본 연구는 국내 주요 수계 중 만경강, 섬진강, 남해권 수계, 탐진강, 영산강, 동진강과 연결된 농수로 어류의 종 조성과 어류 길드 특성, 군집 특성을 분석하였다. 2017년 9월부터 2018년 8월까지 4회에 걸쳐 현지 조사를 시행한 결과, 어류는 농수로에서 6목 11과 53종 3,633개체가 출현하였고 본류에서 9목 15과 57종 7,108개체가 출현했다. 농수로의 우점종과 아우점종은 칼납자루 (Tanakia koreensis)와 납자루 (T. lanceolata)로 나타났으며, 납자루아과의 어종이 우점하는 지점이 10지점 중 6지점으로 나타났다. 이는 담수성 이매패류의 서식에 기인한다고 사료된다. 그리고 환경부 지정 멸종위기 야생생물 I급 임실납자루 (T. somjinensis)가 섬진강 수계의 농수로에서 출현했고, 멸종위기 야생생물 II급 큰줄납자루 (Acheilognathus majusculus)와 꺽저기 (Coreoperca kawamebari)가 각각 섬진강 수계, 섬진강과 탐진강 수계의 농수로에서 출현했다. 지점별로 어류 길드 분석 결과, 대체로 농수로가 본류보다 낮은 민감종의 비율을 나타냈다. 군집 분석 결과 하상 구조가 복잡하게 나타난 지점에서 비교적 안정적인 군집을 보였으며, 환경적 변수에 따른 분석 결과 하상 구조가 복잡한 농수로 그룹이 높은 다양도 지수와 낮은 우점도 지수를 나타냈다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 농수로의 어류 서식 특성을 나타내고, 향후 연구와 관리의 필요성을 제시했다.

In this study, we investigate the relationship between the peeling behavior of the backsheet of a photovoltaic(PV) module and its surface temperature in order facilitate removal of the backsheet from the PV module. At low temperatures, the backsheet does not peel off whereas, at high temperatures, part of the backsheet remains on the surface of the PV module after the peeling process. The backsheet material remaining on the surface of the PV module is confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis to be poly-ethylene(PE). Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) is also performed to investigate the interfacial characteristics of the layers of the PV module. In particular, DSC provides the melting temperature(Tm) of laminated ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA) and of the backsheet on the PV module. It is found that the backsheet does not peel off below the Tm of ethylene of EVA, while the PE layer of the backsheet remains on the surface of the PV module above the Tm of the PE. Thus, the backsheet is best removed at a temperature between the Tm of ethylene and that of PE layer.

The Korean Peninsula has experienced regime shift (RS) in winter temperature since the mid-1980s. After the RS, monthly mean temperature significantly increased by 1.05°C in December with 95% confidence level, 1.36°C in January with 99% confidence level, and 1.60°C in February with 99% confidence level, respectively. Interestingly there is no RS in warm winter with 95% confidence level while there is a clear RS in cold winter with 99% confidence level, especially in December and January (DJ), indicating that the RS of winter temperature is mainly due to an abrupt temperature shift in December and January after the RS. Composite analysis suggests that abrupt shift in January after the RS is related to the reduction in sea level pressure (SLP) between Siberian high and Aleutian low, leading to anomalous southerly. However, abrupt shift in December is closely related to the propagation of Rossby wave spanning from the weakening of Ural high to negative anomaly over the North Pacific via high pressure anomaly over the Korean Peninsula, leading to adiabatic heating. Wave activity flux analysis suggests that the abrupt shift of DJ and the associated high pressure anomaly over the Korean Peninsula is induced by the propagation of Rossby wave spanning from North Atlantic Ocean to the Korean Peninsula via the Arctic, especially in cold winter.

This study discusses regeneration of mercury-contaminated, activated carbon from adsorption in the mercuryrecovery process. Mercury in activated carbon was desorbed by thermal treatment, and the regeneration efficiency was confirmed by mercury content and iodine adsorption comparing new and spent activated carbon. Up to 95% of mercury desorbed and up to 86% adsorption performance regenerated at 673 K. Therefore, it is expected that activated carbon can be reused many times by regenerating it through thermal treatment without disposing of mercury-containing activated carbon.

