1. 러시아는 세계 3위 감자 생산 대국이며 감자는 밀과 함께 러시아의 중요한 식량작물로서 2018년 현재 약 1,314천 ha에서 재배되고 있다. 2. 러시아의 감자 총생산량은 2018년 22,395천 톤 내외이며 ha당 생산량은 1992년 11.4 톤에서 2018년 17.1 톤으로 5.7 톤 증가했다. 3. 신선감자와 냉동감자의 수입이 꾸준히 늘고 있으며 신선 감자 수입은 지난 25 년동안 1992년 425천 톤에서 2017년 561천 톤으로 136천 톤 증가했고 냉동감자 수입은 118.0천 톤 증가하여 2017년 118.4천 톤이었다. 4. 신선감자 수출량은 최근 급증하여 2017년 현재 200천 톤 내외인 반면 냉동감자 수출량은 2017년 1.5천 톤으로 매우 미미하였다. 5. 감자 품종의 경우 400종 이상이 등록되어 있으며 이들 중 약 51.1%는 자체(CIS 국가 포함) 육성 품종이고 나머지는 네덜란드, 영국 등 해외 도입종이다. 6. 러시아 국민 1인당 연간 감자 소비량은 110 kg 내외로 지난 25년간 큰 변화가 없는 반면 가공용 감자 소비는 꾸준히 감소하여 2017년 400천 톤 규모였다. 7. 매년 6,500천 톤의 씨감자가 사용되고 있는 반면 자체 수급체계가 미비하고 고품질 씨감자의 수입도 4~9천 톤에 불과하여 씨감자 문제가 갈수록 심화되고 있다. 8. 우리나라 감자 9종의 현지 시험재배 결과, 현지품종 대비 파종후 성숙은 빠른 반면 괴경수량이 적고 괴경의 평균 무게가 가벼우며, 역병저항성이 약한 편이었다. 다만 국산품종 중 ‘아리랑1호’, ‘조풍’은 조숙 및 다수성을 나타내어 현지 진출이 유망할 것으로 판단되었다. 9. 구 소련 해체와 함께 고도의 씨감자 기술 및 체계가 붕괴된 러시아는 현재까지 씨감자 수급체계 및 기술이 낙후되어 있고 고품질 씨감자에 대한 수요도가 높아 한국 씨감자 업체 의 러시아 감자시장 진출 전망은 밝은 편이다.

신품종 감자 ‘아리랑1호’는 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 고령지농업연구소에서 2018년도 육성되었다. ‘아리랑1호’는 ‘Frontier’ 품종을 모본으로 하고 ‘대관1-117호’ 계통을 부본으로 2011년 교배하여, 장일 고온 조건에서 식물체 생육 및 괴경의 형성과 비대가 양호하여 다수확 할 수 있는 계통으로 선발되었다. 중앙아시아(여름재배)와 국내 평난지(강릉, 봄재배) 및 고랭지(대관령, 여름재배)에서 2014~2015년 생산력 검정을 통해 ‘대관1-150호’로 계통명을 부여하고, 2016~2018년 지역 적응성검정 시험을 거쳐 ‘아리랑1호’로 명명하였다. ‘아리랑1 호’의 초형은 반직립형으로서 초세가 강하고 왕성하다. 괴경모 양은 짧은 계란형이며, 괴경 색깔은 표피와 육질부 모두 황색이다. ‘아리랑1호’의 경장은 67.1 cm로 대조품종인 ‘수미’, ‘산테’보다 긴 반면, 경수는 3개 내외로 대조품종과 유사하다. 주당 괴경수는 9.0개로 ‘수미’(5.4개) 보다 많은 반면, ‘산테’ (14.1개)보다 적다. 괴경당 평균 무게와 포기당 총 괴경중은 각 각 96.1 g 및 865 g으로서 대조품종보다 무겁다. 겹둥근무늬병 과 역병에 대하여 중도저항성이며, 바이러스병과 더뎅이병에 있어서는 감수성을 나타낸다. 건조에 대한 저항성은 ‘산테’나 ‘수미’보다 강한 중도저항성으로 평가되었다. 비중과 건물율은 ‘수미’보다 높고 ‘대서’와 유사하며, 감자칩 품질은 ‘대서’와 같이 우수한 것으로 평가된다. ‘아리랑1호’의 단위면적당 상서수량은 국내의 경우 3,360 kg·10a-1으로 ‘수미’ 보다 57% 더 많 고, 중앙아시아에서는 3,070 kg·10a-1으로 ‘산테’ 보다 약 55% 더 많았다. 신품종 감자 ‘아리랑1호’는 장일 고온 건조한 지역에서 기형, 이차생장 등이 적고 다수성을 나타내어 중앙아시아 등 해외 진출에 유망한 품종으로 판단된다.

