진정한 의미에서의 민간예술작품에서 구현하는 것은 겉면에 표출된 화려한 표상할 뿐만 아니라 그 내면을 탐구하는 것, 더욱 이런 예술 풍격을 단조해 낸 불굴의 민족의식과 정감이다. 예로부터 사회의 발전과 계급 분화로 원시 예술의 변천을 거쳐 분리되어 형성된 문인예술, 궁정예술, 종교예술, 민간예술에 이르기까지 이러한 다른 관념을 기반으로 한 예술 문화 종류가 역사의 흐름 속에서 갈등하고 또 끊임없이 서로 연계하며 기반으로 하고 모순, 연계와 융합에서 하나의 완전한 민족 문화를 육성하였다. 오늘에 이르기까지 민간예술문화에서의 순수한 예술 신념은 여전히 줄곧 이른바 고상하고 우아한 예술 문화에 대해 확고한 기초적 역할을 하고있다. 수암만족 민간 전지(剪紙)는 동북 백산흑수사이에 만족 노동 인민이 창조한 역사적 예술 문화의 완벽한 결정체일 뿐만아니라 또한 수암의 전통적 만족 민간 예술 특유한 민족 예술문화 표식이고 동북 지역의 만족 의향 및 옥도 특색의 전통 민간예술의 걸출한 대표이다. 이것은 동북 만족 인민의 지혜의 예술을 포함하고 있으며 중요한 역사적 가치와 문화적 가치가 있을 뿐만 아니라 또한 중요한 예술적 가치와 과학적 가치를 지니고 있으며 전통문화의 결정체이자 화하문명의 보물이다. 지금은 어떤 의미에서 이미 문화브랜드로 된 민간 전지예술이 점차 문화의 수요품으로 되고 있다. 특유의 가치와 방식으로 문화가 널리 전파되는 또 다른 경로로 되고 있다. 그러나 북방 만족 전지를 놓고 말할 때 기나긴 과정에서 아주 많은 문제도 나타났다. 이를테면 제작 형식과 예술 풍격의 혼동, 관련 문화자료내용의 귀납 정리와 발전 전승 등이다. 본 논문은 북방 만족 문화의 대표 특징을 지닌 수암만족 전지를 연구 대상으로 지역 역사, 문화 신앙 등등 방면에 대해 중국 북방 만족 종이 오림이 형성된 근원성 원인을 심도 있게 분석하였다. 이와 동시에 종이 오림 작품이 드러낸 예술 상태에 있어서 다른 지역의 동류 작품들과 전체적 및 개별적 비교를 하여 예술풍격상의 지역문화 차이를 분명히했다. 또 현재를 결부시켜 전지 예술이 사람들에게 대한 의의를 서술하고 전통문화를 발전시키고 전승할 것을 호소했다.

The Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is facing serious crisis, which has impeded its normal function. To address this impasse, this article suggests a reform of the WTO’s dispute-settlement mechanism: the establishment of a new megamultilateral court to substitute for the Appellate Body. The first part of this paper addresses the reasons for considering this approach. The second part identifies how to establish a new mega-multilateral court within the WTO. The third part puts forward an idea of the function of the Dispute Settlement Body, which would serve as a forum for adjudicators and State Parties of the mega-multilateral court, in order to balance judicial independence, judicial accountability, and consistency. In discussing the reason for this reform, approaches to implementing it, and other examples of what form it might take, this article concludes that it is appropriate to establish a new mega-multilateral court within the WTO.

Product labels are one way for advertisers to provide information to purchasers on product quality (Atkinson & Rosenthal, 2014). Label policies have been issued to promote information disclosure on food products in some developed countries. Recent years have also seen increasing attempts to promote healthy eating in emerging markets. In China, nutrition labels became mandatory under the nutrition labeling acts. The laws require nutrition information to be presented at the point of purchase as well as in establishments where food is prepared or consumed. Additionally, similar actions were taken by India (India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2011), Mercosur members and in South Africa (Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2012; Institute of Food Technologists [IFT], 2011).

