We have studied the technology to extend the storage period of ‘Seolhyang’ strawberries using modified atmosphere package (MAP) and ethyl pyruvate (EP) treatment for domestic distribution and export. The selected ripe strawberries harvested on December 28, 2016 at the Sancheong farmhouse were transported to the laboratory for 2 h and tested. After a day’s precooling at 4℃, the strawberries were divided into seven experimental groups. These groups were control, active MAP using low density polyethylene (LDPE), active MAP using polyamide (PA), active MAP using PA with EP treatment, passive MAP using LDPE, passive MAP using PA and passive MAP using PA with EP treatment. Quality analysis was carried out every 4 days during the storage period of 16 days. During the storage period of 16 days, MAP decreased from 3.5% to less than 1.1% in weight loss ratio compared with control, and decreased from 36% to less than 7% in fungal incidence. In the case of fungi in the EP treatment group, hyphae did not grow on the outside of the strawberry but grew to the inside. This tendency was similar to that in the low oxygen and high carbon dioxide environment of the MAP, the mycelium of the fungus did not grow outside of the strawberry. Fungi are the biggest problem in the distribution and export of strawberries, and these results suggest that MAP alone could inhibit mold and increase shelf life.

본 연구는 초음파를 이용한 해동기의 이용 가능성을 확인 하고자 수행되었다. 초음파 해동기는 132, 580 및 1,000 kHz의 공진주파수를 가지는 진동자를 이용하여 각 주파수로 제작하고 돈육을 일정한 크기로 정형하여 -80℃에서 냉동한 후 제작된 해동기를 이용하여 해동 성능을 분석하였다. 해동속도 비교에서는 초음파를 가하지 않은 접촉식해동의 경우 일반적으로 가정에서 행해지는 유수식 해동과 유사하게 20분가량이 소요되었으나, 초음파를 가했을 경우 주파수가 증가할수록 해동시간이 단축되어 1,000 kHz 에서는 6분 만에 해동이 완료되었다. 초음파를 이용한 해동 후 품질변화에 대한 분석에서는 재작된 초음파 해동기를 이용하였을 경우 유수해동에 비하여 드립으로 인한 해동감량이 0.5%가량 증가하였지만 pH, VBN 및 TBA 값과 같은 화학적 특성에서는 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 총 호기성 미생물에 또한 냉·해동에 따라 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 초음파 해동기를 이용한 해동에서 냉동 전후의 육색을 비교 분석한 결과 명도는 변화는 거의 나타나지 않았지만 유수해동에 비하여 580 kHz를 이용한 초음파 해동에서 적색도 및 전체 색변화가 유의적의로 개선되었다. 해동육의 조직감 분석에서는 초음파 해동에서 경도가 감소하고 저작성이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 종합해볼 때 접촉식 초음파 해동기는 해동시간 단축에 매우 효율적이나 해동육의 품질개선에는 뚜렷한 효과를 나타내지 못하여 경제성을 고려했을 때 성능 개선 및 연육 효과가 나타나는 580 kHz 동기의 개선 및 이용방안에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 초저온 액체 침지식 급속 냉동으로 동결된 돈육 등심에 적합한 급속 해동방법을 선정하고 과냉각 저장이 냉동-해동 돈육의 미생물학적, 이화학적 및 관능적 품질변화에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 4와 10℃ 송풍식 해동과 4와 10℃유수식 해동은 냉동 돈육 시료가 해동이 완료되는 약 290-750분 소요되었지만 27.12 MHz 라디오파 해동은 약 20분으로 가장 신속하게 돈육을 해동시켜 저장실험에 필요한 냉동 돈육의 급속 해동방법으로 선정하였다. 한편 -1.5--5℃로 24시간 냉각 처리 후 돈육 횡단면의 미세구조 분석 결과, -1.5℃에서 냉각 처리된 시료의 표면과 중심부는 동결에 의한 조직 손상이 발생하지 않았음을 확인하여 -1.5℃를 과냉각 저장 온도로 선정하였다. 저장 중 대조구인 신선육과 비교하여 냉동-해동 처리된 돈육에서 발생한 드립감량은 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높은 경향을 보였지만 -1.5℃ 과냉각 저장이 돈육의 드립감량 증가를 억제하였다. 또한 4와 15℃ 저장과 비교하여 -1.5℃ 과냉각 저장은 대조구와 냉동-해동 처리구의 TVBN과 TBARS 함량 증가, Hunter a* 값 감소와 b* 값 증가를 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 15℃ 저장 4일 후 대조구와 냉동-해동 처리구의 총 호기성 세균수는 9 log CFU/g 이상으로 급격히 증가하였다. 반면 -1.5℃ 저장 10일 후 대조구와 냉동-해동 처리구의 총 호기성 세균수는 각각 5.62와 4.43 log CFU/g으로 관찰되었다. -1.5℃ 저장 10일 동안 대조구와 냉동-해동 처리구의 대장균군과 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 저장 초기 수준으로 유지하거나 다소 감소하였다. 관능평가 결과에 있어서 4와 15℃ 저장에 비해 -1.5℃ 저장한 대조구와 냉동-해동 처리구는 모든 관능평가 항목에서 저장 중 유의적으로 높은 값을 유지하였다(p<0.05). 따라서 라디오파 유전가열 해동은 냉동 돈육 등심의 해동 과정 중 상전이 구간을 빠르게 통과함으로써 급속해동이 가능하였으며 -1.5℃ 과냉각 저장이 냉동-해동 처리 된 돈육에 얼음결정 형성 없이 품질 유지 및 미생물 생장지연에 효과적인 것을 확인하였다.

