High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been reported to have better properties than conventional materials; however, they are more expensive due to the high cost of their main components. Therefore, research is needed to reduce manufacturing costs. In this study, CoCrFeMnNi HEAs were prepared using metal injection molding (MIM), which is a powder metallurgy process that involves less material waste than machining process. Although the MIM-processed samples were in the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase, porosity remained after sintering at 1200°C, 1250°C, and 1275°C. In this study, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process, which considers both temperature (1150°C) and pressure (150 MPa), was adopted to improve the quality of the MIM samples. Although the hardness of the HIP-treated samples decreased slightly and the Mn composition was significantly reduced, the process effectively eliminated many pores that remained after the 1275°C MIM process. The HIP process can improve the quality of the alloy.

단단한 자구를 가진 적색 비모란선인장 ‘Gangjeok’ 품종 은 ‘Isaek’품종을 모본으로, ‘Suyeon’ 품종을 부본으로 하여 2018년에 교배하여 육성하였다. 교배 후 획득한 종자는 조직 배양실에서 기내파종하여 획득한 유묘를 기내에서 삼각주선 인장에 접목하여 ‘1802001’ 등 20계통을 양성하였다. 2019 년에 기내에서 양성한 20계통을 온실에서 삼각주선인장 대목 에 접목하여 재배하면서 ‘1812005’ 계통을 1차 선발하였다. 2020년부터 2022년까지 3차에 걸쳐서 특성을 검정한 후, 농 산물직무육성품종 심의회에서 최종 선발하여 ‘Gangjeok’으 로 명명하였다.‘Gangjeok’ 품종은 편원형의 적색 구를 가진 다. 혹(tubercle)이 돌출된 형태의 모구는 8.4개의 능(rip)을 가지며, 3.5mm 짧은 회색 가시가 발생한다. 정식 10개월 후 ‘Gangjeok’ 품종의 직경은 46.1mm이며, 자구는 평균 18.3 개 발생한다. 2022년 육성계통 평가회에서 ‘Gangjeok’ 품종 은 높은 기호도 점수 4.0을 받았다.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are attracting attention because of their excellent properties and functions; however, they are relatively expensive compared with commercial alloys. Therefore, various efforts have been made to reduce the cost of raw materials. In this study, MIM is attempted using coarse equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi HEA powders. The mixing ratio (powder:binder) for HEA feedstock preparation is explored using torque rheometer. The block-shaped green parts are fabricated through a metal injection molding process using feedstock. The thermal debinding conditions are explored by thermogravimetric analysis, and solvent and thermal debinding are performed. It is densified under various sintering conditions considering the melting point of the HEA. The final product, which contains a small amount of non-FCC phase, is manufactured at a sintering temperature of 1250oC.

비모란 선인장 ‘Ahwang’ 품종이 2016년에 국립원예특작과 학원에서 육성되었다. 증식력이 우수한 밝은 황색 ‘Ahwang’ 품종 육성을 위해서, 황색 ‘Hwangun’품종을 모본으로, 황색 ‘0930001’ 계통을 부본으로 하여 2012년 6월 25일에 교배하였다. 어린 비모란 선인장을 2014년 이전에 삼각주에 2번 접목하여 계통을 양성하였으며 2014년부터 2016년까지 총 3회에 걸쳐 생육특성을 조사하였다. ‘Ahwang’ 품종의 모구는 편원형 모양에 황색 구색(Y9A)이다. 모구는 평균 8.6개의 능(rip)과 2.7mm의 짧은 직립형 회색 가시를 가지고 있고 혹(tubercle)이 돌출된 형태를 띠고 있다. 10개월 재배 후 ‘Ahwang’ 품종의 구직경은 44.5mm였으며 자구는 평균 26.9개가 생성되었다. ‘Ahwang’ 품종은 모구 능마다 황색의 자구가 3-4개가 착생되었다. 2016년 육성계통 평가회에서 ‘Ahwang’ 품종은 기호도 점수 3.9을 받았다. 이 품종은 2018년 5월 16일 국립종자원에 등록되었으며 식물신품종보호법에 의해 품종보호(등록번호 7193)를 받게 되었다.