Luxury companies are striving to improve their communication with customers while paying attention to online promotion and marketing activities. As companies interact with customers in luxury brand communities via various channels, they yield consumers higher value throughout the effective consumption process. In addition, this connection enhances customers’ understanding of the company, making it easier for companies to acquire empathy from customers. This study aims to analyze the value factors that affect luxury brand community members’ purchase intention and brand attitude. This study utilizes online survey results of four hundred prestige brand community users in China. The results reveal the positive effects of customer engagement on customer psychological empowerment and flow, the positive impacts of customer psychological empowerment and flow on community identity and brand attachment, the positive effects of community identity on purchase intentions, and the positive effects of brand attachment on purchase intentions and brand attitude. Furthermore, the results show that community types and fashion involvement partially moderate customer engagement. This study provides theoretical suggestions for relationship marketing in the luxury brand community environment. Last, this study presents practical implications that companies could utilize to create an emotional connection with their community members, resulting in an increase of customer support.

Carbon materials with tailorable structures and superior properties have great potential applications in environmental protection, energy conversion, and catalysis. Plant biomass as abundant and green non-toxic raw materials has been considered as good precursors for synthesizing heteroatom-doped carbon materials. However, few studies have been reported on the different natures of carbon materials derived from different parts of the same plant biomass. In this study, we prepared carbon materials from the petioles and blades of apricot leaves by direct pyrolysis without additives. Detailed characterizations indicate that these two carbon materials are similar in element composition and graphitization degree, but differ greatly in surface area and pore volume. These differences can be attributed to the different contents of inorganic salts, vascular bundles, and proteins in petioles and blades. When used as catalysts for the oxidation of ethylbenzene, the petiole-derived carbon shows better catalytic performance than the blades derived carbon due to its high surface area, large average pore size, and doped nitrogen atoms. Furthermore, the carbon catalysts derived from the petioles and blades of poplar leaves and parasol tree leaves show the same difference in catalytic reaction, implying that the above-mentioned conclusion is rather universal, which can provide reference for the synthesis of carbon materials from leaves.

정당은 국가기관과 시민사회를 잇는 가교로서 의회정치의 가장 적극 적인 부분이기도 하다. 그들은 EU와 국내 정치의 연결고리가 되며, EU 정치와 세계 정치 모두에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 유럽의회 내 좌파 정당과 집단의 조직구조는 비슷하고, 정당 주일의 정치활동에 의존한다. 결속력과 경쟁력은 당 그룹의 운영 특성이다. 응집력과 경쟁력은 동일 하다. 의회 정당과 집단은 정책 결과에 영향을 미칠 목적으로 어떠한 입법 연합도 자유롭게 구성할 수 있다. 유럽 의회의 좌파 정당 집단의 운영 메커니즘 분석을 통해 우리는 유럽 의회의 성격, 운영 모드, 선거 기능을 더욱 이해할 수 있다. 이 논문은 또 국회 안팎에서 국회 당 그룹의 기능과 그 영향력을 상세히 기술하고 향후 좌파 정당의 발전 전 망을 전망하고 있다.

Using ALMA observations of the 13CN and DCN lines in the massive star-forming region G33.92+0.11A, we investigate the CN/HCN abundance ratio, which serves as a tracer of photodissociation chemistry, over the whole observed region. Even considering the uncertainties in calculating the abundance ratio, we find high ratios (》1) in large parts of the source, especially in the outer regions of star-forming clumps A1, A2, and A5. Regions with high CN/HCN ratios coincide with the in infows of accreted gas suggested by Liu et al. (2015). We conclude that we found strong evidence for interaction between the dense gas clumps and the accreted ambient gas which may have sequentially triggered the star formation in these clumps.

