We studied the infection rate of and various metacercariocidal approaches to controlling Gymnophalloides seoi for prevention of human infection in cultured and natural oysters in Korea. The selected survey areas were Aphae-do (Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do), which is an endemic area for G. seoi, and Tongyeong (Geonsangnam-do), which is the main production area of oysters in Korea. In the Tongyeong area, the metacercariae of G. seoi were not detected in cultured oysters (0/201) or wild oysters (0/134). Seventy-two G. seoi metacercariae were observed in 33 of 265 natural oysters collected from Aphae-do; however, metacercariae were not detected in the cultured oysters (0/1101) purchased from the Daejeon Fish Market. To investigate the viability of G. seoi metacercariae, various metacercariocidal treatments were used with 3.5% saline and oyster juice used as positive controls. The metacercariae survived for 75.4 h in 3.5% saline and 112.6 h in oyster juice. After the metacercariocidal treatment, G. seoi metacercariae were survived for 13.29 min in tap water, < 20 sec in 4.3% vinegar, no effect in a rinse of the whole oyster body in 70°C water for 1 sec, but 1 sec in a rinse of the whole oyster body in 90°C water for 1 sec. The greatest metacercariocidal effect on G. seoi was from rinsing oysters in 90°C water followed by those from treatment with 20% ethyl alcohol, 4.3% vinegar, and tap water. However, we suggest that the most actual prevention to G. seoi human infection is rinsing the oysters with tap water for at least 30 min.

In order to identify key nations and bird species of conservation concern we described multinational collaborations as defined using network analysis linked by birds that are found in all nations in the network. We used network analysis to assess the patterns in bird occurrence for 10,422 bird inventories from 244 countries and territories. Nations that are important in multinational collaborations for bird conservation were assessed using the centrality measures, closeness and betweenness centrality. Countries important for the multinational collaboration of bird conservation were examined based on their centrality measures, which included closeness and betweenness centralities. Comparatively, the co-occurrence network was divided into four groups that reveal different biogeographical structures. A group with higher closeness centrality included countries in southern Africa and had the potential to affect species in many other countries. Birds in countries in Asia, Australia and the South Pacific that are important to the cohesiveness of the global network had a higher score of betweenness centrality. Countries that had higher numbers of bird species and more extensively distributed bird species had higher centrality scores; in these countries, birds may act as excellent indicators of trends in the co-occurrence bird network. For effective bird conservation in the world, much stronger coordination among countries is required. Bird co-occurrence patterns can provide a suitable and powerful framework for understanding the complexity of co-occurrence patterns and consequences for multinational collaborations on bird conservation.

본 연구는 비가림하우스 재배에서 정식시기가 여주의 생육 및 과실 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 여주의 정식시기는 각각 6월, 7월, 8월에 정식하는 3처리로 하였으며, 품종은 ‘드레곤’을 이용하여 재배하였다. 여주의 유인방법은 원줄기를 적심처리하고 아들줄기를 4개로 유인하여 재배하였다. 여주 식물체의 생육조사 결과 절간장은 정식시기에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 여주 식물체의 지제부 경경은 정식시기에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 또한, 여주의 정식시기는 과실의 수량과 수확개수 증가에 효과적이었다. 과실의 상품과 수량은 6월 정식처리구에서 6,439kg/10a으로 가장 많았으며, 반면 8월 정식처리구에서 870kg/10a으로 가장 적었다. 과실의 상품과 수확개수도 6월 정식처리구에서 8월 정식처리구에 비하여 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 그러나, 과실의 과장과 과경은 정식시기에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 여주의 적정 정식시기는 6월에 정식하는 방법이 가장 적합하였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various mulching materials on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Three kinds of polyethylene (PE) mulching materials were used which are: black (Black), green (Green), and white and black on both sides (White), black non-woven fabric (Fabric), and barley straw (Straw) and the control plot (Control) were also used in this study. The change of soil temperature was observed in various mulching materials with Green showing the highest average temperature of 24.4o, followed by Black > Fabric > Control > White > Straw. The variation of plant length,, aboveground weight, and root weight were constant in the order of Green > Black > White > Fabric > Control > Straw. Total yield (number of fruits) were 281,000 in Green which was the highest yield, and the least was from Straw which was 62.3% of Green. Total weight of fruits in Green was 395 kg which was the heaviest, and in Straw was least with 226 kg Hence, the weight of fruits

