Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Gymnosoma rotundatum, a parasitic fly to hemipteran species, using scanning electron microscopy. The overall length of antenna was not different between male and female. Antenna of G. rotundatum was composed of scape, pedicel and funiculus in both sexes. Three types of sensilla (sensillum basiconica, s. chaetica and s. coeloconica) were identified from both sexes, in varying numbers and distribution along the antennae. The two sensillum types were further divided into different subtypes; s. basiconica into three subtypes and s. chaetica into two subtypes. Among sensilla, s. basiconica subtype 1, 2 and 3 were multiporous, indicating that the ir primary function is olfactory, and others were not. The s. basiconica was most numerous on the antennae in both sexes. The number of subtype 1 of s. basiconica was different between male and female. The morphological information obtained in our study provides a basis for electrophysiological and behavioral studies of the olfactory sensory function of each morphological type of sensilla. (Supported by PJ011756022018, RDA)

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is a serious pest of berry fruits and grapes in East-Asia and USA. SWD female oviposits eggs into the skin of ripening fruits, and the larvae dig a burrow inside the fruits. Secondary infestation by other insects and pathogens to the oviposition spots cause substantial economic damages worldwide. SWD has recently been spreading to Europe and USA, and it is becoming a global threat in terms of biosecurity. A quite useful paper has been published in Journal of Chemical Ecology in the most recent issue (Vol. 44, #10) which is titled ‘Advances in the chemical ecology of the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) and its applications’ written by Cloona et al. This article introduces chemical constituents from many odor sources such as fermentation, yeast, fruit, and leaf sources, and commercial lures and traps developed using these compounds. Authors said that the current food-based lures and trap technologies are not expected to be specific to SWD and thus capture large numbers of non-target drosophilids. Attractive and aversive compounds are being evaluated for monitoring, mass trapping, and for the development of attract-and-kill and push-pull techniques to manage SWD populations. (Supported by PJ011756022018, RDA)

Stathmooda masinissa is one of the most serious lepidopteran pests which damaging the furit of persimmon. Its pheromone composition has been idetified as (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac) and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadien-1-ol (E4,Z6-16OH). We evaluated electrophysiological response of (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald) and attractivenss of E4,Z6-16Ald by combination of two pheromone components. E4,Z6-16Ald evolked electrophysiological responses as same to that of two pheromones. The lure combined with E4,Z6-16Ald and two pheromone components attracted more male S. masiissa.

애기유리나방의 성페로몬인 Z,Z-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol (Z3,Z13-18:OH)을 이용한 교미교란 효과를 검증하기 위하여 경남(진주)과 전남(순천)의 단감원에서 2016년부터 2년간 실험을 하였다. 2016년에는 순천과 진주A, 진주B의 세 단감원에 성페로몬 5 ㎎/septum을 각 나무마다 한 개씩 처리하여 교미교란 효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 순천과 진주A 과수원에서는 100 %의 교미교란 효과를 나타내었지만 진주B 과수원에서는 효과가 전혀 없었다. 2015년과 2016년 같은 기간에 애기유리나방의 밀도를 조사 결과 진주A 과수원에 비해 진주B 과수원의 애기유리나방 밀도가 약 6.7배 많은 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 그리하여 2017년 제1화기 때에 진주B 과수원에서 성페로몬 량을 10 ㎎/septum로 늘려서 실험한 결과 교미교란 효과가 66.7%로 낮았다. 2017 2화기 때에 다시 진주A 과수원으로 장소를 옮겨 실험한 결과 100 %의 교미교란 효과가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로 보아 교미교란 효과는 페로몬 량 뿐 아니라 지형의 영향도 받는 것으로 판단된다.

Azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is a field-to-storage pest of legumes and its female produces sex pheromone with two isomeric components, 2Z-homofarnesal and 2E-homofarnesal. Two day old virgin adults were exposed to 0, 200, 300, 400, 500 & 600 Gy gamma radiation and effect on longevity, fecundity, sterility and pheromone production were studied. Longevity (female; P < 0.001, male; P < 0.001) and fecundity (P < 0.001) were dose-dependently affected by the gamma irradiation. Both adults were totally sterilized by the tested doses of gamma irradiation as depicted by the null hatchability of laid eggs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for solid phase micro extraction revealed that both of the pheromone components were significantly but not completely reduced by 300 Gy. It is a pre-requisite for a successful sterile insect technology that the sterility of ABB is induced without the total disruption of calling behavior.

Azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is a field-to-storage pest of legumes. It is ideal to estimate its field population before it invades the stored legume stuffs. The seasonal occurrence was monitored with rocket traps supplied with synthetic female sex pheromone and with sweep netting during 2015-2016. Harvest damage was evaluated by taking purposive samples of the pods at harvest. Over-wintering stage was identified from the pod samples of left over plants. The results ascertained that October was the peak season of ABB in the azuki bean field. Grain damage and weight loss of the harvested azuki bean were 2.7% and 2.4% respectively, which could be the inoculum for storage loss. The adult emergence only from live pupae collected from pods revealed for its most probable over-wintering stage. In all, this study provides insight into some field ecological parameters of ABB that could be helpful in adopting its management strategies.

Plant essential oils (EOs) exhibit an array of biological activities against insect pests. However, their negative influences on the pheromonal activity of azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis L., the field-to-storage pest of legumes, have not received research attentions. We evaluated the effects of three EOs and their two major components on the attractiveness of male ABBS to synthetic homofarnesal (2E- : 2Z-homofarnesal = 6:4) using Y-tube olfactometry in laboratory and rocket traps in the semi-open vinyl house. The tested EOs of Illicium verum, Croton anisatum and Gaultheria fragrantissima as well as the major components, trans-anethole and methyl salicylate ascertained significant negative effect against homofarnesal both in Y-tube olfactometry and in semi-open vinyl house tracing out a new opportunity of integrating them in ABB management programs both in field and storage.

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Plautia stali,a major pest of tree fruits, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of P. stali was composed of a scape, a pediceland three flagella in both sexes. Four types of sensilla (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. chaetica, s. coeloconica) were identifiedfrom both sexes. Among them, s. trichodea and s. basiconica were multiporous, others are not. They distributed in varyingnumbers. Sexual dimorphism was not shown in the distribution of the four sensilla types. But their distribution was characterizedalong antennal segments in both sexes. This study will be useful in electrophysiological and behavioral studies on theolfactory sensory function of each morphological type of sensilla.

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Ooencyrtus nezarae, an egg parasitoid of Riptortus pedestris, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of O. nezarae was composed of scape, pedicel and seven flagella in both sexes. Six types of sensilla (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. chaetica, s. campaniformia, s. sickle-shaped and unknown s.) were identified from both sexes. Among them, s. trichodea and s. sickle-shaped were multiporous, others are not. They distributed in varying numbers. Sexual dimorphism was clearly observed in the distribution of s. trichodea (only on male antennae) and unknown sensilla (only on female antennae). These findings would be helpful for further studies on detailed sex specific-receptive functions of each antennal sensilla.

Euzophera batangensis (Lepidotera: Pyralidae) is seriously damaging trunks or branches of persimmon tree (Diospyros sp.). We tested the attractiveness of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14OH) and (Z9,E12)-tetradeca- 9,12-dien-1-ol (Z9,E12-14OH) with single or blended baits at southern parts of Korea in 2014 and 2015. The monoene was not attractive at all at three places during the two years. In 2014, diene was equally or more attractive than the mixture in Jinju and Suncheon, respectively. In 2015 too, the attractiveness of diene and mixture was not different in Jinju and Munsan. Monitoring of the seasonal occurrence of E. batangesis with the sex pheromone components revealed that it occurred three times a year; the first occurrence from early April to mid May, the second from early Jun to mid July, and the third from late August to late September.

Ooencyrtus nezarae lshii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a major egg parasitoid of Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). One of the components of the aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2HZ3H), is known to attract O. nezarae female. Response of O. nezarae females to E2HZ3H and its isomers was studied using electro-antennogram (EAG) and field tests. O. nezarae females showed higher antennal response to E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H isomers than E2HE3H and Z2HZ3H. In field tests, O. nezarae females were attracted to E2HZ3H traps, but not to Z2E3 traps. Interestingly, the blend of E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H showed significant antagonistic activities to the attraction of O. nezarae females in the field. We conclude from this study that Z2HE3H is a potent antagonist to the behavioral response of O. nezarae.