Phalaenopsis ‘Blanc Rouse’ 품종은 국립원예특작과학원에서 2013년도에 육성한 신품종이다. 이 품종은 2007년에 백색 바탕에 분홍색의 소형 P. ‘KV 600’ 품종을 모본으로 하고 진한 핑크색의 P. ‘Kang 1’ 품종을 부본으로 교배시킨 후대 계통 중에서 선발하였다. 2010년에 화색, 초장, 화경 및 식물체의 생육상태 등을 고려하여 1차 선발 후 2013년에 2차 특성검정을 통하여 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인하고 ‘Blanc Rouse’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 흰색바탕에 자주색 순판을 가졌으며 꽃 가운데 분홍색의 줄무늬가 크게 형성되어 있는 품종이다. 화형은 꽃잎과 꽃받침이 평편한 모양이고 꽃의 길이와 폭은 4.3cm, 4.8cm로 소형이다. 꽃대가 평균 2개 발생하며 복총상 화서로 화서당 꽃 수가 39.4개로 볼륨이 있어 소형분화에 적합하다. 자연 개화시기는 11월 하순으로 개화가 빠른 조생종 이다. 잎의 길이와 폭은 각각 17.3, 6.2cm이며 엽형은 수평이다. 기내 증식력이 높고 변이가 거의 없으며 내병성이 강하여 재배관리가 용이하다.

The tourism industry in Hong Kong is a substantial pillar of Hong Kong’s economic development because it has been a beneficiary of tourism revenues and employment opportunities. According to the Hong Kong Tourism Board, Hong Kong accommodated 60.8 million ever-high visitors flow in 2014 (Hong Kong Tourism Commission, 2014). As three major inbound markets Mainland China, Japan, and the United States have been among the top five inbound visitors since 2003. A report of the Hong Kong Tourist Satisfaction Index (Tourist Satisfaction Index, 2014) indicated that Japanese and Korean tourists’ overall satisfaction with Hong Kong decreased from 70.11% in 2012 to 66.98% in 2014. Americans recorded the highest satisfaction level concerning experience in Hong Kong as a tourist destination, awarding it 81.8%. Moreover, the tourism industry in Hong Kong has recently relied heavily on mainland Chinese tourists as the major target group; this group comprises nearly 70% of all overnight visitors (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2015). These three oversea markets have played an essential role towards Hong Kong tourism industry in past decade.

Multiple starters consisting of two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains (MJ1-4 and EMD17), Pichiafarinosa SY80, and Rhizopus oryzae were used for Doenjang making. Bacillus strains were selected based on their abilities to inhibit toxinogenic fungi and Bacillus cereus, fibrinolytic activity, and their ability to confer good flavor to Cheonggukjang. P. farinosa SY80 and R. oryzae, previously isolated from soy sauce, were selected because they were not inhibited by two bacilli. Doenjang was prepared by inoculation of multiple starters (A1 Doenjang). Control Doenjang was prepared by inoculation of B. subtilis KACC 16750 (Natto strain) and Aspergillus oryzae KCCM 60166 (A2 Doenjang). Another control (A3 Doenjang) was prepared by inoculation of microorganisms present in rice straw. Doenjang samples were fermented for 70 days at 20℃. pH of 3 samples decreased from the initial value of 6.4 to 5.8~6.0 and titratable acidity (TA) increased from 0.6 to 1.1~1.3. The amount of amino-type nitrogen increased during fermentation. There were slight differences in moisture, crude-protein, and crude-fat contents after 70 days. Contamination of fungi was observed only in A3 Doenjang and B. cereus was not detected from all 3 samples. A1 Doenjang showed the highest fibrinolytic activity and A2 Doenjang the second. These results indicate that Doenjang made with carefully selected starters was functionally improved and microbially more safe.

The phylogenetic relationships among true butterfly families (superfamily Papilionoidea) have been a matter of substantial controversy, and that debate has led to several competing hypotheses. Two of the most compelling of those hypotheses involve the relationships of (Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + (Pieridae + Papilionidae) and (((Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + Pieridae) + Papilionidae). In this study, approximately 3,500 nucleotide sequences from cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) were sequenced from 83 species belonging to four true butterfly families, along with those of eight outgroup species belonging to the skipper family (superfamily Hesperioidea). These sequences were subjected to phylogenetic reconstruction via Bayesian Inference (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Maximum Parsimony (MP) algorithms. All phylogenetic analyses among the four true butterfly families strongly indicated a sister relationship between the Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae on one hand, and relatively strongly indicated a sister relationship between the Pieridae and Papilionidae on another hand, thus supporting the hypothesis: (Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + (Pieridae + Papilionidae).