Carbonic anhydrase is essential for the cellular transportation of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions and plays a key role in a wide variety of physiological processes. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss is an important freshwater fish in aquaculture industry and is known to be one of the most susceptible species to environmental contamination. In this study, carbonic anhydrase was detected in the kidney and intestine of rainbow trout. Carbonic anhydrase was isolated from cytosolic proteins and identified by using SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, and immunohistochemical methods. A specific protein band with molecular weight of 30 kDa and pI of 7.0 was detected by Western blotting. The immunohistochemical results showed that carbonic anhydrase was located at various cells in the kidney and intestine of rainbow trout.

본 연구는 비가림하우스에서 오크라의 적심처리 시기가 오크라 과실의 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사 하기 위하여 수행되었다. 오크라는 5월에 정식하였으며, 품종은 ‘그린소드’를 이용하였다. 오크라의 적심처리는 정식후 각각 30, 45, 60일 후에 실시하였다. 오크라의 지상부 생체중은 정식 60일후 적심처리구에서 가장 많았으며, 30일 처리구에서 가장 작았다. 반면, 오크라의 초장과 절간장은 적심처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 오크라의 적심처리 재배는 과실의 수량과 수확개수 증가에 효과적이었다. 오크라 과실의 수량은 정식 60일후 적심처리구에서 4,257kg/10a으로 가장 많았으며, 반면 30 일후 적심처리구에서 2,508kg/10a으로 가장 적었다. 또한 오크라 과실의 무기성분은 적심처리에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 오크라의 비가림재배시 적정한 적심처리 시기는 정식 60일후에 적심처리하는 방법이 가장 적합하였다.

본 연구는 부산지역의 비가림하우스에서 오크라의 정식시기와 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 오크라의 품종은 ‘적오크라’, ‘그린소드’, ‘마루미짱’, ‘베타화이브’, ‘아카마루미짱’ 등 5개 품종을 이용하여 6월과 7월에 정식을 실시하였다. 오크라의 초장과 절간장은 품종간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 6월에 정식한 처리구에서 오크라의 초장과 절간장은 ‘아카마루미짱’ 품종에서 가장 길었으며, ‘베타화이브’ 품종에서 가장 짧았다. 반면, 7월에 정식한 처리구에서는 품종 간에 생육의 차이가 없었다. 오크라 과실의 수량은 정식시기에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 오크라의 녹색 과실의 수량은 6월 정식에서 ‘베타화이브’ 품종이 4,286kg/10a으로 가장 많았다. 또한, 녹색 오크라 품종은 6월 정식의 경우 ‘그린소드’ 품종과 ‘베타화이브’ 품종에서 수량성이 좋았으며, ‘마루미짱’ 품종은 수량성이 낮았다. 따라서, 부산 지역 비가림재배에서 정식시기는 6월 초순에 정식하는 것이 적합하였다.

아티초크는 가을에 정식하여 겨울철 월동 중에 화아분화가 이듬해 5월경에 수확이 가능하다. 본 시험은 아티초크 육묘 중 저온처리를 하여 생산시기를 7월로 늦추고자 수행하였다. 시험품종은 ‘그린글로브’ 및 ‘임페리얼스타’를 이용하였다. 파종은 72공 플러그 트레이를 이용하여 2월 10일에 파종하였고 4주간 17oC에서 육묘한 후 3, 6, 9, 12oC에서 4주간 육묘하였으며 4월 8일에 노지 포장에 정식하였다. 재식거리는 이랑폭 150cm에 주간거리 50cm(1,523주/10a), 1조식으로 하였다. 온도 처리별로는 6oC 처리에서 화뢰 발생이 63%로 가장 많았고 12oC에서는 33%로 가장 낮았으며 무처리의 경우는 5%의 화뢰가 형성되어 저온에 민감한 품종임을 알 수 있었다. ‘그린글로브’ 품종의 경우 9oC에서 화뢰 형성율이 가장 높아 28%였고 12oC에서는 10%로 가장 낮았으며 무처리의 경우는 화뢰가 전혀 형성되지 않았다. 화뢰중은 ‘임페리얼스타’ 품종이 97g 내외였고 ‘그린글로브’ 86g 내외로 자랐다. 수량은 ‘임페리얼스타’에서 215kg, ‘그린글로브’에서는 108kg을 보였다.