Four sympatric tortricid (Lepidoptera) species in New Zealand, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), Planotortrix octo (Dugdale), Cydia pomonella (L.), and Cydia succedana (Denis and Schiffermüller), were studied for the morphology of antennal sensilla and the chemical communication systems using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electro-antennogram (EAG), gas chromatography-electroantenno-detection (GC-EAD), single sensillum recording (SSR) and field tests. Antennal flagella of adult have four main types of olfactory sensilla (s.); s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. auricillica, and s. coeloconica in the four species. The s. trichodea subtype I was longest and male-specific in all the species. The antennae of males of the four species showed characteristic higher EAG, GC-EAD and SSR responses to 12, 14-carbon acetates or alcohol. Some of the selected chemicals selected from the electrophysiological experiments caused significant antagonistic or agonistic activities to the sex pheromone of each species in the field. In this study, the four species showed distinct chemical communication systems according to sub-family, which possibly serve as a factor in species isolation.

The correlation between meteorological data collected at the optical wide-field patrol network (OWL-Net) Station No. 1 and the seeing of satellite optical observation data was analyzed. Meteorological data and satellite optical observation data from June 2014 to November 2015 were analyzed. The analyzed meteorological data were the outdoor air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and cloud index data, and the analyzed satellite optical observation data were the seeing full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) data. The annual meteorological pattern for Mongolia was analyzed by collecting meteorological data over four seasons, with data collection beginning after the installation and initial set-up of the OWL-Net Station No. 1 in Mongolia. A comparison of the meteorological data and the seeing of the satellite optical observation data showed that the seeing degrades as the wind strength increases and as the cloud cover decreases. This finding is explained by the bias effect, which is caused by the fact that the number of images taken on the less cloudy days was relatively small. The seeing FWHM showed no clear correlation with either temperature or relative humidity.

Inactive space objects are usually rotating and tumbling as a result of internal or external forces. KOREASAT 1 has been inactive since 2005, and its drift trajectory has been monitored with the optical wide-field patrol network (OWL-Net). However, a quantitative analysis of KOREASAT 1 in regard to the attitude evolution has never been performed. Here, two optical tracking systems were used to acquire raw measurements to analyze the rotation period of two inactive satellites. During the optical campaign in 2013, KOREASAT 1 was observed by a 0.6 m class optical telescope operated by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI). The rotation period of KOREASAT 1 was analyzed with the light curves from the photometry results. The rotation periods of the low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite ASTRO-H after break-up were detected by OWL-Net on April 7, 2016. We analyzed the magnitude variation of each satellite by differential photometry and made comparisons with the star catalog. The illumination effect caused by the phase angle between the Sun and the target satellite was corrected with the system tool kit (STK) and two line element (TLE) technique. Finally, we determined the rotation period of two inactive satellites on LEO and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) with light curves from the photometry. The main rotation periods were determined to be 5.2 sec for ASTRO-H and 74 sec for KOREASAT 1.

Several optical monitoring strategies by a ground-based telescope to protect a Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite from collisions with close approaching objects were investigated. Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) objects, Inclined GeoSynchronous Orbit (IGSO) objects, and drifted GEO objects forced by natural perturbations are hazardous to operational GEO satellites regarding issues related to close approaches. The status of these objects was analyzed on the basis of their orbital characteristics in Two-Line Element (TLE) data from the Joint Space Operation Center (JSpOC). We confirmed the conjunction probability with all catalogued objects for the domestic operational GEO satellite, Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) using the Conjunction Analysis Tools by Analytical Graphics, Inc (AGI). The longitudinal drift rates of GeoSynchronous Orbit (GSO) objects were calculated, with an analytic method and they were confirmed using the Systems Tool Kit by AGI. The required monitoring area was determined from the expected drift duration and inclination of the simulated target. The optical monitoring strategy for the target area was analyzed through the orbit determination accuracy. For this purpose, the close approach of Russian satellite Raduga 1-7 to Korean COMS in 2011 was selected.

As a governmentally approved domestic entity for Space Situational Awareness, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) is developing and operating an optical telescopes system, Optical Wide-field PatroL (OWL) Network. During the test phase of this system, it is necessary to determine the range of brightness of the observable satellites. We have defined standard magnitude for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to calibrate their luminosity in terms of standard parameters such as distance, phase angle, and angular rate. In this work, we report the optical brightness range of five LEO Satellites using OWL-Net.