1. 우즈베키스탄의 감자 재배면적은 2006년 52,590ha에서 2016년 84,142ha로 최근 10년 사이 60% 늘었으며, 생산량은 2006년 1,021천 톤에서 2016년 2,925천 톤으로서 3배 이상 증가하였다. 2. 단위면적당 수량(/ha)은 2006년 19.4톤에서 2016년 34.8 톤으로 15.4톤 증가하였으며, 이는 유럽산 상위단계(elite 및 super elite급) 씨감자의 수입이 늘었기 때문이다. 3. 감자 수입은 2006년 6,912톤에서 2013년 18,446톤으로 7년 사이 11,000톤 이상 증가한 반면, 수출은 2006년 112톤에서 2013년 64톤 내외로 크게 감소하였다. 4. 톤당 수입가격은 591.6불로서 수출가격인 339.3불보다 1.7배 고가이며, 이는 고품질 상위단계 씨감자의 수입에 반하여, 저가의 일반식용 감자가 수출되기 때문이다. 5. 우즈베키스탄에 공식 등록 감자 품종수는 73종(2013년 기준)으로서 네덜란드산 45종, 독일산 11종, 폴란드산 2종, 러시아산 1종, 및 자체 육성 14종이 있으나, ‘산테’, ‘피카소’ 등 유럽산 수입 품종들이 우점하고 있다. 6. 감자 주된 생산작형으로는 남부 평난지의 봄 가을 2기작과, 고랭지에서의 여름 단작이 있다. 7. 우리나라 감자 13품종의 현지 생육특성 평가 결과, 현지 품종 대비 경장이 짧고 주당 괴경수와 괴경수량은 적었던 반면 괴경의 평균 무게는 무거웠다. 국산 품종에서 고온 고염 등 환경스트레스에 의한 생리장해 발생이 많아 향후 현지 진출을 위한 품종 선발 시 내서성 등의 검토가 중요할 것으로 판단된다. 8. 상위단계 씨감자 가격이 고가임에 따라 농가의 자가 채종이 늘면서 씨감자의 퇴화가 심하여, 고품질 씨감자에 대한 농가 및 우즈베키스탄 정부의 ODA 수요는 꾸준히 증가할 것 으로 전망된다. 9. 또한 우즈베키스탄 감자분야의 실질적 발전을 위해서는 수확 전·후 관리기술 및 주요 거점지역 중심 저장시설 개선을 통한 저장 중 높은 감모율의 경감이 우선되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Potato cultivation area in Kazakhstan has been steadily increasing for ten years from 154,000 ha in 2006 to 186,000 ha in 2016. The production amounts are also increasing from 2,360,000 tons in 2006 to 3,550,000 tons in 2016. The average yield(/ha) was 19.0 ton in 2016 while 15.4 tons in 2006. The import volume increased by about 3.2 folds for seven years from 34,874 tons in 2006 to 112,323 tons in 2013. The import price(/ton) has been also showing steady increasing from $180(USD) in 2006 to $202(USD) in 2013. The export volume dramatically increased from 73 tons in 2006 to 8,455 tons in 2013. It shows that the potato trade with neighboring countries is very active recently. Kazakhstan need seed potato of around 700,000 tons each year, which is more than the total production yield (600,000 tons/ year) of Korean potato. Seed potatoes are imported from Europe by the private seed companies and then distributed to farmers after multiplications for two or three years. Potatoes are sown in May and harvested in September or October, which is similar to the summer cropping in Korean potato. The European cultivars such as ‘Sante’ and ‘Rodeo’ are preferred broadly due to their high temperature resistance, salt tolerance, long dormancy period, and yellow flesh color. Meanwhile, Early blight and Colorado potato beetle are known as the main problems at Kazakhstan potato fields. The big yield loss by insects or diseases during storage is one of the severe problems too. Considering the internal and external circumstances of Kazakhstan potato, it is expected that the Korea's high-quality seed potatoes and the post-harvest management technologies could be helpful to enter the Kazakhstan potato market effectively as well as to increase the market competitiveness.

