Radiation dose rates for spent fuel storage casks and storage facilities of them are typically calculated using Monte Carlo calculation codes. In particular, Monte Carlo computer code has the advantage of being able to analyze radiation transport very similar to the actual situation and accurately simulate complex structures. However, to evaluate the radiation dose rate for models such as ISFSI (Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation) with a lot of spent fuel storage casks using Monte Carlo computational techniques has a disadvantage that it takes considerable computational time. This is because the radiation dose rate from the cask located at the outermost part of the storage facility to hundreds of meters must be calculated. In addition, if a building is considered in addition to many storage casks, more analysis time is required. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of the computational techniques in order to evaluate the radiation dose rate for the ISFSI using Monte Carlo computational codes. The radiation dose rate evaluation of storage facilities using evaluation techniques for improving calculation efficiency is performed in the following steps. (1) simplified change in detailed analysis model for single storage cask, (2) create source term for the outermost side and top surface of the storage cask, (3) full modeling for storage facilities using casks with surface sources, (4) evaluation of radiation dose rate by distance corresponding to the dose rate limit. Using this calculation method, the dose rate according to the distance was evaluated by assuming that the concrete storage cask (KORAD21C) and the horizontal storage module (NUHOMS-HSM) were stored in the storage facility. As a result of calculation, the distance to boundary of the radiation control area and restricted area of the storage facility is respectively 75 m / 530 m (KORAD21C case), and 20 m / 350 m (NUHOMS-HSM case).

A new species of the cave-dwelling springtail Lethemurus coreanus Chang and Bae, sp. n. is described from Korea. Lethemurus coreanus can be distinguished from congeners by the spinelike setae on the tibiotarsus, numbers of dental spines, number of setae on the trochanteral organ, and body macrochaetae chaetotaxy. A key to the species of Lethemurus is provided.

Cave-dwelling springtail studies in Korea initiated during 1960s by the Japanese Collembola researcher, R. Yosii, and comprehensive taxonomic studies on Korean Collembola were conducted by B. H. Lee during 1970-1990s wherein the new family Gulgastruridae was established using the type species Gulgastrura reticulosa from the Gossidonggul cave in Gangwon-do, South Korea. Eight families of cave-dwelling Collembola are known in Korea, and the family Tomoceridae is the most abundant and diverse group of cave-dwelling Collembola with 11 known species belonging to 4 genera in Korea. In this study, 12 species of Korean Tomoceridae are reviewed, and 1 new species from the genus Plutomurus and 2 new species from the genus Tomocerus are described.

A MnSOD gene was cloned from the fall webworm, H. cunea. The MnSOD cDNAs encode precursor proteins of 215 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequences of the H. cunea MnSOD cDNA showed 76% identity to B. mori MnSOD and 62-56% to MnSOD sequences from other organisms. MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD in H. cunea is expressed from all tissues. MnSOD expression is changed at a trace level in infected larvae, while Cu/ZnSOD expression is strongly changed against bacteria, and fungi. The expression level of Cu/ZnSOD increased by different artificial photoperiod (24L:0D), UV irradiation (312nm), and starvation condition, while the expression level of MnSOD only increased by starvation condition. Also, expression of MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD showed no significant change in 0L:24D condition. In addition to expression levels of Cu/ZnSOD in H. cunea significantly increased by temperature stress and injection with paraquat, but reduced by injection with 10% H2O2. The expression level of MnSOD significantly increased by temperature stress and reduced by injection with 10% H2O2 and paraquat.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is toxic to living organisms, because its high reactivity causes oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme facilitating the removal of superoxide anions from living organisms. This study focused on the cloning of MnSOD cDNA from Hyphantria cunea and its induction upon bacterial infection and various stresses. The open reading frame of MnSOD is composed of 645 bp, encoding 215 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular mass and pI of putative MnSOD was evaluated to be 24276 Da and 9.14, respectively. The MnSOD from H. cunea is highly similar to human MnSOD (59.5%) as well as Bombyx mori MnSOD (76.2%). MnSOD showed no big induction upon bacterial infection and stresses, compared to that of Cu/ZnSOD.

