농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2021년 분홍색계 소 형 호접란 ‘Arihong’을 육성하였다. 2014년 밝은 분홍색 소형 품종 Phalaenopsis ‘Wedding’와 백색 바탕에 분홍빛을 가지는 소형종 P. ‘[{KT1398-1×(KM-6)-4}×Chiangbeauty-88]-23’ 를 모본과 부본으로 교배하였다. 2018년 실생 120개체 중 잎자세, 화색, 화형, 꽃대수 등 특성이 우수한 ‘14104-1’ 개체를 선발하여 기내 화경배양을 통해 증식하였다. 2018년부터 2021년에까지 1차, 2차특성검정을 통해 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인한 후 ‘Arihong’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 백색(WG155B) 바탕에 중앙 에는 보라빛 분홍색(PVG80B)을 띄며, 진한 자주색(PG78A) 순판 을 가지는 것이 특징이다. 꽃대가 2대씩 발생하고 꽃대 길이는 평균 42.1cm 소형 분화로 적절한 크기를 가지고 있다. 평피기 형태의 꽃은 길이와 폭이 각각 5.1, 5.7cm이며, 분지가 발생하여 1개의 꽃대에 13.0개의 소화가 착생한다. ‘Arihong’의 잎은 수평으로 자라며 길이와 폭이 각각 13.0cm, 4.9cm였다. 또한 초세가 우수하고 생육 속도가 빨라 엽수 확보가 용이한 특성을 보였다.

Minuartia laricina (L.) Mattf. is a Korean native plant with high potential as a commercial flowering potted plant due to its compactness and long flowering duration. However, because this plant is a groundcover, it is susceptible to lodging and leggy growth. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of plant growth retardants (PGRs) on the inhibition of stem elongation and flowering characteristics of M. laricina. Commercial products, Trimmit, Cycocel, and B-Nine, were used for the exogenous PGR application of paclobutrazol (PBZ), chlormequat chloride (CCC), and daminozide (DMZ), respectively. Application concentrations were 50 and 100 mg·L-1 for PBZ; 100, 500, and 1,000 mg･L-1 for CCC; and 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg·L-1 for DMZ. Paclobutrazol was the only PGR that inhibited stem elongation. The stem lengths of the plants treated with 50 or 100 mg·L-1 PBZ were 2.2 cm (13%) or 9.8 cm (57%) shorter, respectively, than those of the control. 50 mg·L-1 PBZ retarded stem growth effectively without negatively affecting flowering or other growth parameters, whereas 100 mg·L-1 PBZ caused excessive dwarfing and significantly reduced flowering by 59%. CCC and DMZ applications were ineffective for growth control. Flowering time was accelerated with most PGRs, except for 2,000 mg·L-1 DMZ, reducing the time to flowering by 2–8 days. These results indicate that the stem growth of M. laricina was successfully inhibited with PBZ but not with CCC or DMZ. Thus, we concluded that a single application of 50 mg·L-1 PBZ or similar treatment is effective in miniaturizing M. laricina without causing harm to its growth or aesthetic value, such as the flower number. Additionally, because CCC and DMZ are not persistent in the growing medium, testing multiple application times for these PGRs is crucial.

Veronica L., the largest genus in the family Plantaginaceae, is widespread in various habitats. Due to their long-blooming flowers, Veronica species have high horticultural value as indoor potted, garden, and landscape plants. Furthermore, Veronica plants are extremely important owing to their notable diversity in habitat usage, ploidy level, and evolution. Several native taxa, which are of key interest in breeding programs and phylogenetic studies, have been identified in Korea. The genome sizes and chromosomal characteristics are basic cytogenetic features of all taxa, and their knowledge is a prerequisite when commencing genome sequencing projects. It can provide essential information for cytogenetic, taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary studies. Thus, cytogenetic analysis and genome size estimation of seven Veronica taxa native to Korea were conducted in this study. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotype analysis and chromosome counting was conducted using metaphase chromosomes probed with 5S and 45S rDNA. Nuclear DNA content and genome size were determined using flow cytometry. FISH karyotype analysis revealed a common number of 5S loci and varying 45S signals that create distinctive rDNA distribution patterns in each taxon. The results indicated that the seven investigated Veronica taxa have calculated genome sizes (1C values) ranging from 517.1 to 862.0 Mbp. This study is the first to report the chromosome number and karyomorphology of seven Veronica taxa native to Korea, as well as the use of rDNA markers for identifying individual chromosomes. These findings contribute to the crucial understanding the genomic characteristics of species within the genus Veronica, serve as a basis for studying Veronica phylogeny and evolution, and provide valuable information for future breeding programs.