수은의 배출로부터 국민의 건강과 환경을 보호하기 위해 국제수은협약(Minamata Convention on Mercury)이 채택되었다. 수은은 다양한 경로를 통해 환경으로 배출되며 의도적 배출원의 경우 그 양이 상당하여 적정처리 기술 개발이 필요한 시점이다. 활성탄은 가격대비 탁월한 흡착성능 때문에 다양한 산업시설에서 활용되고 있으며 국내의 경우 지속적인 사용량 증가를 나타내고 있다. 이러한 활성탄의 사용 추세와 더불어 환경으로 배출되는 폐 활성탄 또한 증가하고 있다. 일부 폐 활성탄은 지정폐기물로 관리되고 있으나 처리 및 관리에 많은 비용이 소모되어 환경적･경제적으로 문제가 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 환경으로 배출되는 수은의 양을 줄임과 동시에 다양한 산업시설에서 활용되고 배출되는 수은함유 폐 활성탄을 재생하는데 목적을 두었다. 본 연구에서는 수은으로 오염된 폐 활성탄을 재생해보고자 다양한 온도 조건에서 운반가스로 질소(N2, 0.1L/min)를 주입하였으며 0.2atm, 1atm으로 압력조건을 설정 하였다. 또한 각각의 열처리 조건에서 온도 유지시간별 재생효율을 평가하기 위해 온도 유지시간을 10min, 30min, 60min으로 달리 하여 열처리 실험을 진행 하였다. 열처리 후 활성탄은 US EPA Method를 이용하여 수은 함량을 분석하였고 추가적으로 요오드 흡착성능 실험을 통해 수은으로 오염된 활성탄의 재생효율을 평가하였다. 열처리된 활성탄의 수은 함량은 초기 폐 활성탄(30 ppm) 대비 최대 1%까지 줄어드는 것을 확인하였고 요오드 흡착성능의 경우 초기 폐 활성탄 흡착성능의 최대 90%까지 재생되는 것으로 확인되었다. 환경적･경제적 성과를 높이기 위해 현재까지 진행된 연구에 더불어 재생된 활성탄을 재사용한 후 추가적인 재생 실험을 진행하여 재생한계점을 도출해 내는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또 한 재생실험으로 폐 활성탄에서 분리된 수은 및 수은 화합물의 추가적인 안정화 작업 및 적정처분이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

A metal halide lamp was developed to improve the performance of high pressure mercury lamps. In South Korea, these are used in street lamps, fishing lamps, and automobile headlights; however, these are not specified in Annex A part 1 of the MINAMATA convention. In this study, valuable materials were investigated in automobile headlights and street lights and were minimized to contaminate mercury via staged crushing. The staged crushing prevents mercury emissions in the crushing process. Thus, the mercury concentration in glass-type byproducts from waste HID lamps was increased from 260.29 mg-Hg/kg to 2,907.16 mg-Hg/kg. In addition, glass from waste street lamps was increased from 1,083.71 mg-Hg/kg to 14,101.95 mg-Hg/kg. In the case of street light crushing, mercury-containing glass waste decreased by 67%. The specific wastes from staged crushing were mainly glass type. In this material, mercury species vaporize at over 800°C. The elemental mercury was estimated to oxidize during its use and crushing. Therefore, to ensure the harmless treatment of specific wastes from staged crushing, treatment at over 800°C is recommended.

수은은 장거리 이동특성을 가지고 있어 국제적 공동대응 필요성이 지속적으로 제기되었다. 최근 수은의 관한 미나마타 협약이 채택되었으며, 이에 대한 비준을 추진하고 있다. 수은은 배가스 중에서 가스상, 입자상으로 존재한다. 가스상 수은은 산화수은과 원수수은으로 구분된다. 입자상 수은은 전기집진기, 여과집진기와 같은 먼지 제어장치를 통해 주로 제어된다. 산화수은은 입자상물질에 흡착되어 제어되거나, 습식방지시설에 의해 제어된다. 원소수은은 공정변수들에 의해 산화 및 흡착되어 제어된다. 이와 같이 기존 대기오염 방지시설은 수은의 동시제어(co-benefit)효과를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미세먼지를 제어하기 위해 개발된 HI-filter에서의 수은 화학종의 거동과 흡착제분사에 따른 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 석탄 화력발전시설에 설치된 Pilot-scale HI-filter는 배가스 중 미세먼지를 99%이상 제어하였으며, 수은의 제어효율은 66.22%로 나타났다. HI-filter는 산화수은을 입자상물질로 전환시키는 비율을 증가시켰다. 이로 인해, HI-filter후단에서의 수은은 대부분 원소수은으로 존재하였다. 이후 원소수은을 제어하기 위해 HI-filter 전단에서 활성탄과 비산재를 분사하여 수은의 화학종과 수은제어효율을 비교하였다. 활성탄분사 시 원소수은은 활성탄에 흡착되었으며, 입자상수은이 80%이상으로 증가하였다. 이로 인해, 수은의 제어효율은 최대 92%까지 증가하였다. 비산재분사 시 원소수은의 산화반응은 촉진되었으며, 산화수은은 35%까지 증가하였다. 그러나 수은의 제어효율은 61%로 감소하였다. 하지만 HI-filter후단이 습식방지시설에 의해 산화수은은 제어될 수 있으며, 석탄 화력발전시설 전체의 수은제어효율은 크게 상승할 것으로 판단된다.