Apolipophorin-Ⅲ (apoLp-Ⅲ) is a hemolymph protein whose function is to facilitate lipid transport in an aqueous medium in insect. Recently, apolipophorin-Ⅲ in Galleria mellonella and Hyphantria cunea was shown to play an unexpected role in insect immune activation. We show here a novel possible function/role of apoLp-Ⅲ in insects. To investigate the genes which have a relationship with apoLp-Ⅲ in fall webworm larvae, we reduction of endogenous Hc apoLp-Ⅲ mRNA levels in larvae via RNA interference (RNAi). The RNAi-mediated Hc apoLp-Ⅲ reduction resulted in the reduction of antioxidants, like MnSOD, catalase, and glutathione S transferase as well as immune proteins. In particular, expression of MnSOD commonly decreased in fat body, midgut, and hemocytes following the knockdown of Hc apoLp-Ⅲ, which induced an elevated level of superoxide anion in H. cunea larvae. The observed effect of Hc apoLp-Ⅲ RNAi suggests that Hc apoLp-Ⅲ is related to the action/expression of antioxidants.

Innate immunity responses are triggered by the immune challenge and therefore involve signaling processes. The cellular response is initiated by hemocytes and mainly involves phagocytosis and encapsulation of intruders by these cells. To address whether Hc-STAT is activated upon bacterial challenge, we examined the subcellular location of STAT protein in hemocyte by immunostaining. A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Hc-STAT) has been cloned from the lepidopteran, Hyphantria cunea. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. The gene is transcribed at a low level during all stages of development, and the protein is present in hemocytes, fat body, midgut, epidermis, and Malphigian tuble (Mt). Especially, hemocytes and Mt showed transcriptional activation of Hc-STAT upon Gram (-) bacteria and fungal challenge. Gram (-) bacteria and fungal challenge specifically results in nuclear translocation of Hc-STAT protein and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site in H. cunea hemocyte. In vitro treatment with pervanadate translocates Hc-STAT to the nucleus in hemocyte cells. Here we report the first evidence for the involvement hemocyte JAK/STAT pathway upon microbial infection in lepidopteran insect.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is toxic to living organisms, because its high reactivity causes oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme facilitating the removal of superoxide anions from living organisms. This study focused on the cloning of MnSOD cDNA from Hyphantria cuneaand its induction upon bacterial infection and various stresses. The open reading frame of MnSOD is composed of 645 bp, encoding 215 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular mass and pI of putative MnSOD was evaluated to be 24276 Da and 9.14, respectively. The MnSOD from H. cunea is highly similar to human MnSOD (59.5%) as well as Bombyx mori MnSOD (76.2%). MnSOD showed no big induction upon bacterial infection and stresses, compared to that of Cu/ZnSOD.

Innate immunity responses are triggered by the immune challenge and therefore involve signaling processes. The cellular response is initiated by hemocytes and mainly involves phagocytosis and encapsulation of intruders by these cells. To address whether Hc-STAT is activated upon bacterial challenge, we examined the subcellular location of STAT protein in hemocyte by immunostaining. A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Hc-STAT) has been cloned from the lepidopteran, Hyphantria cunea. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. The gene is transcribed at a low level during all stages of development, and the protein is present in hemocytes, fat body, midgut, epidermis, and Malphigian tuble (Mt). Especially, hemocytes and Mt showed transcriptional activation of Hc-STAT upon Gram (-) bacteria and fungal challenge. Gram (-) bacteria and fungal challenge specifically results in nuclear translocation of Hc-STAT protein and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site in H. cunea hemocyte. In vitro treatment with pervanadate translocates Hc-STAT to the nucleus in hemocyte cells. Here we report the first evidence for the involvement hemocyte JAK/STAT pathway upon microbial infection in lepidopteran insect.