We have prepared MIL-101/graphene oxide (GO) composites with various mixing molar ratio of Fe-containing metal– organic frameworks (MOFs) against GO. When synthesizing MOFs, it was possible to synthesize uniform crystal powders using hydrothermal method. MIL-101 consists of a terephthalic acid (TPA) ligand, with the central metal composed of Fe, which was the working electrode material for supercapacitors. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis had been done to ascertain microstructures and morphologies of the composites. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements were performed to analyze the electrochemical properties of the composite electrodes in 6 M KOH electrolyte. By controlling the metal ligand mole ratio against GO, we prepared a changed MOF structure and a different composite morphology, which could be studied as one of the promising optimized electrode materials for supercapacitors.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of urban road characteristics on temperature changes in urban areas using surface thermal temperature. METHODS : This study measured the surface thermal temperature of each road component from urban roads, analyzed the effect of the road component characteristics and vegetation on temperature, and estimated the regression models. RESULTS : As a result, the mean temperature was 27.3 ℃ on the roadway, 25.5 ℃ on the vegetated median, and 22.9 ℃ on the sidewalks. The roadside temperature was 26.14 ℃ with surrounding buildings and 23.82 ℃ near green spaces. The temperature with street trees was lower (24.45 ℃) than without (28.38 ℃) while it was 23.96 ℃ with vegetated median and 25.64 ℃ without. The temperatures were lower (24.70 ℃) on the permeable surface than on the impermeable surface (28.38 ℃). Model estimates show that the temperature decreases by 0.007 ℃ with an increase of 1 m² green (permeable space) space and the temperature with buildings tends to be 1.729 ℃ higher than that with green space. As green space increases by 1 m², the temperature tends to decrease by 0.017 ℃ on the roadway and by 0.012 ℃ on the sidewalk. Shade effect models show that street trees with shade affect temperature reduction by -3.884 ℃ on roadways and -3.314 ℃ on sidewalks. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study demonstrate the differing effects of road characteristics on temperature. The roadway is more sensitive than the sidewalk to temperature changes and roadside vegetation, ambient green space, and pavement permeability contribute to temperature reduction.

본 연구는 Veronica속 20종의 생장 및 개화 특성을 평가하기 위해 2년 동안 국립수목원 식물자원연구과 육종온실에서 수행하였다. Veronica속 식물은 다양한 생장 및 개화 특성을 가지고 있었다. 꼬리풀 20종을 식물 형태 및 초장에 따라 분류하였다. 포복형의 10cm 미만 초장은 V. armena와 V. repens, 직립형 30cm 미만 초장은 V. gentianoides ‘Little blues’ 등 4종, 직립형 30~60cm 사이 초장은 V. gentianoides ‘Blue Streak’ 등 7종, 직립형 60cm 이상 초장은 V. incana 등 7종이었다. 대부분의 엽색은 초록색이었고 V. incana와 V. incana ‘Silbersee’는 잎에 흰 털이 있었다. 꽃대 수는 5.3개부터 80.7개, 화수는 4.5개부터 67.3개였고 개화일은 3월 초순부터 6월 중순이었다. 화서의 형태는 총상화서, 수상화서, 취산화서로 분류하였다. 화색은 보라색 13종, 분홍색 2종, 흰색 5종이었다. 2017년 모든 개체가 개화한 종은 3종으로 V. longifolia ‘Blue Shades’, V. spicata ‘Blue Bouquet’, V. subsessilis ‘Blue Pyramid’였고, 일부 개체만 개화한 종은 7종으로 V. armena, V. gentianoides ‘Little Blues’, V. longifolia ‘Alba’, V. prostrata ‘Nestor’, V. spicata, V. spicata ‘Alba’, V. spicata ‘Sightseeing’ 이었다. 모든 개체가 개화하지 않은 종은 10종으로 V. gentianoides ‘Blue Streak’, V. incana, V. incana ‘Silbersee’, V. longifolia ‘Pink Shades’, V. orchidea ‘Blue Fingers’, V. repens, V. schmidtiana, V. spicata ‘Blue Carpet’, V. spicata ‘Pink Goblin’, V. teucrium ‘Royal Blue’였다. 반면, 2018년에는 모든 종의 개체가 개화하였다.

