본 연구는 산림유전자원보호구역의 유형별 지정기준을 정밀화하고, 제안된 기준의 현장 적용 가능성을 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 현행 제도의 한계를 분석하고, UNESCO 생물권보전지역, IUCN 중요생물다양성지역(KBA), 람사르습지, 일본 보호림, 국내 국립공원 및 습지보호지 역 등 국내외 보호구역 지정기준을 비교·검토하였다. 이를 바탕으로 현행 7개 지정유형 체계를 유지하되, 유형별 특성을 반영한 정량적 기준(면적, 수령, DBH, 출현 종수, 서식지 비율 등)과 정성적 기준(전문가 평가)을 결합한 세부 지정기준을 제안하였다. 또한 제안된 기준의 현장 적용성을 평가하기 위해 전국 11개 산림유전자원보호구역을 대상으로 식물상 조사, 식생 구조 분석, 지형·환경 특성 평가 및 전문가 검토를 수행하였다. 적용 결과, 원시림 유형은 부분적으로 적합한 것으로 평가되었으며, 국내 여건상 면적 기준보다 생태적 온전성과 자연성이 핵심 평가 기준임을 확인하였다. 고산식물지대 유형은 적합한 것으로 평가되었으며, 뚜렷한 고산 식생군락이 없더라도 식물지리학적 중요성과 복원·관리 활동이 있을 경우 지정 유지가 타당함을 보여주었다. 진귀한 임상 유형은 적합으로 평가되었으나 일부 지역에서 최초 지정 목적과 현황 간 불일치가 확인되어 재검토가 필요함을 제시하였다. 희귀식물자생지 유형은 적합으로 평가되었으며, ‘분포 한계종’과 ‘기후변화취약종’ 항목의 중복 문제를 확인하였다. 유용식물자생지 유형은 부분적으로 적합으로 평가되었으며, 향후 경제적 가치를 반영한 정량 지표 개발이 필요함을 제시하였다. 산림습지 및 산림 내 계곡천 유형은 적합으로 평가되었으며, 다수의 습지식물 출현이 지정 타당성을 뒷받침하였다. 반면 자연생태계보전지역 유형은 부적합으로 평가되어 희귀식물자생지로의 재분류 가능성을 제시하였다. 다만 제한된 조사 대상지와 일부 정성적 평가 의존이라는 한계가 있으나, 본 연구를 통해 재정립된 지정기준과 평가체계는 향후 산림유전자원보호구역의 체계적인 관리 및 제도 개선을 위한 실질적인 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study assessed the genetic outcomes of reintroducing Zacco koreanus into the Bongseonsa Stream by comparing the genetic diversity and population structure of the reintroduced population to those of the original populations from the Jojong and Sudong Streams. The reintroduced population in Bongseonsa Stream retained multiple haplotypes and displayed a mixed genetic composition with the original populations, indicating the reintroduction strategy’s effectiveness. The pairwise genetic differentiation value (FST) suggested that the Jojong Stream population, which is geographically closer and ecologically similar, contributed more to gene flow and potential local adaptation in the reintroduced population. Results from STRUCTURE analysis (K=2) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed no clear genetic separation among populations, supporting effective genetic integration. However, the relatively small effective population size (Ne) of the reintroduced population raises conserns about potential longterm risks of inbreeding and genetic drift, which could lead to a loss of genetic variation. Overall, the reintroduction successfully established a genetically diverse population in the short term, but continuous monitoring and adaptive management are crucial for maintaining genetic health and ensuring long-term population stability. This study underscores the importance of integrating genetic considerations into freshwater fish restoration programs and provides a reference for developing sustainable population management strategies.

This study aimed to evaluate the habitat stability and biological characteristics of the reintroduced population of Zacco koreanus in the Bongseonsa Stream, comparing it with original populations from the Jojong and Sudong Streams to assess the effectiveness of the restoration. To confirm the stable establishment of the reintroduced population, we analyzed the length-weight relationship, condition factor, length frequency distribution, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and population ratio relative to the competing species, Zacco platypus. We referenced data from previous studies conducted in 2007, 2011, 2015, and 2016, and performed field surveys in 2021 and 2025. The length-weight analysis revealed that the regression coefficient (b value) for the Bongseonsa population consistently exceeded 3.0 in 2015, 2021, and 2025, while the condition factor (K) demonstrated a positive slope. These findings indicate rapid weight gain relative to length growth, suggesting adequate food availability and effective habitat management. Over time, the length-frequency distribution gradually stabilized, and by 2025, the population exhibited a pattern similar to that of natural populations, indicating a stabilization of the life-history structure. Analysis of the GSI showed that the reintroduced population had a higher reproductive capacity than the original population. Following reintroduction, the relative abundance of Z. koreanus consistently increased, while that of the competing species Z. platypus declined. Overall, these findings demonstrate successful establishment of the reintroduced population of Z. koreanus in the Bongseonsa Stream, evidenced by stable growth, high reproductive capacity, and ecological competitiveness. The success of the restoration is attributed to habitat improvements, including enhanced water quality and stream restoration, as well as the introduction of individuals from two distinct source populations. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to provide valuable data for assessing the effectiveness of future fish restoration projects and for developing long-term habitat management strategies.