This study aimed to test a convolutional neural network (CNN) in two different settings of training and testing data. Panoramic radiographs were selected from 1170 female dental patients (mean age 49.19 ± 21.91 yr). The cortical bone of the mandible inferior border was evaluated for osteoporosis or normal condition on the panoramic radiographs. Among them, 586 patients (mean age 27.46 ± 6.73 yr) had normal condition, and osteoporosis was interpreted on 584 patients (mean age 71.00 ± 7.64 yr). Among them, one data set of 569 normal patients (mean age 26.61 ± 4.60 yr) and 502 osteoporosis patients (mean age 72.37 ± 7.10 yr) was used for training CNN, and the other data set of 17 normal patients (mean age 55.94 ± 4.0 yr) and 82 osteoporosis patients (mean age 62.60 ± 5.00 yr) for testing CNN in the first experiment, while the latter was used for training CNN and the former for testing CNN in the second experiment. The error rate was 15.15% in the first experiment and 5.14% in the second experiment. This study suggests that age-matched training data make more accurate testing results.

The New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) is the largest solar telescope in China. When using CCDs for imaging, equal-thickness fringes caused by thin-film interference can occur. Such fringes reduce the quality of NVST data but cannot be removed using standard flat fielding. In this paper, a correction method based on multi-scale decomposition and adaptive partitioning is proposed. The original image is decomposed into several sub-scales by multi-scale decomposition. The region containing fringes is found and divided by an adaptive partitioning method. The interference fringes are then filtered by a frequency-domain Gaussian filter on every partitioned image. Our analysis shows that this method can effectively remove the interference fringes from a solar image while preserving useful information.

Product labels are one way for advertisers to provide information to purchasers on product quality (Atkinson & Rosenthal, 2014). Label policies have been issued to promote information disclosure on food products in some developed countries. Recent years have also seen increasing attempts to promote healthy eating in emerging markets. In China, nutrition labels became mandatory under the nutrition labeling acts. The laws require nutrition information to be presented at the point of purchase as well as in establishments where food is prepared or consumed. Additionally, similar actions were taken by India (India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2011), Mercosur members and in South Africa (Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2012; Institute of Food Technologists [IFT], 2011). While nutritional labeling has received a lot of attention both in academia and from the press, some key gaps remain in the nutrition labeling literature. First, a great deal of marketing research has focused on consumer responses (e.g., Balasubramanian & Cole, 2002; Hieke & Taylor, 2012; Ippolito & Mathios, 1995; Parker & Lehmann, 2014; Shah, Bettman, Ubel, Keller, & Edell, 2014) and firm responses (e.g., Moorman 1998; Moorman, Du, & Mela, 2005; Moorman, Ferraro, & Huber, 2012) to nutrition labeling laws. Although stock market investors express greater interest in information about nutrition issues that can be integrated into financial analyses (Global Access to Nutrition Index [ATNI] Investor Statement, 2013), the issue of how standardized information requirements affect investors’ responses in financial markets has been understudied. As used here, standardized product-information disclosure refers to a requirement to present facts about firms’ offerings in a common format using uniform metrics (Moorman et al. 2012). Understanding the extent to which investors consider product information-disclosure polices when they make investment decisions is important because a company’s financial health is not only the ultimate measure for the success or failure of any strategic initiative (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009), but also one of the most important measures of public policy effectiveness (Joshi & Hanssens, 2010; Srinivasan & Hanssens, 2009; Schwert, 1981). Moreover, urgent concerns have spilled over from the product market to the financial market (Chen, Ganesan, & Liu, 2009) due to the enormous economic costs and damage to firms’ reputations in product-harm crises (e. g., melamine contamination in several Chinese brands of infant milk powder) (Ngo, 2014). Another gap in the literature is how nutritional-labeling requirements affect emerging markets. In contrast to the situation in long-developed countries, emerging markets are subject to different pressures for food marketers and thus a distinctive environment surrounds the regulation of food product labeling. In China, food safety and quality is considered an urgent concern, and the issue has forced regulators and companies to take action (Yan, 2008). Unlike mature stock markets, the majority of investors in China are individuals (Chen, Li, & Shi, 2010). The Chinese markets are under-regulated and deficient in gathering and disseminating information to private or public organizations, and it is difficult for listed firms with insufficient records to form reputations (Singh et al., 2005). As a result, information asymmetry is accentuated and imperfect signals released from firms highly impact investor decisions. Thus, examining the effectiveness of labeling requirements in developing economies is important as is comparing these results to those found in more developed countries. Despite the importance of the issue in emerging markets, empirical work for investigating investor response to the public policy of nutrition labeling (Ghani, & Childs, 1999) or firms’ nutrition claim strategies (Cao & Yan, 2016) has been restricted in developed markets (e.g., the U.S.). Little is understood the changes in corporate financial performance because of regulations requiring product information disclosure in emerging markets. As a result of the pressures for consumer protection and regulation, it is increasingly important for policy makers to be able to understand the financial consequences of such regulation because of information disclosure policies (Moorman et al., 2005). Thus, an additional contribution of this study is to help better inform the policy debate in emerging markets. To fill these research gaps, we investigated the influence of the influx of standardized product information on the stock market. Specifically, we conducted an event study to examine the effect on firms’ stock values from the issuance of the food nutrition label acts (FNLAs) in China, a fast-growing emerging market. The acts require food manufacturers to provide standardized nutritional information on pre-packaged food labels. This study contributes to the marketing literature on the financial impact of regulation in emerging markets. In China, on the day the FNLA was issued, they were associated with positive abnormal stock returns of related firms. This result is contrary to the study by Ghani and Childs (1999) that reported that the NLEA passage showed a negative impact on firms’ stock prices. Second, the financial value from the issuance of regulations was strengthened by three marketing leverages—advertising, donations, and R&D. Finally, although Moorman et al. argued that the NLEA increased the number of small-share firms exiting the U.S. market (Moorman et al., 2005), we found that in the short term, large firms benefited less than small firms from product information disclosure in China’s stock market. These findings provide empirical evidence that regulatory controls create changes in shareholder wealth and provide an assessment of the financial market’s perceptions regarding the role of mandatory product- information disclosure in future corporate growth. In addition, evidence of the effects of regulatory changes on wealth is of significant value to policymakers and market participants as they evaluate the benefits and costs of information disclosure in emerging markets.