Background : Recently, some of the previous stuies reported that was useful technique on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng transplantation in a rain shelter greenhouse. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum method of greenhouse shading for ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivaton in the northern area of Ganwon, Korea. Methods and Results : We carried out to select optimal shade materials and light-penetrated ratio among polyethylene film with two-layered polyethylene net(PEF+PEN) and blue-white duplicated PE film(BWD-PEF) in the condition of greenhouse for ginseng cultivation. The order of light-penentrated ratio by shade meterials was PEN(75%)+PEF 〉 PEN(85%)+PEF 〉BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) and the order of air temperature was BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) 〉PEN+PEF(85%) 〉PEN+PEF(75%). The net photosynthetic rate was higher in PEN(75%)+PEF than other shading material treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. The root weight and yield were increased by 31.2~55.0% and 25.6~52.2%, respectively under PEN+PEF(75%) compared to other shading materials. Conclusion : We concluded that the PEN+PEF(75%) could be a good shading meterails of the greenhouse for organic 4-year-old ginseng cultivation in northern area of Gangwon, Korea.

Background : The purpose of this study was to big strong and root in the disease, many high quality seed of Lithospermum erythrorhizon selection by fostering, expanding the spread on a farm and Hongju subsistence production base and raw materials medicines of sources deployment for process is to contribute to increasing farm income. Methods and Results : Collected variety into the chemical mutation breeding method, Jecheon of Chungbuk, was conducted in 2001. In 2002 and 2003, two～ three individual selection in 2005 as it produces the 24 individual in 2004. From 2006 to 2010, pure line isolation as it cultivated and one foundation group. Promising in 2011, select one system. Replicated yield trial for two years beginning in 2012 a result of the stem length, providing high -quality “No. 1, Jeollanam-do” majority by assigning system name. Naju, Jangheung-gun, local excellence by implementing a local adaptability test recognized in two years. To breed a new variety named as a dwelling “ Daehong” of Lithospermum erythrorhizon the review by fostering december 2014 to be registered. Conclusions : Leaf type is the broad lancet, flowering time is new variety six days than Jecheon native variety fasted. New variety of stem length and stem thickness are check variety (87cm, 8.25mm) of 9cm tall and 0.6mm thick. Seed yields has native variety as much as 81 % compared to the many into 45.6 kg/10a. The shikonin contents of roots was 1.3 times higher compared to check variety (447 ㎍ / g). The dried root yields of the new variety are 221kg/10a a many native variety than 50%.

Background : The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to high quality medicinal vegetables, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of different covering material and weed eliminating on stable foliage production in Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg. Methods and Results : method of weed elimination with covering material were conducted under four condition compose to Non covering(4～6 times by manual weed control), Barley straw cutting covered with 700㎏․10 a−1, Rice straw cutting covered with 500㎏․10 a−1, Rice husks covered with 1,000㎏․10 a−1. Fermented mixed oil cake compost applied at 380㎏․10 a−1, 60% of basal fertilizer in March 14, 40% of top dressing were four times application in April 14 ～July 15. Sowing dates were March 25, 2015. Plants were spaced 15 ㎝ apart in rows 15 ㎝ apart with open cultivation. Conclusions : Rice husks covering < Barley straw covering < Barley straw covering cultivation this order, aerial part as a result were plenty amount of growth. Weed the rates was 12 to 29% lower incidence. Green leaf yields is uncovering control plot (915 kg․10 a−1) compared to 2% from covering rice husks, barley straw and rice straw covering increased to 18%, 20%, respectively.

Background : The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to high quality medicinal vegetables, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of different organic fertilizer and applicated cultivation on stable foliage production in Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg. Methods and Results : method of application with organic fertilizer were conducted under nine condition compose to control(non application), N-P2O5-K2O (20-12-10)㎏․10 a−1, Hyphal incubation compost(HIC) applied at 851㎏․10 a−1, Hangawi organic compost(HOC) applied at 547㎏․10 a−1, Fermented mixed oil cake compost(FMOC) applied at 380㎏․10 a−1, 60% and 40% of basal fertilizer in March 12, top dressing were four application in April 12, May 12, June 13 and July 12, respectively. Sowing dates were March 23, 2015. Plants were spaced 15 ㎝ apart in rows 15 ㎝ apart with open cultivation. Conclusions : chemical fertilizers < hyphal incubation compost < hangawi organic compost < fermented mixed oil cake compost application, top dressing than 60% in order of 40% additional fertilizer, aerial part as a result were so many such amount of growth as number of leaf per plant, etc., Green leaf yields is untreated control plot (875 kg․10 a−1) compared to 12% from using chemical fertilizers, HIC application 18% higher, HOC application 20% higher, and FMOC application increased to 28% of the most.

Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryza B.) is one of the most widespread and devastating diseases of rice. Screening of valuable genetic resources harboring resistance genes is one of the most efficient approaches against blast disease. Because the bioassay to rice blast in the field shows high variations, this study has performed to provide DNA profiles in the accessions of diverse countries using major blast resistant genes linked markers, identified and mapped in different genotypes of rice. Because durable resistance to blast is controlled by a combination of major resistance genes, we surveyed the distribution of blast resistant genes in the 1,500 accessions using major 12 blast resistance genes linked markers. These resistant genes found that the frequency distribution of Pi-39 (66.9%), Pik-m (41.9%), Pit (40.5%), Pii (21%), Pib (19.3%), Pi-d(t)2 (12.7%), but Pita, Pita/Pita-2, Pik, Piz-t, Pi5 genes were identified in less than 10% frequency. Most of accessions contain from 1 to 4 different resistant genes. Pi39 and Pik-m genes amplified in the 69.1% and 51.7% among 356 Korean accessions, Pi39 (79.6%) and Pib (55.8%) in 113 China, Pit (80.6%) and Pib (32%) in 103 Philippines, respectively. In this study, we evaluated the blast resistance degree and the information about the distribution of rice blast resistant genes in rice germplasm. This study will help to develop effective strategies for managing rice blast disease in rice germplasm.

"Gounbyeo" is an early-maturing and good quality japonica rice variety that was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2004. "Gounbyeo" was derived from a cross between Jinbul0 and Jinbul7. This variety has early heading date of July 28 and medium culm length of 68 cm, similar to Odaebyeo. It is moderately resistant to blast disease, but susceptible to bacterial leaf blight, virus diseases and insect pests. Gounbyeo showed less delay of heading date and higher grain fertility than Odaebyeo in cold-water irrigated nursery, Chucheon. The milled rice of Gounbyeo exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. Gounbyeo has lower amylose content of 18.5% and similar gelatinization temperature and good palatability of cooked rice compared to Odaebyeo. The average milled rice yield of this variety is 5.29 MT/ha at ordinary cultivation in local adaptability test for three years. Gounbyeo would be highly adaptable to mid-northern mountainous area and eastern coastal areas of Korea.

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of shattering habit and germination of offtype rice plants collected in Korea which were classified into seven groups based on grain characteristics. In the long-grain red rice group, the short-grain red rice group, the long-grain normal rice group, and the long-grain waxy rice group, the tensile strength of grain and primary rachis branch was relatively low and the fiber cell of the primary rachis branch was short. Characteristics of shattering-related traits and germination in relation to grain and esterase isozyme zymogram type of off-type rice plants. In most lines of the extremely late and sterile rice group, the tensile strength of grain was low, while that of primary rachis branch was high, and the fiber cell was long. However, in the type 1 esterase isozyme zymogram(EIZ) lines among the long-grain normal rice group and the type 6 and 5+6 EIZ plants among the extremely late and sterile rice group, the tensile strength of grain was relatively higher. The long-grain waxy rice group and the type 3 EIZ lines among the long-grain red rice group, showed higher germinability than did cultivars which are known to germinate well even in low-temperature. The other off-type rice group, except for the short-grain waxy rice group and type 1 and 7 EIZ lines among the long-grain normal rice group, had higher germination speed than that of the cultivars.

Swordbean was recently introduced to Korea, and cultural technique for stable production, e.g. optimum seeding date and planting space, has not been established. This experiment was conducted to elucidate the changes of growth characteristics, yield components, and yield as affected by different seeding dates and planting spaces. Days to flowering was shortened by 4∼28 days as seeding was delayed. Stem diameter, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, and seed yield tended to increase with delaying seeding up to 5 April and then to decrease with further delaying seeding. These results indicate that optimum seeding date of swordbean in unheated polyvinyl house would be early April. Although, the swordbean exhibited large increases in plant height, number of branches per plant, and stem diameter at the wider spacings, planting space could be decreased to the 60 cm plant-spacing and 30 cm row-spacing with no deleterious effect on yield.