Sexual dimorphism is the most conspicuous difference between the sexes. This study examines possible sexual dimorphism and the relative growth patterns of morphometric characteristics in the marine medaka, Oryzias dancena for their potential to help differentiate between males and females of this species. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated by a non-linear regression method were L∞=30.2 mm, K=3.22/year, and τ0=-0.05. All 18 characteristics measured showed a difference between males and females from 70 days after hatching. Each of these characteristics were significantly different between sexes (ANCOVA, P<0.05), and the ratio of standard length between sexes showed that males were larger than females for all five morphometric measurements. Fin length measurements were taken for 21 distances of anal fin and 7 distances of dorsal fin between landmarks. There were all differences for all dorsal fin rays between the males and the females and there is significant difference in 70 days after their hatch when the sexual dimorphism is presented. The significant difference (P<0.05) in fin ray for male and female was more greatly seen as they grow. Male marine medaka showed more rapid growth than females, with longer length, dorsal fins and anal fins. Differences in these characteristics will be useful during experiments when it is necessary to differentiate between sexes of marine medaka.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality change of “Tabor” tomatoes during long-term exportation periods. Hydroponics tomatoes were harvested at the turning stage, sorted, and box packed and then packaged in nylon film with a pallet. The packaged pallet was filled with a gas composition (5% O2, 1% CO2, and 94% N2) and stored at 10℃ for three weeks. The quality changes in weight loss, firmness, color, acidity, soluble solids, and microorganism growth were measured every 7 day interval. During the initial storage, the pallet-scale MAP showed slightly higher weight loss and firmness changes when compared to the conventional pallet. The total color change (ΔE) during ripening was delayed 10% under MAP storage. Acidity, soluble solids and phenolic compound contents decreased with increases in storage time regardless of the storage method; however, the quality changes of tomatoes were delayed in the MAP pallet. Furthermore, the decay rate of the pallet-scale MAP stored for 14 days was less than that of the conventional pallet, and the number of microorganisms was approximately 30% lower in the pallet-scale MAP, showing a positive effect on marketability. These results suggested that the pallet-scale MAP of tomatoes could ensure higher quality and longer storage periods than conventional pallet storage.