The potato production area in Mongolia can be divided into four regions such as central agricultural region, western agricultural region, eastern agricultural region, and gobi agricultural region based on climate and soil conditions. The potato cultivation area increased by over two times for twenty years from 7,806 ha in 1994 to 16,821 ha in 2012. Amounts of potato production also increased by over four times from 53,957 tons in 1994 to 245,935 tons in 2012. The average yield per ha increased by about 8 tons, 15.0 ton/ha in 2012 more than 6.9 tons/ha in 1994. This result is attributed to successful supply of virus-free seed potatoes through the ‘Mongolian Potato Program’ (MPP). The potato import volume decreased dramatically from 35,884 tons in 2008 to under 34 tons in 2013 and the export volume was 3,500 tons in 2013 and 4,800 tons in 2014. Potato breeding program in Mongolia began in the relatively recent years and the important selection criteria were yields, drought tolerance, early maturity, and deep yellow skin and flesh colored variety. The seed potato systems have been improved as follows: traditional clonal selection system(1974-1976), virus free tissue culture system(1988-1990), and MPP seed system( 2004-2008). In the future in Mongolia, combined potato processing facilities are needed for the overproduced potatoes. The official development assistance (ODA) fund being supported for 12 years was stopped along with MPP project termination in 2015, so Mongolia is faced with the difficulty that have to maintain the seed potato system by itself.

We have used bulked segregant analysis to screen the strain-specific DNA marker associated psychrophilic strain of Pleurotus eryngii. Bulked genomic DNAs of Pleurotus eryngii were amplified by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using OP-A, OP-B, OP-L, OP-P, OP-R and OP-S primers to screen the strain-specific DNA marker. A unique DNA fragment of 490 bp was amplified with OP-L18 primer from the psychrophilic strain and sequenced. A sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was designed on the basis of the determined sequence and named as OP-L18-1. The PCR analysis with the OP-L18-1 primer showed that this SCAR marker clearly distinguish the psychrophilic strains from the control strains.

Cryopreservation has been known as an efficient method for long-term preservation of clonally propagated plants, and several cryopreservation methods have been developed. Among them, a droplet-vitrification method for potato using axillary shoot tips in vitro has been established previously. In this study, we have optimized the procedure in which explants were submitted to a step-wise pre-culture in liquid sucrose-enriched medium (0.3 and 0.7 M for 7 and 17 h, respectively). The pre-cultured explants were dehydrated with PVS3 (w/v, 50% glycerol + 50% sucrose) for 90 min or modified PVS2 vitrification solution (w/v, 37.5% glycerol + 15% DMSO + 15.0% ethylene glycol + 22.5% sucrose) for 30 min. This two dehydration solutions produced post-cryopreservation regeneration percentages of 57.2% and 80.9%, respectively. We also compared a new post-culture medium (0.1 mg L ･ -1 GA3, 0.1 mg L ･ -1 kinetin) with the conventional one (0.15 mg L ･ -1 IAA, 0.2 mg L ･ -1 zeatin, 0.05 mg L ･ -1 GA3); the shooting initiation rates were 80.9% and 43.5%, respectively. The results suggest that the modified droplet-vitrification protocol described in this study is more effective, easier to implement, and more economical than the droplet-vitrification protocols currently used for potato.

"홍영"은 2003년 "대서" 품종과 AG34314 계통 간의 교잡후대에서 유래되었으며, 고령지농업연구소의 감자육종 프로그램을 거쳐 선발되었다. 2006년과 2007년 대관1-102호라는 계통명으로 지역적응시험을 수행하여 주요 생육특성, 괴경특성, 수량성 및 병해특성을 평가하였으며, 2007년 "홍영"으로 명명하여 국립종자관리원에 신품종으로 원하였다. "홍영" 감자는 모양이 둥글고 눈이 얕으며 껍질과 속이 모두 홍색이다. ha당 평균 수량은 37.4톤이

A resveratrol synthase (RS) gene was isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea, L. cv. Jinpoong) plants. This gene was placed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S) and introduced into two Korean varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cvs. Jasim and Jowon) plants by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Putative transformants were screened by PCR with primers designed from CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator and RS gene. Most of selected transgenic potato plants showed the amplification of expected fragments by PCR of genomic DNA with gene-specific primers, while they were absent in untransformed control plants. Expression of the resveratrol synthase gene was also examined by northern blot analysis. The transformants showed a band which was lacking in the control plant, confirming that the introduced gene is transcribed into mRNA in the transformants. The strength of the band, which reflected the level of mRNA expression, differed among the individual transformants. Among the transformants obtained, the highest trans-resveratrol content in the transgenic young leaves of purple-fleshed "Jashim" was 2.11 μgg-1 fresh weight and that in the microtubers in vitro of purple fleshed "Jashim" was 8.31 μgg-1 fresh weight. This amount of resveratrol may have a positive biological effect on human health.

