In this study, we applied a model of process-oriented English assessments to primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic and explored how they perceived it. A series of flexible process-oriented assessments were conducted in the first semester of 2022. A survey was administered to 190 fifth-grade students at the end of the semester. The data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The respondents were classified into three categories according to their self-rated English levels. The results show that the students appreciated the assessments, and they highly valued the teacher’s feedback. Various opinions were presented on providing opportunities for re-testing, reporting results to parents, writing peer reviews in school records, and mental pressures. The process-oriented assessments were found to be conducive for the majority of the young English learners, although some students from the lower group seemed to have experienced a psychological burden. Based on the findings, suggestions are made for educators in the post-pandemic era.

The use of humor has been a controversial research topic in language classrooms. Humor is pervasive; however, the functions of humor in primary English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) classrooms is under-investigated. To analyze the distinct features of humor, this study explores the specific functions of humor in primary English teaching classrooms in South Korea. The data set included thirty 40-minute English lessons videotaped in 2019 and semi-structured interviews with three teachers. Data were analyzed by identifying humor sequences, transcribing these classroom sessions and interviews, coding recurrent themes, and sorting representative excerpts. As a result, psychological, social, and behavioral functions of humor were conceptualized. The findings showed that humor (i) mitigated learners’ anxiety and aroused interest in language learning, (ii) reinforced constructive teacher-learner relationships and enabled camaraderie between learners, and (iii) regulated student behavior or rationalized learners’ listening incomprehension. Pedagogical implications are also discussed regarding ways to use and respond to humor in language classrooms.

지난 19년간(2000~2018.9) 검역현장에서 검출된 해충의 종류는 2,028종이며 150,379회 이다. 이중 곤충은 1,745종으로 86%이며, 딱정벌레목은 검출종 중 740종, 42,4%로 검역적으로 매우 중요하다. 머리대장과(Cucujidae)는 머리대장상과에 포함되고, 검출율은 14.7%로 상위 두 번째 과에 속한다. 특히 Cryptolestes ferrugineus(갈색머리대장), Cryptolestes turcicus(터키모진가슴머리대장), Cryptolestes pusillus(긴수염머리대장)은 딱정벌레목 검출종 중 상위 10위 안에 속해 있는 종으로 검역현장에서 매우 중요시 되고 있는 종이다. 본 연구는 머리대장과 C. ferrugineus(잠정규제), C. turcicus(잠정규제), C. pusillus(비검역), C.pusilloides(관리급)에 대한 외형적 특성과 특징을 소개하고자 한다.

지난 19년간(2000~2018.9) 검역현장에서 검출된 해충의 종류는 2,028종이며 150,379회 이다. 이중 곤충은 1,745종으로 86%이며, 딱정벌레목은 검출종 중 740종, 42,4%로 검역적으로 매우 중요하다. 밑빠진벌레과(Nitidulidae)는 딱정벌레목 머리대장상과에 포함되고, 검출율은 9.0%이다. 검출율이 가장 높은 종은 Brachypeplus rubidus로 1,415회 검출되었으며, Carpophilus obsoletus는 999회, Carpophilus hemipterus는 927회, Carpophilus dimidiatus는 477회 검출되었다. 본 연구는 검역과정에서 검출되는 밑빠진벌레과의 Carpophilus 속에 속하는 종들에 대해 검토 하였다. 또한 이들의 외형적 특징과 종의 분류 검색을 제시 하고자 한다.

지난 18년간(2000~2018년 3월) 검역현장에서 검출된 해충의 종류는 1,980종이다. 이중 딱정벌레목은 전체의 42.6% (곤충은 1,707종으로 86.2%)로 검역적으로 매우 중요하며, 여기에서 가는납작벌레과(Silvanidae)는 딱정벌레목 머리대 장상과에 포함되고, 이들의 검출 종은 21종, 횟수는 15,516회로 가장 많은 비율을 차지한다. 최근 18년간 검출률 결과 Ahasverus sdvana(쌀머리대장)로 6,404회로 가장 많이 검출되었으며, Slivanus didentatus(두니가는납작벌레)는 6,225회, Oryzaephilus surinamensis(머리대장가는납작벌레)는 1,123회, Oryzaephilus mercator(곡물가는납작벌레)는 415 회의 검출률을 보여준다. 가는납작벌레과는 딱정벌레목중 가장많은 검출률을 보이는 과로 검역현장에서 매우 중요한 과에 속한다. 본 연구는 검역과정에서 검출되는 가는납작벌레과 곤충 중 검역현장에서 최초로 발견된 Monanus 속의 한 종을 발견하여 보고 한다.

The Lentinula edodes is the third most widely produced mushroom in the world. It is a rich source of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, minerals and β -glucan. The aim of the this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics changes such as proximate composition, minerals, and contents of β -glucan according to the different product area. And we evaluated the antioxidant properties of L. edodes. Also, we determined the standardization of manufacture process for commercial products using L. edodes. Eleven L. edodes were cultivated in oak, and samples were collected by different product area. And the L. edodes cultivated in sawdust have been producted in Jangheung. All samples are shade dried and those dried samples were used for this test.

This study was to investigate the effects of upper and lower limb composing patterns of PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) on the static balance ability by 20 subjects for 6 weeks. This study was measured left one leg standing and right one leg standing with closed eyes on Good Balance system. These results led us to the conclusion that the mean speed of X, Y direction, COP(center of Pressure) velocity moment showed a statistical decrease when applying post-exercise. The above results from this study indicated that upper and lower limb composing patterns of PNF exercise has improved the static balance ability. As a result, this study showed that upper and lower limb composing patterns exercise improve the ability of balance in young adults. Based on this study, it may be applied to old people.