Toll and IMD pathways play an important role in producing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) through NF-κB in insects. The functions of IκB kinase (IKK) complex regulating the NF-κB signaling cascade have not yet been investigated in Tenebrio model. Here, we identified TmIKK-β (or TmIrd5) which contains 2,112 bp encoding 703 amino acid residues. Domain analysis shows that TmIKK-β contains one Serine/Threonine protein kinases catalytic domain. Developmental expression patterns indicate that TmIKK- β gene was highly expressed in early pupal (P1) and adult (A5) stages. Tissue specific profiles show that TmIKK-β was highly expressed in the integuments in last instar larvae, and fat body and hemocytes in 5 day-old adults. TmIKK-β1 transcripts were strongly induced at 3 and 12 h-post injection of E. coli, and 3 h-post injection of S. aureus or C. albicans in hemocytes. In gut, TmIKK-β transcripts were slightly induced by E. coli (at 6, 9 and 24 h) and C. albicans (at 24 h), while it was not induced by S. aureus challenge. Moreover, it was highly induced at 6 h-post injection of E. coli and then it was gradually decreased in the fat body. To understand the immunological role of TmIKK-β, gene specific RNAi and mortality assay was performed. Depletion of TmIKK-β mRNA leads to increase microbial susceptibility of larvae against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. In addition, induction patterns of fourteen AMP genes in response to microbial challenge was tissue specifically investigated in TmIKK-β–silenced T. molitor larvae. The results suggest that expression of ten AMP genes out of fourteen genes were drastically decreased by TmIKK-β RNAi in fat body, suggesting that TmIKK-β plays an important role in antimicrobial innate immune responses.

It has been well known that IKK-β, -ε and –γ play a pivotal role in IMD pathway. In this study, TmIKK-ε was identified and their functions in countering pathogenic infections were investigated. We identified TmIKK-ε gene which including 2,196 bp nucleotides (encoding 731 amino acid residues). Domain analysis of TmIKK-ε indicates that there is one Serine/Threonine protein kinases catalytic domain. TmIKK-ε gene was highly expressed in 2 day-old pupal stage and the expression was gradually decreased until 1 day-old adults. Then the expression was slightly increased until 4 day-old adult stage. Tissue specific expression of TmIKK-ε mRNA was high in the gut, integuments and hemocytes in last instar larvae, and fat body, Malpighian tubules and testis in 5-daysold adult. In hemocytes, TmIKK-ε was drastically induced by E. coli injection after 3 h and by S. aureus at 3 and 12 h-post injection. In gut, expression level of TmIKK-ε was high at 6 h-post injection of microbial injection. Expression of TmIKK-ε in fat body was drastically induced by E. coli at 3 and 24 h-post injection while it was not significantly induced by S. aureus and C. albicans. To understand the immunological role of TmIKK-ε, gene specific RNAi and mortality assay were performed. TmIKK-ε RNAi caused increased larval mortality against E. coli, not S. aureus and C. albicans. Finally, to investigate the induction patterns of Tenebrio fourteen AMP genes in response TmIKK-ε RNAi, three microorganisms were treated into TmIKK-ε-silenced T. molitor larvae. Nine out of fourteen AMP genes were not induced by microbial challenge in TmIKK-β dsRNA-injected group. Taken together, our results indicate that TmIKK-ε may regulates nine antimicrobial peptide genes in response to microbial challenge in T. molitor fat body.