본 연구는 국립수목원에서 지정한 전국 25개의 풍혈지를 대상으로 내부 조사자료와 문헌자료를 통해 관속식물의 분포를 확인하고, 보전가치를 파악하고자 수행되었다. 조사 결과, 관속식물 분포는 127과 520속 1,082종 22아종 87변종 8품종 4잡종으로 총 1,203분류군이 출현하였다. 이중 특산식물은 61분류군, 산림청 지정 희귀식물은 백작약, 털개회나무 등 82분류군, Ⅳ등급 이상의 식물구계학적 특정식물은 산작약, 바위말발도리 등 87분류군, 기후변화 300 북방계식물은 야광나무, 돌단풍 등 49분류군, 호석회성 식물은 민둥갈퀴, 가침박달 등 46분류군, 외래식물은 애기수영, 서양등골나물 등 94분류군으로 각각 확인되었다. 이 결과는 관속식물 유형별 풍혈지를 중심으로 한 생물다양성 보전 및 생태 네트워크 구축에 기여할 수 있으며, 향후 보호구역 확대 지정과 기후변화 대응을 위한 모니터링 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 철원군 대득봉의 관속식물을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 비무장지대에 인접한 대득봉의 지리적 입지 는 DMZ와 그 이남지대를 연결하는 완충지대로 기능하고 있기에 대득봉의 식물자원을 조사하는 것은 DMZ의 식물상을 이해하는 한 방법이기도 하다는 점에서 본 연구는 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 대상지역을 2015년 5월부터 2017년 5월까지 총 7차례에 걸쳐 조사한 결과 관속식물은 84과 245속 341종 4아종 43변종 5품종으로 총 393분류군이 조사되었다. 그 중 산림청 지정 희귀식물은 삼지구엽초, 땅나리, 천마 등 총 8분류군, 특산식물은 처녀치마, 진범, 외대으아리 등 총 6분류군이 확인되었으며 식물구계학적 특정식물은 44분류군이 조사되었다. 귀화식물은 23분류군으로 확인되었으며 귀화율과 도시화지수는 각각 5.8%, 7.1%로 나타났다.

Through an application of plasmid capture system (PCS) to Bacillus thuringiensis plasmid DNAs, we acquired 21 polymorphic clones of putative genomic DNA of bacteriophage. The genome size of phage 1-3 (PhBT1-3) was determined to be 46,517 base pairs (bp) with 35.43% G + C content and 83% coding region. Sixty-five putative open reading frames (ORFs) with more than 50 codons were found in the new phage genome. In accordance with this genome finding, the phage particles and its DNA were confirmed from the supernatant of B. thuringiensis 1-3. Morphological characterization and infectivity assay demonstrated that PhBT1-3 belongs to the family Siphoviridae and it showed infectivity to three B. thuringiensis type strains, galleriae, entomocidus, and morrisoni. Based on these results, we screened the existence of phages in B. thuringiensis type strains by PCR with terminase small subunit-specific primers. Ten of 67 type strains showed PCR products and the similarity of those putative amino acids was more than 70%. Furthermore, we verified the existence of various shaped phages from the supernatants of 10 B. thuringiensis type cultures. In conclusion, we characterized a putative genome of phage, PhBT1-3 from B. thuringiensis 1-3, and confirmed the distribution of phages in the group of 67 B. thuringiensis type strains.

A new Bacillus thuringiensis isolate 19-22 (Bt 19-22) exhibited high anti-fungal activity against barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). The cry gene content of Bt 19-22 comprised cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac and cry1D which have high insecticidal activity against lepidopteran larvae. We tried to confer a dipteran insecticidal activity to Bt 19-22 for constructing a recombinant strain which has multiple functions, anti-fungal and dual insecticidal activity. The insecticidal cry11Aa gene of B. thuringiensis was constructed under cry1Ac promoter in an E. coli-B. thuringiensis shuttle vector (pPro11A). The plasmid, pPro11A was introduced into Bt 19-22 isolate by electroporation and four transformants which had different cry gene contents were identified by PCR with cry11Aa and cry1-type specific primers. Among them, a Bt 19-22 transformant (11A/19-22 No. 7) expressed Cry11A protein (approximately 70 kDa) successfully without change of its inherent characteristics such as Cry protein expression and antifungal activity. The insecticidal activity of 11A/19-22 No. 7 was checked against Plutella xylostella and Culex pipiens. These results suggests that the recombinant strain shows dual insecticidal activity against lepidopteran and dipteran larvae as well as antifungal activity.