제주지역 참다래 과원의 영양진단을 통해 참다래 수체 내 영양상태를 파악하여 시비기 준을 설정하기 위해 제주지역의 참다래 과원 110 곳의 토양과 참다래 잎을 조사하였다. 참다래 수체의 영양진단을 위한 엽채취 시기는 엽내 성분 함량이 가장 안정된 시기인 7 월 중순~8월초가 가장 적당하였다. 참다래 엽내 무기성분 평균함량은 질소 2.74, 인산 0.20, 칼륨 1.91, 칼슘 1.91, 마그네슘 0.51% ,철 147.0, 망간 160.1, 아연 54.0mg/kg 이었다. 엽내 무기성분 함량의 예상 임계치를 설정하여 정상 범위를 구한 결과, 질소는 2.5~3.0, 인산은 0.16~ 0.24, 칼륨은 1.80~2.44, 칼슘은 1.95~2.63, 마그네슘은 0.39~0.63%였다. 제주지역 참다래원 토양의 이화학성은 pH 5.46, 유기물 9.69%, 유효 인산 220.7 mg/kg, 치환성 칼륨 1.1, 칼슘 4.1, 마그네슘 1.48 c㏖/kg, 양이온 치환용 량 16.18 c㏖c/kg이었다.

본 연구는 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 다양한 약용식품으로 사용되고 있는 올리브 잎과 가지 추출물의 항염증 효과를 확인하였다. 올리브 잎과 가지 추출물은 각각 RAW 264.7 세포에 대하여 세포독성을 나타내지 않았고, LPS 자극에 의한 NO 및 PGE2 생성을 농도 의존적으로 억제했다. 또한, 올리브 추출물은 LPS 자극으로 분비된 TNF-α, IL-1β 및 IL-6의 전염증성 cytokine의 분비량을 억제하였으며, 특히 200 μg/mL 농도에서 올리브 가지 추출물이 잎 추출물 보다 IL-6를 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 대표적인 염증 관련 신호 전달 경로 인자인 iNOS 및 COX-2의 발현을 검토한 결과 올리브 추출물은 iNOS의 발현을 농도의존적으로 현저히 감소시키는 것으로 관찰되었으나, 각각의 올리브 추출물이 COX-2 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 올리브 각 부위별 추출물은 모두 iNOS 및 NO 조절 경로를 조절하는 것으로 사료되나 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질 발현은 병립적이지 않을 수 있음을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구 결과로 올리브 추출물이 독성과 부작용이 적은 항염증 효능을 가진 기능성 화장품 소재로써 개발 가능성이 있다고 사료된다.

Background : This study was carried out to survey the effect of IBA (indole-3-butric acid) concentration on root development characteristics in Viburnum dilatatum cuttings. Methods and Results : The cuttings were collected on July 28, 2016 from plants growing in Korea National Arboretum. Cuttings were treated with different IBA concentrations [0 (control), 10, 100, 1000, 2000 ㎎⋅L-¹] for 10 seconds. Rooting parameters (root number, the longest root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, rooting percentage, and survival rate) were observed at 8 weeks after cuttings. Rooting percentage was 43, 33, 17, 47, and 40 % at 0, 10, 100, 1000, and 2000 ㎎⋅L-¹ of IBA, respectively. Root number (13.4) was highest under 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA. Root length (9.4 ㎝) and Root weight (fresh and dry) were highest under 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA. Conclusion : According to the results, 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA was the best treatment for increasing percentage rooting percentage and other root development characteristics of V. dilatatum cuttings.