본 연구는 국내산 농산물의 안정적인 저온저장온도 결정 을 위하여 동결점을 분석하고 품질에 따른 저장온도 설정에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고 과냉각 한계점 측정을 통하여 과냉각 저장 가능성을 모색하고자 수행되었다. 동결점 및 과냉각 한계온도를 분석하기 위하여 국내산 마늘, 오이, 대파, 고추, 참외, 메론, 복숭아, 자두 등의 국내산 농산물을 자체 제작한 송풍식 냉동기를 이용하여 완만 냉각시키면서 농산물 내부에 삽입된 온도센서를 이용하여 열방출을 측정 하였다. 또한 일반 품질특성 인자들이 각 농산물 동결점에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 당도, 산도, 함수율 및 경도 를 측정하였다. 열방출 최고점을 기준으로 판단한 농산물 의(동결점/과냉각 한계점)은 마늘(-1.6/-7.8℃), 대파(-0.5/ -3.7℃), 오이(-0.5/3.3℃), 풋고추(-0.7/-4.9℃), 포도(-1.6/-5. 7℃), 참외(-1.6/-4.6℃), 메론(-1.3/-2.8℃), 복숭아(-0.8/-3. 3℃), 방울토마토(-0.3/-5.9℃), 자두(-1.1/-4.2℃), 무(-0.3/-0. 8℃), 단감(-1.7/-4.7℃), 사과(-1.5/-3.2℃), 고구마(-1.5/-3. 7℃), 감귤(-0.8/-4.7℃), 배(-1.5/-4.2℃), 딸기(-0.9/-3.4℃)이 었다. 이러한 동결점은 각 농산물의 이화학적 특성분석에 비추어 볼 때 당 성분에 따른 동결점 내림 경향과 일치하여 당도분석을 통한 저장온도 설정 가능성을 제시하였다.

The landmark-based morphometric and meristic analysis of the kelp grouper (Epinephelus bruneus), red spotted grouper (E. akaara) and seven-banded grouper (E. septemfasciatus) were performed to compare the differentiation of overall body shape and structure. The measurements of the morphometric dimensions were observed in 25 parts (truss dimension: 16 parts; head part dimension: 9 parts) of 38 morphometric dimensions and also meristic differences observed in 3 parts (dorsal fin, anal fin and caudal fin) of 6 meristic counts (P < 0.05). Observed morphometric characteristics primarily involved in truss and head part dimension, kelp grouper have larger values in caudal part of truss dimension, kelp grouper, red spotted grouper and seven-banded grouper have similar values in pectoral part of truss dimension, in addition to, results of head part dimension showed that red spotted grouper have smaller values in overall dimensions (P < 0.05). As meristic characteristics, kelp grouper have more number of anal fin rays than other fish, red spotted grouper have more number of dorsal soft rays than other fish, and seven spotted grouper have more number of anal soft rays, and caudal fin rays than other fish (P < 0.05). Photographed under the x-ray, kelp grouper have the most curved vertebral column and largest swim bladder than other fishes (P < 0.05). Our results of this study confirmed that 3 subfamily fishes adequately can distinguish with external body shape, and we hope that the results of our study could be used to identify in Serranidae family as taxonomical parameters.

This study was conducted to investigate the change in the quality of early season Fuji apples that were subjected to eight different storage conditions using the developed controlled atmosphere (CA) storage system. Early season Fuji apples grown at Mungyeong, in the South Korea, were harvested in September 2014 for storage studies. Flesh firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solid content, weight loss, and internal browning disorder were used as quality indicators for the stored apples. Flesh firmness and weight loss were better than that of the control after 70 days of storage. However, there was no significant difference in the titratable acidity or total soluble solid content among the apple samples from eight chambers after storage. The internal browning disorder of apple samples in CA chambers occurred when exposed to 1% CO2+2% O2 and 1% CO2+0.5% O2, resulting in a higher incidence rate of 2 and 8% after 70 days of storage than that in the control. In addition, the CA storage conditions at 3, 4 and 5% CO2+2% O2 increased the rate of internal browning disorder by 26%. Therefore, CA storage can be used to maintain the quality of the apple if the optimal gas concentrations in the CA are applied to the storage strategy.