IKK-γ is an essential protein to form IKK complex which regulate NF-κB. We identified TmIKK-γ (or TmKenny) gene which has 1,521 bp of nucleotides encoding 506 amino acid residues. Domain analysis of TmIKK-γ shows that there are one NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) domain and a leucine zipper domain. Expression of TmIKK-γ gene was gradually increased from egg to 2-day-old pupal stage, dramatically decreased until 7 day-old pupal stage, and then it was gradually increased. TmIKK-γ transcripts were highly expressed in fat body and hemocytes in late instar larvae and integuments, fat body and Malpighian tubules in 5 day-old adult. TmIKK-γ was drastically induced by E. coli after 3 h challenges and by S. aureus at 3 and 12 h-post injection in hemocytes. TmIKK-γ was not induced by C. albicans although it was significantly induced by E. coli (at 3, 6 and 24 h) and S. aureus (at 9 h) in gut. In fat body, expression of TmIKK-γ was drastically induced by E. coli at 3 and 24 h-post injection while it was not significantly induced by S. aureus and C. albicans. To understand the immunological role of TmIKK-γ, gene specific RNAi and mortality assay was performed. larval mortality against microbial challenge was dramatically increased by TmIKK-γ RNAi. Furthermore, we investigate the tissue specific induction patterns of fourteen AMP genes in response TmIKK-γ dsRNA-treatment. In fat body, ten AMP genes out of fourteen was not significantly induced by microbial challenge in TmIKK-γ dsRNA-treated group. Based on these results, TmIKK-γ might play an important role in antimicrobial innate immune responses in Tenebrio molitor.

본 연구는 기존에 재배된 바 없었던 암대극을 새로운 관상식물로 개발하고자, 절화 특성 평가를 실시하였다. 2017년 3월과 4월, 제주도에 자생하고 있는 암대극을 채취한 후, 수분흡수, 절화수명, 노화 과정 등 절화수명 특성을 평가하였다. 또한 sucrose 농도, 절화길이, pH 농도, 저장온도에 따른 절화 특성을 조사하였다. 본 실험은 국립수목원 유용식물증식센터의 Phyto-garden system(12h photoperiod, 25℃, 70% RH)과 실온(23℃, 44% RH)에서 수행하였고 2~3일 간격으로 수분흡수량, 생체중, 절화수명을 측정하였다. 실험 환경에 따른 연구에서 실온(14.4일) 보다 phyto-garden system(42.4일)의 절화 수명이 약 3배 더 길었고, 절화길이에 따른 연구에서는 절화수명이 20cm, 15.2일, 40cm, 17.4일로 나타났다. Sucrose 농도에 따른 연구에서는 처리에 따른 절화수명 증진 효과는 없었고, pH에 따른 연구의 절화수명은 pH 5, 15.6일, pH 6, 13.4일, pH 7, 13.1일, 증류수, 14.8일이었다. 저장온도에 따른 실험에서, 절화수명은 4℃, 83일, 10℃, 41.2일, 15℃, 35.5 일, 20℃, 17.4일, 실온, 14.4일이었는데, 온도가 감소할수록 절화수명이 길어짐을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 암대극은 비교적 광도와 습도가 높은 환경과 절화길이가 길고 저장온도가 낮을수록 수명이 오래 유지되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