최근 국제수은협약(Minamata Convention on Mercury)의 채택에 합의함에 따라 회원국들은 수은사용 및 배출 저감에 대한 관리방안을 준비하고 있다. 국내 산업시설에서 발생되는 지정폐기물은 시료특성에 따라 적정처리하며, 일부는 매립하여 최종 처분한다. 용출시험기준을 만족하더라도 매립된 폐기물에 불안정한 형태로 함유된 수은화합물은 최종 매립 후 환경으로 유출될 수 있다. 따라서, 폐기물 및 처리 후 발생하는 부산물을 대상으로 수은에 대한 안정도평가가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 UV램프 폐형광체를 대상으로 500℃ 및 600℃에서 열적처리를 진행하였다. 발생하는 잔류물을 대상으로 총 5단계로 구성된 단계별 용출법(Sequential Extraction Procedure, SEP)을 적용하여 시료에 함유된 수은 화합물의 안정도를 평가하고자 하였다. 각 단계별 용매로써 증류수(1단계), 0.1M CH3COOH+0.01M HCl(2단계), 1M KOH(3단계), 2M HNO3(4단계) 및 Aqua regia(5단계)를 사용하였다. 1~3단계에서 용출되는 수은화합물은 안정도가 약해 환경으로 쉽게 유출되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 4~5단계의 것은 강한 화학적 결합을 이루고 있으므로 이동성이 낮아 안정한 물질로 알려져 있다. 1~3단계를 S1, 4~5단계를 S2로 분류하여 수은 화합물의 안정도를 평가하였다. 처리 전 시료의 수은 함량은 108.7 mg-Hg/kg이며, S1단계에서 62%, S2단계에서 37.5%가 용출되었다. 500℃, 600℃ 열적처리 후 발생된 잔류물의 수은 함유 농도는 각각 17.3 mg-Hg/kg, 11.6 mg-Hg/kg으로 분석되었다. S1단계에서 각각 25%, 20%가 용출되었으며, S2단계에는 각각 75%, 80% 용출되었다. 열적처리 과정에서 안정도가 약한 수은화합물이 제거되었다. 처리 후 잔류물에 함유된 안정한 형태의 수은화합물의 처분 방안에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

This study provides an experimental result of thermal mercury reduction and condensation characteristics for inventing a mercury recovery technology from the waste sludge which contains high concentration of mercury. Thermal treatment was conducted in the temperature range of up to 900oC from 600oC with different residence time using a waste sludge from domestic industrial facility. Properties of powder material condensed after thermal treatment were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of thermal processing. Leaching characteristics of bottom ash and condensed powder material were analyzed by Korean Standard Leaching Test method (KSLT). Cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) Hg analyzer was used for the analysis of mercury content in solid and liquid samples. We found that mercury contents was concentrated compared with waste sludge. However, the mercury concentration of leached solution from the condensed powder material was very low. The chemical characteristics of condensed powder material was estimated using experimental analysis and literature survey. In order to recover purified elemental mercury, the further researches of refining experiments would be required.