There has been a substantial controversy on the phylogenetic relationships among butterfly families and several competing phylogenetic hypothesis have been suggested. Among them the relationships of (((Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + Pieridae) + Papilionidae) has been further widely accepted. In this study, we sequenced EF1-α, COI, and 16S rRNA from 62 species belonging to four true butterfly families, Papilionoidea. Phylogenetic analyses using BI, ML, and MP showed that the traditionally recognizable families were strongly supported as monophyletic groups, with the exception of Nymphalidae, wherein the singly included species of Danainae was placed as basal lineage of the Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae group. Phylogenetic relationships among families supported the sister group relationship of Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae strongly by all analyses and placed Papilionidae as the most basal lineage of the Papilionoidea. On the other hand, the relationships of Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae group to Pieridae were either unresolved, revealing trichotomy, or the relationships of (((Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + Pieridae) + Papilionidae) as previously supported by several morphological and molecular works supported. Detailed within-family relationships among some genera also are shown in the presentation.

This study was conducted on both Grassland & Forage Research Center, NIAS, Cheonan(Central area) and Sancheong(southem area) from 2005 through 2008, in order to evaluate the effect of various cultivation methods on productivity of organic com silage. Treatments included five cultivation methods(conventional, normal organic, strip seeding, early seeding, late seeding) using a com silage(P3156)-crimson clover(Contea) double crop system. Crimson clover was used for either cover crop or green manure in this experiment.

The 15,389-bp long complete mitogenome of the endangered red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) was determined. This genome has a gene arrangement identical to those of all other sequenced lepidopteran insects, which have the gene order of tRNAMet, tRNAIle, and tRNAGln at the beginning. Due to the uncertainty the start codon for COI gene in insect has been discussed extensively. We propose the CGA sequence as the start codon for COI gene in lepidopteran insects, based on complete mitogenome sequences of lepidopteran insects including our P. bremerii and additional sequences of the COI start region from a diverse taxonomic range of lepidopteran species (a total of 51 species belonging to 15 families). As has been suggested in other sequenced lepidopteran insects the 18 bp-long poly-T stretch and the downstream conserved motif ATAGA that were previously suggested to serve as a structural signal for minor-strand mtDNA replication also was found at the 3’-end region of the P. bremerii A+T-rich region. In an extensive search to find out tRNA-like structure in the A+T-rich region, each one tRNATrp-like sequence and tRNALeu (UUR)-like sequence were found in the P. bremeri A+T-rich region, and most of other sequenced lepidopteran insects were shown to have tRNA-like structure within the A+T-rich region, thereby indicating that such feature is frequent in the lepidopteran A+T-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 13 amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of PCGs of the four macrolepidopteran suferfamilies together with Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea well recovered a monophyly of Papilionoidea and a monophyly of Bombycoidea. However, Geometroidea and Noctuoidea were unexpectedly clustered as one group and placed this group to the sister group to Bombycoidea, instead of Papilionoidea in most analyses.

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Japanese Oak Silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from two overlapping fragments and subsequent shotgun sequencing. The 15,601-bp long A. yamamai mitogenome contains gene arrangement and content identical to the most common arrangement found in lepidopteran insects. Most individual A. yamamai mitochondrial (mt) genes were well within the range found in the respective genes of other insects, except for small ribosomal RNA (1,037 bp). The 336-bp A+T-rich region is relatively smaller than that of other lepidopteran insects. The region is interesting in that it contains tRNA-like structures as found in the A+T-rich regions of other insect mitogenomes. The start codon of A. yamamai COI gene is unusual in that no typical one (ATN) is available. Three of the 13 protein-coding genes have incomplete termination codon T or TA. All tRNA formed stable stem-and-loop structure, except for tRNASer(AGN), the DHU arm of which formed a simple loop as seen in many other metazoan mt tRNASer(AGN).

도라지의 급이가 고콜레스테롤혈증 흰쥐의 간기능과 지질대사에 미치는 영향 구명하기 위하여 SD계숫흰쥐에게 동결건조한 도라지 분말 5%와 도라지 분말 5%에 해당하는 식물섬유, saponin, 에탄올추출물을 각각 급이하여 3주간 실험 사육한 후 혈청효소 및 간장의 지질성분 분석, 간세포의 형태를 검토하였다. 혈청중 AST, ALT효소활성은 대조군에 비해 전실험군이 유의적으로 감소하였고 그중 saponin 급이 군이 가장 낮았고 그 다음이 식물섬유군이었다. LDH효소 활성도 전 실험군에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 22년근 도라지의 식물섬유군과 saponin군이 낮은 값을 보였다. 간장 중의 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 4년근과 22년근 도라지 분말 및 식물섬유 급이군이 비교적 낮았으며, 중성지질 함량은 대조군에 비해 전 실험군에서 낮았으나, 각 실험군간의 차이는 크지 않았고, 인지직 함량은 전 실험군에 있어 비슷한 수준이었다. 간장 조직세포의 전자현미경 관찰 결과, 대조군은 지방구가 증가되어 있는 반면 도라지 급이군에서는 감소되었으며, 22년근 도라지 급이군은 간장 글리코겐 축적량이 증가되어 있었다.