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of chopped and non-chopped rice straw on characteristics of silage-basedtotal mixed ration (TMR) according to the particle size, laceration, and in situ dry matter (DM) degradation. The threerice straw silages as low moisture unchopped (LMUC; 32.75% of moisture, unchopped), high moisture unchopped(HMUC; 42.05% of moisture, unchopped), and high moisture chopped (HMC; 44.71% of moisture, chopped to 30cmlengths) were tested. Samples were collected at every 5 minutes from 10 min of pre-mixing to 50 min. The percentageof >19mm in LMUC and HMC was decreased to 7.23% and 7.74% (p<0.05), respectively, and the percentage of 8mm>was increased to 5.81% and 5.24%, respectively. Furthermore, the laceration of forage by a TMR mixer showed that therewas little change in the reduction of 1.26% in HMC, but was reduced to 7.53% and 16.06% in LMUC and HMUC,respectively. The peNDF>8 was maintained 17~18.5% of the optimal requirement level for 15 to 45 min mixing in LMUCand for 30 to 50 min mixing in HMC, but it exceeded the level of peNDF>8 in the range of 21.49 to 22.53% for 50minmixing in HMUC. However, ruminal in situ DM degradation appeared as LMUC>HMUC>HMC. Therefore, theseresults suggest that the rice straw silage may be useful for high-yielding lactating cows, if it can be supplied with theadequate peNDF, and the limiting factor on DMI and DM degradation was reduced by crushing of the plant tissue, althoughthe rice straw silage was concerned to low quality forage.

마늘의 냉동에 따른 생리활성을 변화를 분석함으로서 생리활성 효능이 유지되는 최적의 냉동 온도를 선정하고자 냉동조건에 따른 마늘 추출물의 항산화 및 항균활성을 비교 분석하였다. 마늘 추출물의 페놀 화합물 함량은 6.91±0.69 μg GAE/g으로 냉동 조건(-20, -80, -196℃)에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 플라보노이드 함량은 -80℃에서 0.327±0.058 μg QE/g에 반해 -20℃ 에서 0.263±0.015 μg QE/g으로 소폭 감소를 나타내었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능 분석에서는 2 mg/mL의 추출물에서 4℃와 -80℃에서 61%로 나타난 것에 비해 -20℃와 -196℃에서는 51%가량으로 10%정도 라디칼 소거능이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 마늘 추출물의 SOD 유사활성은 4℃ 대조군에 비해 냉동조건에서 전반적으로 증가 경향을 나타냈다. 아질산염 소거능은 pH 3.0 조건에서 18% 수준에서 소폭 증가가 나타난 반면 환원력 비교에서는 700 nm의 흡광도가 1.6 abs 수준에서 냉동조건에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고 -80℃에서 감소폭이 가장 적게 나타났으나 유의적인 수준은 못 되었다. 항균활성 비교 실험에서는 마늘 추출물이 E. coli, S. typhimurium, V. vulnificus, S. aureus와B. cereus에 대해 높은 항균활성을 나타냈으며, 마늘의 냉동 조건에 따라서는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 마늘의 냉동 후 추출물의 생리활성은 실험조건에 따른 변화 폭이 크지는 않지만 페놀 화합물과 플라보노이드 및 이에 의한 항산화 및 항균 활성이 안정적으로 유지되는 최적 온도는 -80℃로서, 마늘의 냉동 저장 중 품질특성 뿐만 아니라 생리활성기능 유지라는 두 가지 측면에서 -20℃ 관행 냉동보다는 저온급속냉동이 필요하다고 판단된다.