Mt. Bonghwa reaches a height of 800 m (2,870 ft) and stands on the flank of Mt. Daeam-san, which has an elevation of 1,304 m (4,278 ft). It is important to survey the flora of Bonghwa-san in that it is a way to make out what kind of plant species exist in DMZ due to the geographical characteristics of Bonghwa-san adjacent to Korean DMZ. Therefore this study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their value of Bonghwa-san. The vascular plants that were collected 10 times from May 2015 to April 2017 consisted of a total of 525 taxa; 93 families, 309genera, 458 species, 4 subspecies, 58 varieties and 5 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 12 taxa including Echinosophora koreensis, Epimedium koreanum, Anemone koraiensis etc. Endemic species were 16 taxa containing Cirsium setidens, Heloniopsis koreana, Salvia chanryoenica etc. 31 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 5.8% and 7.25%. Among the surveyed 525 taxa, edible, medicinal, pasturing, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and industrial plants included 213 taxa, 172 taxa, 196 taxa, 50 taxa, 23 taxa, 10 taxa, 6 taxa and 3 taxa, respectively.

This study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their value of Mt. Samyeong. The vascular plants that were collected 10 times from October 2013 to July 2015 consisted of a total of 538 taxa; 92 families, 308genera, 466 species, 3 subspecies, 62 varieties and 7 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 24 taxa. Endemic species were 25 taxa. 28 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 5.3% and 8.7%. Among the surveyed 538 taxa, edible, medicinal, pasturing, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and industrial plants included 220 taxa, 195 taxa, 167 taxa, 65 taxa, 25 taxa, 8 taxa, 6 taxa and 3taxa, respectively.

This study is aimed at identifying the distribution of vascular plants growing at Byeollipsan(Mt.), Bongchunsan (Mt.) and Gucksoosan(Mt.) in Ganghwa isand. Field surveys were conducted for each season from March 2015 to October 2015. The flora of study area were found to be of 455 taxa, 93 families, 280 genus, 392 species, 4 subspecies, 53 varieties and 6 forma. Rare plants were found to be of 3 taxa. Among them, rare plant species consisted of endangered species (EN degree):1 (Thalictrum simlex var. brevipes Hara), vulnerable species (VU degree): 2 (Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino, Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge), respectively. In all the surveyed areas, a total of 6 taxa (Clematis brachyura Maxim. etc.) were found to be endemic to Korea. The floristic special plants found in the surveyed areas were 1 taxa of grade Ⅴ, 4 taxa of grade Ⅳ and 8 taxa of grade Ⅲ, respectively. The naturalized plants were identified as 29 taxa and included Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Aster pilosus Willd. etc..

This survey was conducted in order to investigate the vascular plants of Mt. Goryeong and Gaemyeong in the DMZ area of Korea. The vascular plants were collected eight times from April 2014 to October 2014 and consisted a total of 450 taxa; 91 families, 279 genera, 391 species, 4 subspecies, 49 varieties and 6 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 5 taxa including Tylophora floribunda Miq., Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Viola albida Palib., etc. Endemic plant species were 6 taxa containing Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Clematis brachyura Maxim., Clematis trichotoma Nakai, etc. 33 taxa were listed as specific plant species based on phytogeographical in the investigated area. 35 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants, and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 7.7%, and 10.9%, respectively. Of the 450 taxa listed; 186 were edible plants, 173 pasture plants, 149 medicinal plants, 51 omamental plants, 20 timber plants, 13 stain plants, 4 fiber plants, 4 industrial plants and 92 unknown resource plants.

This survey was conducted in order to investigate the vascular plants of Hak Reservoir Valley in the DMZ Area, Korea. The vascular plants were collected six times (from April 2014 to November 2014) and consisted a total of 238 taxa; 69 families, 172 genera, 206 species, 2 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa including Carex capricornis Meinsh. ex Maxim., Acorus calamus L., Penthorum chinense Pursh. Endemic plant species were 2 taxa including Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Clematis brachyura Maxim. 17 taxa were listed as specific plant species based on phytogeographical in the investigated area. 25 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants, and their Naturalization Ratio and Urbanization Index were recorded as 10.46%, and 7.78%, respectively. Of the 238 taxa listed; 105 were pasturing plants, 92 edible plants, 76 medicinal plants, 24 ornamental plants, 6 stain plants, 4 timber plants, 2 fiber plants, 2 industrial plants and 55 unknown plants.

This study histologically describes the intersexuality of Scomberomorus niphonius collected from the coastal area near Jeju Island. A total of 126 S. niphonius, collected from March to July 2012 with a total length of 62.4 cm (±17.5) and a total weight of 1,701.9 g (±1,528.9) were used for analyses. From a histological perspective, two types of intersex were confirmed. One type had scattered germ cells from the opposite sex within the gonad. The second type developed germ cells from the opposite sex in the connective tissue of the outer gonadal membrane. The intersexuality was 14.3% (n=18/126), with females (21.3%; n=16/75) exhibiting a higher rate than males (3.9%; n=2/51). There was no displayed correlation between intersexuality and the total length and weight.