호접란 신품종 SM 5225은 2005년 상미원에서 Phal. Golden Peoker와 Phal. Leopard Prince를 모부본으로 인공교배하여 육성한 F1개체 중에서 선발한 바탕은 진적색으로 가장자리가 백색인 이중색 계통의 계통이다. 2006년부터 2007년까지 2년에 걸쳐 실생 300개체를 양성하여 이들 중에서 영양생장과 개화특성이 우수한 개체 05-05-25를 선발하였다. 2008년과 2009년에 1차, 2차 특성검정을 통하여 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인하고 SM 5225으로 명명하였다. SM 5225은 화색이 진적색(RHS#69D)이며, 화형은 안아 피기로 안정되어 있다. 꽃의 길이와 폭은 각각 7.3, 9.0cm이다. 총상화서로 꽃의 볼륨이 있으며 중형 분화에 적합하다. 잎의 길이와 폭은 각각 12.0cm, 6.9cm이며, 잎은 반수직으로 배열되어 있다. 기내증식율이 높고 변이가 거의 없으며 영양생장 우수하여 재배관리가 용이하다. 2012년 10월 31일 품종등록(등록번호 제4191호)하여 종자산업법에 의해 보호받고 있다. 신품종 SM 5225는 수입종묘를 대체와 분화시장 발전에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

TiO2-doped activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were successfully prepared as capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode materials by facile ultrasonication-assisted process. ACFs were treated with titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and isopropyl alcohol solutions of different concentrations and then calcinated by ultrasonication without heat-treatment. The results show that a certain amount of anatase TiO2 was present on the ACF surface. The specific capacitance of the TiO2-doped ACF electrode was remarkably improved (by 93.8% at scan rate of 50 mV s–1) over that of the untreated ACF electrode, despite decreases in the specific surface area and total pore volume upon TiO2 doping. From the CDI experiments, the salt adsorption capacity and charge efficiency of the sample with TTIP percent concentration of 15% were found to considerably increase by 71.9 and 57.1%, respectively. These increases are attributed to the improved wettability of the electrode, which increases the number of surface active sites and facilitates salt ion diffusion in the ACF pores. Additionally, the Ti-OH groups of TiO2 act as electrosorption sites, which increases the electrosorption capacity.

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) surfaces are modified using an electron beam under different aqueous solutions to improve the NO gas sensitivity of a gas sensor based on ACFs. The oxygen functional group on the ACF surface is changed, resulting in an increase of the number of non-carbonyl (-C-O-C-) groups from 32.5% for pristine ACFs to 39.53% and 41.75% for ACFs treated with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions, respectively. We discover that the NO gas sensitivity of the gas sensor fabricated using the modified ACFs as an electrode material is increased, although the specific surface area of the ACFs is decreased because of the recovery of their crystal structure. This is attributed to the static electric interaction between NO gas and the non-carbonyl groups introduced onto the ACF surfaces.

Carbon fibers are prepared by stabilizing pitch fibers accompanying electron beam (E-beam) irradiation. The carbon fibers pretreated by E-beam irradiation achieve a higher stabilization index than the carbon fibers that are only heat-stabilized. In addition, the carbon fibers subjected to E-beam irradiation in the stabilization step exhibit a comparable tensile strength to that of general purpose carbon fibers. The carbon fibers pretreated with an absorbed dose of 3000 kGy have a tensile strength of 0.54 GPa for a similar fiber diameter. Elemental, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses indicate that Ebeam irradiation is an efficient oxidation and dehydrogenation treatment for pitch fibers by showing that the intensity of the aliphatic C–H stretching and aromatic CH2 bending (out-ofplane) bands significantly decrease and carbonyl and carboxylic groups form.

In this study, TiO2-Activated carbon (AC) complex fibers were prepared by electrospinning for the synergetic effect of adsorption and degradation of organic pollutant. The average diameter of these fibers increased with increasing the amount of AC added, except for 1AC-TOF (AC/TiO2 =1/40 mass ratio). After calcinations at 500℃, long as-spun fibers were broken and their average diameter was slightly decreased. The resultant fibers after calcination had rough surface and sphere shapes like a peanut. From XRD results, it was confirmed that as-spun fibers were changed to anatase TiO2 fiber after calcinations at 500℃. The prepared TiO2-AC complex fibers could remove procian blue dyes by solar light irradiation with high removal property of 94~99%. The PB dye was rapidly removed by adsorption during the initial 5 minutes. But after 5 minutes, dye removal was occurred by photodegradation. In this study, the most efficient AC/TiO2 ratio of TiO2-AC complex fibers was 5/40, showing the synergetic effect of adsorption and photodegradation. It is expected that the TiO2-AC complex fibers can be used to remove of organic pollutants in water system.

In this study, porous electrospun carbon fibers were prepared by electrospinning with PAN and MgCl2, as a MgO precursor. MgO was selected as a substrate because of its chemical and thermal stability, no reaction with carbon, and ease of removal after carbonization by dissolving out in acidic solutions. MgCl2 was mixed with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution as a precursor of MgO with various weight ratios of MgCl2/PAN. The average diameter of porous electrospun carbon fibers increased from 1.3 to 3 μm, as the MgCl2 to PAN weight ratio increased. During the stabilization step, MgCl2 was hydrolyzed to MgOHCl by heat treatment. At elevated temperature of 823 K for carbonization step, MgOHCl was decomposed to MgO. Specific surface area and pore structure of prepared electrospun carbon fibers were decided by weight ratio of MgCl2/PAN. The amount of hydrogen storage increased with increase of specific surface area and micropore volume of prepared electrospun carbon fibers.