암대극(Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss.)은 우리나라 제주도 및 남부 해안가 암석지에서 자생하는 대극과(Euphorbiaceae)의 다년생 초본식물이다. 등잔모양꽃차례가 황록색으로 3월부터 5월까지 긴 기간 동안 개화하기 때문에 새로운 관상식물로 개발할 가치가 높다. 본 연구에서는 암대극을 재배화하고자 우선적으로 제주도의 자생지 환경과 개체군 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 제주도 전역의 해안을 따라서 암대극 개체의 전수조사를 실시한 결과 40여 지점에 걸쳐 약 14,817개체가 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 그 중 제주도 본섬의 동쪽에 위치한 우도에 1,075개체(전체의 7.3%), 북서쪽에 위치한 비양도에 952개체(6.4%), 남쪽에 위치한 가파도에 589개체(4.0%)가 조사되었다. 암대극은 주로 제주도 본섬 남동부 해안가 암석지대에 집중적으로 자생하는 것으로 확인되었고 가파도, 우도, 비양도의 경우에도 섬 동쪽지역에만 분포되어 있었다. 암대극의 생육은 자생지에 따라 차이가 있었다. 초장, 줄기 길이, 줄기 직경은 꽃 크기와 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 모든 지역에서 꽃이 피는 시기는 3월 말로 비슷하게 개화가 시작되었고, 6월 초에는 대부분의 꽃에서 종자가 성숙하여 탈리되었다. 암대극의 주변 식생은 갯개미자리, 돌가시나무, 순비기나무, 갯강활 등 30여 종이 분포되어 있었고, 초본이 80%를 차지하는 데에 반해, 목본은 20%로서 초본식물이 주를 이루었다. 토양의 pH는 8.3~9.4의 범위에 있었으며, 염분 농도는 0.003~0.017%로 나타났다. 유기물 함량은 중문에서 1.9%, 가파도에서 1.4%, 표선면에서 1.0%로 나타났고, CEC는 가파도에서 10.7cmol+/kg, 표선면에서 5.6cmol+/kg, 중문 지역에서 1.3cmol+/kg로 나타났다. 전기전도도는 중문, 가파도, 표선면에서 각각 0.47dS/m, 0.19dS/m, 0.16dS/m으로 나타났고, Cl-은 57.45mg/kg, 63.01mg/kg, 8.12mg/kg으로 나타났다. 중문에서 유효인산은 검출되지 않았다.

약용식물을 플러그 트레이를 이용하여 공정육묘를 한 연구결과는 거의 없는 실정이다. 세 종류 약용식 물 묘의 생산을 위한 기준을 마련하기 위해 플러그셀 크기가 플러그묘의 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 상업용 상토가 들어있는 128, 200, 288구 플러그셀 트레이에 종자를 파종하였다. 세 종류 약용식물은 플러그 셀 크기가 커질수록 생육이 우수하였다. 하나의 플러그 트레이에서 얻어진 총 바이오 매스는 차조기와 산두근은 288구에서 가장 높았고, 참당귀는 200구에서 가장 높았다. 총 엽록소와 안토시아닌 함량을 제외한 차조기의 지상부와 지하부 생장은 128구에서 가장 우수하였다. 하지만 최대근장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽 면적, 절간장, 뿌리 생체중, 근군형성은 200구와 288구에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 산두근은 최대근장, 경경, 엽폭, 엽면적, 지상부 생체중, 근군형성을 제외한 모든 생장에서 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 최대 근장, 경경, 엽폭, 엽면적, 지상부 생체중, 근군형성은 128구에서 가장 우수하였다. 엽록소 함량을 제외한 참당 귀의 지상부와 지하부의 모든 생장이 128구에서 우수하였다. 경제적인 부분과 총 바이오매스를 고려했을 때 차조기와 산두근은 288구에서 육묘하는 것이 좋고, 참당귀는 200구에서 육묘하는 것을 권장한다.

본 연구는 기존에 절화용으로 개발되지 않았던 암대극을 새로운 관상식물로 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험은 보존용액에 따른 절화 암대극의 영향을 구명하고자 수분흡수율, 절화수명, 상대생체중을 조사하였다. 수확 후 절화는 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) 10, 50, 100 ㎎·L-1, silver thiosulfate (STS) 0.1, 0.2 mM, Chrysal, Floralife의 보존용액에 처리 되었다. 실험은 온도 22.6℃, 상대습도 45%, 일장 9/15h, 광도 9.89 μmol·m-2·s-1 환경에서 수행되었다. 절화 암대극의 수분흡수율은 8-HQS 10 ㎎·L-1 보존용액에 처리 시 무처리된 절화보다 유의하게 높게 측정되었다. 그러나 절화 암대극의 수명은 무처리와 8-HQS 10 ㎎·L-1 보존용액 처리 시 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 절화 수명은 STS 보존용액 처리 시 처리농도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 절화 암대극의 상대 생체중은 상업용 절화수명연장제인 Chrysal 및 Floralife 보존용액 처리 시 무처리 보다 유의하게 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 절화 암대극의 사용에 있어 유용한 자료가 될 것이다.