigmented accessions in most cases. Leaf shape was not related with content of phenolic compounds, color of leaves, and length/width of leaves. TPC and individual phenolic compounds along with morphological characters could be useful distinguishing factors for perilla genetic resources.

Sclerotinia rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease that poses a serious threat to perilla production in Korea. Identifying effective sources of resistance offers long term prospects for improving management of this disease. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is important for development of disease-resistant, new cultivars and conduct related research. In the present study, perilla germplasm were screened in vitro against S. sclerotiorum using detached leaf method. Among 544 perilla accessions, two were highly resistant (IT226504, IT226533), five were resistant (IT226561, IT226532, IT226526, IT226441, and IT226589), five were moderately resistant (IT226525, IT226640, IT226568, IT220624, and IT178655), 16 were moderately susceptible, 31 were susceptible, and 485 were highly susceptible. The resistant accessions in this study could serve as resistance donor in the breeding of Sclerotinia rot resistance or subjected to selection procedure of varietal development for direct use by breeders, farmers, researchers, and end consumers.

Inflorescence, stem, and leaf samples of lettuce grown in a greenhouse in spring and autumn seasons were assayed for sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) content by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of SLs were significantly higher in the inflorescences followed by upper leaf and stem compared to the other plant parts in most of the samples. SLs content (sum of lactucin and lactucopicrin) in various tissues of lettuce cultivated in spring season varied from 5.7 to 22.5 fold ranging from 27.4 ㎍/g dry weight (DW) in the upper stem (cultivar “PI 176588”) as the lowest to as high as 2,292.0 ㎍/g DW in the inflorescence (cultivar “709849-1”). During autumn cultivation, the concentration of SLs varied from 2.0 to 14.4 fold ranging from as low of 32.4 ㎍/g DW in the lower stem (cultivar “PI176588”) to as high of 838.0 ㎍/g DW in the upper leaf (cultivar “Dambaesangchu”). Higher lactucin (1.2 to 5.6 fold) and lactucopicrin (1.1 to 3.9 fold) concentration was observed during spring compared to autumn cultivation in most of the samples. SLs content in various organs of lettuce increases from the basal plant part going upwards. As lactucin and lactucopicrin are the major SLs which affects the sensory property of lettuce, their quantitative variation in the lettuce cultivars is useful for breeding new varieties with better consumer acceptance.

The adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) is a red-grained legume that has a number of essential nutrients and is used in traditional dishes in Asia. Adzuki bean industrial by-products are also a potential low-cost source of some unique bioactive polyphenols. Hence, here, the authors aimed to perform a comparative study of the phytochemical profiles of the leaves and seeds of the adzuki bean and compare their antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibition, and tyrosinase inhibition activity. The authors assessed antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, PR, TPC, and SOD assays, which showed wide variation, respectively. From the relative antioxidant capacity index results, 10 adzuki bean landraces were selected to compare for phytochemicals and bioactivity using leaf and seed extracts. Antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibition, and tyrosinase inhibition activity in the leaf extracts were higher than in the seed extracts, and there were more flavonols and isoflavones in the leaf extracts than in the seed extracts. This study demonstrated that adzuki bean leaf extracts could be a new natural antioxidant or antidiabetic agent and a skin whitener and can also be used in industrial applications.

Momordica charantia L. is a valuable food and medicinal plant of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Physicochemical properties of M. charantia based on cultivars, parts and growing stage were investigated. Crude protein contents of leaf were 27.5%, 26.9%, and 23.6% in native leaf (NL), cv. Erabu leaf (EL), and cv. Dragon leaf (DL), respectively. In particular, the crude protein content was the highest in leaves. The crude fat content was in the order of developmental stage 1 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF1) and developmental stage 1 of native fruit (NF1) with values of 4.0%, and 3.9%, respectively. There was also high amount of crude fiber in stem of all three cultivars. The crude ash content was in the order of cv. Erabu leaf, cv. Dragon leaf, and developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3) with values of 23.2%, 17.4%, and 13.6%, respectively. The major minerals found in M. charantia were K, Ca, and Mg. The potassium contents of developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3), developmental stage 3 of cv. Dragon fruit (DF3), cv. Dragon stem (DS), and developmental stage 2 of native fruit (NF2) were 498.37, 339.21, 314.30, and 307.34 ㎎ /100g, respectively, while the calcium contents were decreased of EL, DL, and NL with values of 513.45, 371.69, and 209.43 ㎎/100g, respectively. The calcium content was higher in leaves and stems than fruits. On the otherhand, the highest magnesium content was measured in EL (69.92 ㎎/100g). The highest contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were found in NL (442.9 ㎎/100g dw), EL (759.6 ㎎/100g dw), and EL (1164.9 ㎎/100g dw), respectively. The vitamin C contents from developmental stage 2 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF2), NF3, developmental stage 3 of cv. Erabu on fruit (EF3), and NF2 were found with values of 2849.9, 2330.5, 1985.1, and 1844.5 ㎎/㎏, respectively, and found to be higher in Korean cultivar and Erabu fruit than in Dragon. The charantin contents of leaf were higher than the fruit found to be 547.71, 506.04 and 395.62 ㎍/g dw in DL, EL and EF2, respectively. According to the results, mineral contents, total chlorophyll and charantin contents of M. charantia were higher in the leaves (EL and DL) than the fruits. And, vitamin C content was the highest in the fruit (EF2 and EF3). Therefore, much more research needs to be undertaken to use of the leaves as well as fruits. The data showed that M. charantia can be considered a good source of nutrient for application in food system.

The chloroplast (cp) is an organelle with its own genome that encodes a number of cp-specific components. Resequencing technology via next-generation sequencing has recently been successfully applied to cp genome characterization. The field of cp characterization is rapidly growing due to its wide versatility and two complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of Capsicum species have been reported. We herein report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum, a wild Capsicum species. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 157,145 bp with 37.7% overall GC content. One pair of inverted repeats, 25,910 bp in length, was separated by a small single-copy region (17,974 bp) and large single-copy region (87,351 bp). This region contains 86 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Eleven genes contain one or two introns. Pair-wise alignments of cp genome were performed for genome-wide comparison. Analysis revealed a total of 134 simple sequence repeat (SSR) motif and 282 insertions or deletions variants in the C. baccatum var. baccatum cp genome.

Among the diverse crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been domesticated as a staple carbohydrate sources mainly in Asia region, and RDA Genebank at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAAS) has conserved about 37 thousand rice accessions accordingly. Seed dormancy, one of domesticated traits, prevents pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) which causes degradation of grain quality in cereal crop. In previous study, we surveyed the variation of seed germinability of diverse 200 rice germplasm and detected the three distinguished groups besides admixed types; the first group (G-1) revealed high germinability at harvesting time, and the second group (G-2) and third group (G-3) acquired high germnability subsequent to after-ripening and dormancy breaking process, respectively. To reduce environmental effects on detected variation of germinability, we selected representative 14 accessions which have similar heading date of each group and measured the degree of PHS using freshly harvested panicles. Variation of PHS showed similar tendency of germinability group; generally, high PHS for G-1, low PHS for G-2 and no PHS for G-3. To resolve genetic and physiological factors concerning on PHS and seed dormancy, we checked the change and variation of ABA known for critical regulator for seed dormancy, and high PHS accessions interestingly revealed high ABA content in 10 DAF. Based on these study, we plan to analyze genetic factors affecting the degree of seed germinability and PHS.