In order to investigate functional groups on the surface of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) induced by oxyfluorination, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis was carried out. All core level spectra of MWCNTs were deconvoluted to several Pseudo-Voigt functions (sum of Gaussian-Lorentzian functions). Both O1s and F1s binding energy of oxyfluorinated MWCNTs shifted high value as increment of fluorine mixing ratio. The carbon-fluorine covalent bonding concentration increased as increment of fluorine mixing ratio. The shape and intensity of OF10-MWCNTs are similar with those of as-received MWCNTs. However, the intensity and binding energies of main peak position of OF20-MWCNTs and OF30-MWCNTs were dramatically increased by oxyfluorination.

The present paper study investigates the relationship between social exclusion and donation intention among specific social groups in Korea. Social exclusion refers to non-participation in social experiences by the socially disadvantaged. Data were analyzed using two sources; first was the evidence of behaviors arising from social exclusion of the university students and then socially excluded reactions of the elderly responses from the survey were compared with the first research findings. The reason of using multi-sources of data is that the outcome from the experimental design of the university student is imperative to clarify what the conclusions will be the same result with the other demographic characteristic of the elderly. The research design was three excluded elderly individuals of a self-excluded group and two other excluded groups divided such as “ignored” and “rejected” individuals to compare the differences among three groups of different sources of exclusion. The conclusion of this study is that those with high social exclusion exhibited a more negative donation intention than those with lower social exclusion, but that those who perceived themselves as self-excluded were more likely to give donations than those excluded by others, regardless of the level of their social exclusion.

유엔기후변화협약(UNFCC)은 온실가스 배출통계의 중요성을 강조함에 따라 모든 당사국들은 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 산정 보고서를 제출할 의무를 명시하고 있다. 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 분야에는 폐기물 분야도 포함되어 있으며, 특히 메탄배출량의 상당량을 차지하는 폐기물매립지에 대한 온실가스 배출량 산정은 매우 중요시되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국내 폐기물매립지는 아직까지 GPG(Good practice guidance) 2000에 기반하여 온실가스 배출량을 산정하고 있어 2006 IPCC 가이드라인을 기준으로 매립지 온실가스 배출량을 산정하고 있는 미국과 EU 국가 등과 비교하여 배출량 산정의 정확도가 낮은 문제점을 나타내고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 GPG 2000과 2006 IPCC 가이드라인(Tier 1, 2)을 기반으로 국내 폐기물매립지의 온실가스 배출량을 산정 및 비교함으로써 폐기물매립지 온실가스 배출량 산정방법의 문제점 및 개선방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 각 방법별 폐기물매립지의 국가 온실가스 배출량 산정 결과, 2015년 기준으로 2006 IPCC Tier 1의 배출량은 10,885 Gg CO2eq,로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 2006 IPCC Tier 2(9,443 Gg CO2eq,), GPG 2000(7,727Gg CO2eq)순으로 나타났다. GPG 2000과 2006 IPCC 가이드라인 모두 FOD 모델을 기반으로 하고 있기 때문에 연도별 배출량 증감은 비슷하였으나 GPG 2000은 매립폐기물 전부를 하나의 단일 성상으로 가정한 반면 2006 IPCC에서는 폐기물 성상별로 배출계수를 적용하도록 하고 있어 배출량의 차이가 발생하였다. 다만 2006 IPCC에서는 국가 배출계수의 적용을 권고하고 있어 향후 이에 대한 지속적 개발 및 검증이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

In 2018 the South Korean Government introduced the Resource Circulation Act that included a landfill levy (tax) in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill sites and to promote recycling. The objective of this study is to examine the negative and positive effects of landfill tax on national waste management by reviewing case studies from the European Union (EU). In December 2015, the European Commission proposed the Circular Economy Package that sets ambitious recycling rates of 65% and a maximum 10% landfill rate for municipal wastes by 2030, and the European Commission decided that the landfill tax could help move towards these aims. Indeed since the late 1990s, most of the countries in the European Union have introduced landfill taxes. Landfill rates of these countries showed a tendency to decrease gradually. Currently the landfill rates for the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Norway are less than 5%, and those for the UK, France and Italy have fallen below 30%. However, the landfill tax also had negative effects. In the case of the Netherlands, too little waste was sent to landfills, and private companies can no longer profit. Consequently the companies will not be able to fulfil their financial obligations for closure and aftercare. Thus, based on the results of this study, it is necessary to further consider the landfill levy in Korea.

In this study, we examined the antioxidant activity of the Sumaeyaksuk (Artemisia argyi) tea extracts from different pre-treatment and extraction methods. Sumaeyaksuk was sun-dried for 3.5 days (control, RC) and aged at a temperature of 60℃ for 3.5 days (HA), 7 days (HB), and 14 days (HC), respectively. Each sample was extracted in 60℃ and 95℃ hot water for 2 minutes. The soluble solids content of HA from the 60℃ and 95℃ hot water extraction were 0.52±0.18% and 0.92±0.18%, respectively. The soluble solids content was increased by the higher extraction temperature. The reducing sugar content of RC was 9.55±0.18 mg/g in the 95℃ extraction, which was significantly higher than in the 60℃ extracted sample. However, the reducing sugar content did not show a remarkable difference based on aging periods. The total phenolic compound content of the 95℃ extracted samples was 3.36±0.13~9.88±0.23 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of the 60℃ extracted sample. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the 60℃ extracted RA and HA samples were 35.63% and 95.10%, respectively. Moreover, the radical scavenging activity increased to 63.35% and 96.78%, respectively, in the 95℃ extracted samples. As a result of the high temperature, the extracted sample showed an increase in the FRAP. In the RC sample, the FRAP was two times higher in the 95℃ extracted sample (181.28±2.90 μM) than in the 60℃ extracted sample (83.88±0.43 μM).