This study proposed an alternative model specification to increase accuracy of conceptualization of the definition of customer engagement and provided theoretical justification for the model in specific social media contexts. The proposed model is a formative construct based on theoretical contexts and observational data. The construct comprises six formative first-order dimensions, namely “influencing behaviors,” “participation in activities,” “customer knowledge sharing,” “feedbacks,” “helping other customers,” and “customer-to-customer interaction.” The study findings offer a basis for identifying indicators of distinct dimensions in the proposed construct. Three models with different conceptualization specifications were estimated and subsequently compared using survey data.

Customer engagement (CE) has commonly defined as a psychological state or process that leads to customer loyalty (Brodie, Hollebeek, Juric, & Ilic, 2011). CE research has received increasing attention due to its critical role in luring favorable customer experience and outcomes such as brand trust, affection, and future purchase intention (Harrigan, Evers, Miles, & Daly, 2017; So, King, Sparks, & Wang, 2016). Despite scholars’ continuous efforts in advancing the CE field of study, several limitations remain unaddressed. First, empirical research focuses primarily on antecedents and consequences of CE that are derived from individual dispositions (Harrigan, et al., 2017); thus, customer actual behavioral outcomes of CE are generally unexplored. Second, most, if not all, empirical research investigates the nomological network of CE based on individual-level factors (Khan, Rahman, & Fatma, 2016; So, King, & Sparks, 2014). Such an individual-level approach is important as it builds the necessary foundation of the CE domain of study. Yet, the roles of organizational strategic position are largely ignored, while organizational-level situational factors are rarely considered. This research aims to bridge the aforementioned research gaps by constructing both individual-level dispositions and organizational-level situational factors into an integrated framework. In particular, this research seeks to explore the roles of two organizational strategic initiatives – service environment and brand equity – on customer engagement and its impact on customer behaviors.