The study was conducted to obtain the basic information for extending the harvest season and selecting superior cultivars of mango. For the purposes, various cultivars were imported and cultivated in greenhouse condition, Korea. The periods of flowering and fruit maturity and fruit qualities among cultivars were investigated under greenhouse condition. As the early variety, the harvest time of ‘Carrie’ and ‘Glenn’ was fastest as June 3 based on harvest time and cumulative temperature. ‘Kent’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Choc-anon’, and ‘Fairchild’ as the early variety were harvested from June 8 to June 13. ‘Zill’, ‘Florigon’, ‘Alphonso’, ‘Mallika’, ‘Kensington Pride’, ‘Bailey’s Marvel’, and ‘Pinkering’ as midseason cultivar were harvested from June 15 to June 23. ‘Dot’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Gold Nugget’, and ‘Lancetilla’ as late ripening variety were harvested from July 5 to July 10. The fruit weights of ‘Keitt’ and ‘Kent’ were more than 650g and those of ‘Fairchild’ and ‘Lancetilla’ were less than 200g. The fruit weights of other cultivars were from 300 to 400g. The soluble solid contents of ‘Zill’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Kent’ and ‘Glenn’ were almost 15Brix and those of other cultivars were higher than that of ‘Irwin’. The soluble solid contents of ‘Pinkering’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Lancetilla’, ‘Dot’, and ‘Alphonso’ were about 20Brix and flavors of those cultivars are excellent. The acid contents of cultivars were investigated from 0.2 to 0.4% but that of ‘Fairchild’ was 0.8%.

Background : Clematis trichotoma is a deciduous climber belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of shading levels on growth characteristics in Clematis trichotoma seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in October 2013, and they were sown to 96 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different shading levels (0, 30, 60, 90%) at July, 2015. According to the experiment, plant height was the highest under 90% of shading. It was found that fresh weight and dry weight of clematis trichotoma were the highest under 90% of shading. The leaf number was the highest under 30% of shading. The leaf number decreased as the shading level increased. Root number and length were the highest under 90% of shading. Conclusion : According to the results, Clematis trichotoma seedling showed the highest growth under 90% shading.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of soil types on growth characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different soil types (Peatmoss, Peatmoss + Perlite, Peatmoss + Granite soil, Commercial soil). According to the experiment, stem diameter was the highest under commercial soil. The leaf width and length were the highest under commercial soil. Main root diameter and lengh were the highest under commercial soil. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest growth in commercial soil.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of LED on root develop characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with three different LED (Blue, Red, Blue + Red) at July, 2015. Morphological characteristics of root (total root length, root projet area, root surface area, root diameter and root volume) were analyzed with WinRHIZO software. Seedling root growth of scrophularia koraiensis was surveyed to be the highest at the Blue + Red LED in all measuring. Total root length was measured high in the order of Blue + Red, Red, Blue LED. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest root growth in Blue + Red LED.

Physiological responses to salinity stress were evaluated in six rice genotypes differing in their tolerance to salinity at the seedling stage. Susceptible genotypes ('Dongjingbyeo', 'Hwayeongbyeo', and 'IR29') showed salt injury symptoms (mean 8.8) and higher visual score under salt stress than that of tolerant ones ('Pokkali', 'IR74009', and 'IR73571'). As salinity affects growth and physiological parameters, the six genotypes thus showed significant reduction because of salt stress. Tolerant Japonica/Indica bred lines ('IR74009', 'IR73571') showed lower reduction, 33.9%, 34.5%, and 50%, respectively, in plant seedling height, dry shoot weight and dry root weight than those of the susceptible Japonica varieties ('Dongjingbyeo', 'Hwayeongbyeo'), and the highest reduction under salt stress was observed in dry root weight, followed by dry shoot weight and seedling height, respectively. Shoot Na+ concentration of IR74099 and IR73571 was lower than that of the susceptible varieties, 'Dongjinbyeo' and 'Hwayeongbyeo'. There were no significant differences among genotypes in root Na+ concentration. Shoot K+ concentration showed a reverse tendency compared to shoot Na+ concentration. IR74009 and IR73571 had considerably lower ratio compared to 'Dongjinbyeo' and 'Hwayeongbyeo' in Na+/K+ ratio of their shoot and was not different the tolerant check, 'Pokkali'.