자영'은 2003년 '대서' 품종과 AG34314 계통 간의 교잡 후대에서 유래되었으며, 국립식량과학원 고령지농업연구센터의 감자육종 프로그램을 거쳐 선발되었다. 2006년과 2007년 대관1-104호라는 계통명으로 지역적응시험을 수행하여 주요 생육특성, 괴경특성, 수량성 및 병해특성을 검토하였으며, 2007년 '자영'으로 명명하여 국립종자관리원에 신품종으로 출원하였다. '자영' 감자는 모양이 비교적 둥글고 눈이 얕으며 껍질과 속이 모두 자주색이다. ha

"Chuyoung" as a new double cropping potato variety was bred in 2005 for table use through a cross between "Dejima" with short tuber dormancy and HRB-31 which is a tetraploid derived from an interspecific cross between "Russet Burbank" and Solanum phureja line. It was evaluated for short dormancy, growth and tuber characteristics every twice a year from 1997 to 2001. Regional yield trials were performed from 2002 to 2004 at three locations, Jeju, Namhae and Gangneung of Korea, respectively. Its tuber shape is oblong with yellow skin and flesh colors. Its dormant periods is 60~70days. It showed less incidence of physiological disorders such as cracking or knobs on tubers, and higher resistance to common scab by Streptomyces scabies compared to "Dejima". It has tall plant height and erect growth type with green-broad leaflets and white large inflorescence. Its average yields are 29.5 and 22.6 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping, respectively. It also showed higher marketable yield due to the lower incidence of common scab and physiological disorders compared to "Dejima".

"Chugang" as a new double cropping potato variety for table use was bred in 2003 from a cross between H83005-2 with short dormancy and "Superior" with common scab resistance. It had been evaluated for short dormancy, growth adaptability and tuber characteristics every twice a year from 1990 to 1999. Regional yield trials had been performed from 2000 to 2002 at three locations, Jeju, Namhae and Gangneung of Korea, respectively. It has round oblong tuber shape with yellow skin and white flesh color. Its tuber dormant periods is approximately 50~60 days. It showed less physiological disorders such as cracking or knobs, and more tolerant to environmental stresses such as plant death by flooding and damages by frost or severe wind compared to "Dejima". Average yields of "Chugang" are 34.6 and 31.1 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping, respectively. It is more resistant to common scab and less susceptible to late blight (phythophthora infestans) compared to "Dejima". However, it is susceptible to potato virus Y (PVY) and andean mosaic virus (AMV).

Lately, the autumn cropping areas of potato have been steadily increased to supply fresh potatoes all year round in Korea. Although "Dejima" is a main cultivar for autumn cropping, it is very susceptible to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and show high frequency of physiological disorders such as knobs and cracking on tubers. "Chudong" was bred in 2002 for fresh table use from a cross between H83520-3 with short tuber dormancy and "Superior" with common scab resistance. It has attractive, round tuber shape with white skin and flesh colors. Its tuber dormant periods is 5 days longer than 65 days of "Dejima". Its average yields were 32.4 and 21.8 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping of regional yield trials, respectively. It is more resistant to common scab and potato leaf roll virus and less susceptible to late blight (Phythophthora infestans) compared to "Dejima". However, it is susceptible to potato virus Y.

‘Seohong’ was bred within the potato breeding program of National Institute of Highland Agriculture (NIHA). It was originated from a cross made in 1997 between ‘Jashim’ as a female and 93K65-1 as a male parent. Seohong was evaluated as a seedling number 97S05-1 for tuber characteristics, growth and yielding ability from 2001 to 2002, and than this clone was renamed as Daegwan 1-82. This clone was evaluated in the regional yield trial and the disease resistance in the five locations for three years. Finally, this clone was named as ‘Seohong’ and registered a new recommended potato cultivar in 2006. This cultivar has a round, shallow eye depth, light red-skinned tuber characteristics and low to medium dry matter content. It showed high resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), however it was susceptible to potato virus Y (PVY) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Its mean tuber yields from the regional yield trial and winter cropping trial were 12 and 49 percent higher than that of ‘Superior’, respectively.

We performed field trials to assess levels of changes in intrinsic properties and resistance against soft rot of the potato cultivar ‘Irish Cobbler’ upon the introduction of the Shiva-1 gene. Each five lines, transformed with Shiva-1 gene controlled by the PAL5 promoter (P) and by the CaMV 35S promoter (E) were evaluated in the field. In based on evaluation of 10 defined morphological characteristics, all the transgenic clones of both lines proved to be true to type. When five agronomic characteristics were taken into account as well, all the transgenic lines except E8 were considered to be true to type. According to the result of northern blot analysis, seven (P1, P3, P4, P6, E10, E12, and E16) transgenic clones could be distinguished clearly from corresponding untransformed clones. But in three lines (P8, E5, and E8), no hybridization signal was detected. There seems to be positive correlation between the levels of resistance to soft rot and the transgenic expression at mRNA levels in P lines. But in the case of E lines, however, there doesn’t seem to be any correlation between the levels of disease resistance and mRNA expression

The experiment was conducted to improve the selection efficiency m the first generation through the analysis of variation pattems of major tuber characteristics when raising hybrid seedling using the different plug cell size. The correlations in related t