Fossil fuel combustion generates large amount of green house gas and it was considered major emission source causingglobal warming. For reducing green house gas, renewable energy resources have been emerged as an alternative energy.Among those resources, waste has been considered major resource as one of renewable energy, but it has been not utilizedsufficiently. In Korea, there are lots of efforts to utilize sewage sludge as one of renewable energy resources due to wasteto energy project of government. In this paper, sewage sludge was utilized as main fuel in order to recover heat energysource using oxy-fuel combustion in 30KWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) pilot plant. Firstly, basic characteristics ofsewage sludge were analyzed and fuel feed rate was calculated by stoichiometry oxygen demand. For producing 30kwthermal energy in pilot plant, the feeding rate of sewage sludge was calculated as 13kg/hr. In oxy-fuel combustion, oxygeninjection rate was ranged from 21% to 40%. Fluidized material was more suitably circulated in which the rate of U/Umfwas calculated as 8 at 800oC. Secondly, Temperature and pressure gradients in circulation fluidized bed were comparedin case of oxy and air combustion. Temperature gradients was more uniformly depicted in case of 25% oxygen injectionwhen the value of excess oxygen was injected as 1.37. Combustion efficiency was greatest at the condition of 25% oxygeninjection rate. Also, the flue gas temperature was the highest at the condition of 25% oxygen injection rate. Lastly,combustion efficiency was presented in case of oxy and air combustion. Combustion efficiency was increased to 99.39%in case of 25% oxygen injection rate. In flue-gas composition from oxy-fuel combustion, nitrogen oxide was ranged from47ppm to 73ppm, and sulfur dioxide was ranged from 460ppm to 645ppm.

This study provides a result of thermal mercury reduction for inventing a mercury recovery technology from the sludgewhich contains high concentration of mercury. Physical, chemical and thermal properties of the sludge were analyzed andmercury degradation at elevated temperatures was investigated to find out the optimum temperature range for thermalrecovery of mercury from the sludge generated from an industrial facility, which contained high concentration of mercury.The study was carried out in the temperature range of up to 650oC from 200oC, and 500~710µm particle size of wastesludge samples were selected from such industries. As primary thermal tests the sludge was heated up to observe weightdegradation at a continuous weight measurable thermogravimetric analyzer and a muffle furnace and the degradationcurves from both devices were found to be well matched. Mercury conversion to gaseous form was investigated fromthe analyzed data of mercury concentrations sampled every 25oC from a muffle furnace. Cold vapor atomic absorptionspectroscopy (CVAAS) Hg analyzer was used for the analysis of mercury content in solid and liquid samples. Most ofmercury was degraded and released as gas phase at the temperature range from 300oC to 550oC, which could be theoptimum temperature of mercury recovery by thermal method for the sludge containing high concentration of mercury.Based on these thermal mercury reduction studies, degradation kinetics study of mercury was conducted to provide thereaction kinetics data for further reactor design to recover mercury using a thermal method.

In recent years, the demand of renewable energy fuels has been increased in worldwide because the capacity of fossil fuel would be not affordable in the near decade. As one of renewable energy fuels, the production of sewage sludge would be gradually increased by year, and it would be over than 10million tons in 2015 in Korea. Since ocean dumping was inhibited due to London Convention with being in effective at the end of 2012 in Korea, the combustion of sewage sludge has been emerged as one of alternative technologies of waste to energy. Meanwhile, it would be necessary to apply the carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology to reduce carbon dioxide originated from waste sludge incineration. During oxy-fuel combustion, a combination of oxygen typically of greater than 95% purity and recycled flue gas is used for combustion of the fuel. By recycling the flue gas, a gas consisting mainly of CO₂ and water is generated, ready for sequestration without stripping of the CO₂ from the flue gas. In this study, the pilot test was conducted by a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor consisting of a riser, a cyclone, a down-comer, and a loop-seal. The CFB combustor has a riser with an inner diameter of 0.15m and a height of 6.4m. The experimental test was carried out with waste sludge in 30kwth CFB combustor operating with oxy-fuel and typical air conditions. The optimum temperature for waste sludge incineration was determined as 800℃. Oxygen with carbon dioxide as a combustion air was fed into a riser and a loop-seal in pilot test bed. The oxygen rate as a combustion air was ranged from 21% to 30% to observe the condition of waste sludge oxy-fuel combustion. The temperature and pressure profile in CFB reactor were depicted in the condition of typical air and oxy-fuel combustion. The flue-gas from typical air and oxy-fuel combustion was analyzed to observe the trend of carbon dioxide and air pollutants emission such as CO, NOx, and SOx, respectively. The production of carbon dioxide was approximately 90% in flue-gas from waste sludge incineration with oxy-fuel condition.