마비성패류독(Paralytic shellfish poison, PSP)에 의하여 독화된 패류의 유효이용에 대한 자료를 제공하고자 독화된 진주담치의 중장선 균질육, 0.1N HCl로 추출한 조독소 용액, 중장선으로부터 정제한 gonyautoxin(GTX) group과 saxitoxin(STX) group 등 4가지 형태의 PSP 독소에 대한 내열성을 조사하였다. 독화된 진주담치의 중장선육 균질액, 산추출 조독소액, GTX group, STX group 등 4 종류의 반응속도상수는 120℃에서 3.28×10^(-2), 1.20×10^(-2), 5.88×10^(-2), 2.58×10^(-2)이었으며 4 종류의 독소 중 0.1 N HCl 추출한 조독소용액의 D-value가 가장 높았다. 반응속도상수를 이용한 살균온도 산정에 있어서, 초 독력이 200 /100g인 독화된 진주담치육의 경우, 독력을 마비성패류독 규제치인 80 ㎍/100g으로 감소시키는데에는 90℃에서는 약 129분, 100℃에서는 약 82분, 110℃에서는 약 48분, 120℃에서는 약 28분이 걸렸다. 이러한 결과는 최초 독력이 200 ㎍/100g인 패류의 경우, 통조림 살균공정 후 잔존 독력이 규제치인 80㎍/100g이하로 감소시키는데에는 현재의 살균조건(115℃, 70분)으로는 충분하다는 것을 입증한다

In this study, we evaluated the antidiabetic effect of a submerged culture of Ceriporia lacerata mycelium (CL01) on hematological indices, as well as protein and mRNA expression of the insulin-signaling pathway, in db/db mice. After CL01 was administrated for 4 weeks, blood glucose levels decreased consistently, and plasma insulin and c-peptide levels each decreased by roughly 55.8%, 40% of those in the negative control (p<0.05). With regard to HOMA-IR, an insulin resistance index, insulin resistance of the CL01-fed group improved over that of the negative control group by about 62% (p<0.05). In addition, we demonstrated that the protein expression levels of pIR, pAkt, pAMPK, and GLUT4 and the mRNA expression levels of Akt2, IRS1, and GLUT4 in the muscle cells of db/db mice increased in the CL01-fed group compared to the corresponding levels in the control group. These results demonstrate that CL01 affects glucose metabolism, upregulates protein and gene expression in the insulin-signaling pathway, and decreases blood glucose levels effectively by improving insulin sensitivity. More than 90% of those who suffer from type 2 diabetes are more likely to suffer from hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, obesity, and other comorbidities because of insulin resistance. Therefore, it is possible that CL01 intake could be used as a fundamental treatment for type 2 diabetes by lowering insulin resistance, and these results may prove be useful as basic evidence for further research into the mechanisms of a cure for type 2 diabetes.

세리포리아 락세라타 균사체 배양물(CL01)의 혈당 강하 효과를 확인하기 위해 in-vitro 및 in-vivo 시험을 수행하였 다. CL01이 INS-1 세포에서 덱사메타손에 의한 세포 사멸 방지 효과를 나타냈으며 3T3-L1 세포에서는 당수송체인 GLUT4의 발현을 증가시켰다. 제 2형 당뇨 마우스를 4 그룹 (normal control (G1), negative control (G2), positive control (G3), CL01 250 mg/kg (G4))으로 나누어 6주간 매일 CL01 을 투여한 후 혈중 지표를 확인한 결과, CL01 섭취군은 체중, 사료 및 물 섭취량에서 음성대조군 대비 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 투여 5주 후 CL01 섭취군의 혈당이 음성대조군 대비 유의적인 감소를 보였으며 6주 경과 시 혈중 인슐린은 36% 증가하였고 혈중 C-peptide 농도는 18% 감소하였다. 경구 당 부하 시험 결과 CL01 섭취군의 혈당이 음성대조군 대비 15% 감소하였다. 이상의 결과를 통해 CL01이 베타 세포를 증식시켜 인슐린 분비를 촉진하고 혈 당을 낮추는 효과가 있음을 알 수 있다.