In order to breakthrough upcoming challenges for the food production, the efficient use of rice germplasm would be a indispensible. These rice germplasm, adapted from diverse eco-systems, are undiscovered treasures for rice breeders/researchers, potentially providing a broad array of useful alleles that enrich gene pools of current cultivated rice varieties. Although growing ex-situ conservation efforts are an important for preserving diverse rice genetic resources, the activity on finding the novel and favorable genetic variants from the vast genebank collection is greatly challenging, requiring extensive screening processes. Therefore, rice core collection is a powerful solution to accelerate utilizations of the exotic germplasm of the entire population. In addition, The application of whole genome re-sequencing technology would establish a potent platform for fast forward genetic study, such as genome wide association study (GWAS). The GWAS has been implemented to efficiently identify candidate genes related to various useful agricultural traits in many crop species including rice. Given the significant associations between genetic variations and phenotypic diversity does not require prior knowledge, GWAS using high genome coverage of SNP markers provides a genomics platform to dissect previously unknown adaptive or other useful genetic variation accumulated in plant germplasm resources over the times. Once pinpointing candidate genes, GWAS allows informed choice of parents for QTL analysis based on the haplotype information, along with suggesting targets for following mutagenesis and transgenics. Here, we are to report our current achievements and perspectives from GWAS and post-GWAS undertaken to dissect and exploit useful alleles underlying many agricultural traits from Rice core set, including PHS (Pre-Harvest Sprouting), salt tolerance and disease resistance and so forth. Also, we will introduce the integrated Omics based GWAS case study using transcriptomes, proteomes, metabolomes and ionomes of our rice core set.

‘Youhan’ (Hordeum vulgare L.), a new whole crop barley cultivar, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2012. ‘Youhan’ has the growth habit of III, light green and middle size leaf, hooded and lax-type spikes. The cultivar showed 107 cm of culm length, 641 spikes per m2. Heading date of ‘Youhan’ was May 1, one day later than that of check cultivar ‘Yuyeon’ in upland, and 2 days earlier than that of check in paddy field. Maturing time was similar to check cultivar ‘Yuyeon’ as June 4 in upland and May 31 in paddy field. ‘Youhan’ also showed better winter hardiness, the resistance to lodging and disease than those of check cultivar. The average forage dry matter yield in the regional yield trial was about 12.6 and 12.0 ton ha-1 in upland and paddy field, respectively, which were 6%, 5% higher than that of the check. It also showed 7.3% of crude protein, 26.8% of ADF(Acid Detergent Fiber), 47.8% of NDF(Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 67.7% of TDN(Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. Fall sowing cropping of ‘Youhan’ is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than －8°C, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas of Korea.

Cereal seeds, sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay, and corn are traditionally used as health assistant as well as energy supplying food in Korea. While beneficial phytochemicals to human have revealed in cereals, the information on peptides from cereals is far less accumulated than major reserve protein. Here, we analyzed peptide profiles using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) in cereal seeds for construction of peptide information and attempted to develop peptide biomarkers for cereal identification. To optimize the analysis condition of SELDI-TOF MS, the effect of dilution factor on binding affinity to protein chips was tested using CM10 and Q10 arrays. Peptide clusters were significantly different at the level of 0.01 p-value. Peak spectra were the most stable in 1:50 of dilution factor in both chip arrays. Numbers of detected peak of 5 cereal seeds were 131 in CM10 and 74 in Q10 array. Each cereal was grouped as a cluster and well discriminated into different cluster in the level of 0.01 p-value. Numbers of potentially identified peptide biomarkers are 11, 13, 9, 5 and 12 in sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay and corn, respectively. This study demonstrates that each cereal seed have own distinguishable specific peptides although their function are not identified yet in this study. In addition, the proteomic profiling using SELDI-TOF MS techniques could be a useful and powerful tool to discover peptide biomarker for discrimination and assess crop species, especially under 20 kDa.

광나무(L. lucidum)는 ursolic acid와 oleanolic acid를 다량 포함하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 광나무 열매, 줄기, 잎 세 부위 추출물의 항주름 효능을 평가하였다. 광나무 추출물은 human skin fibroblasts에서 독성이 없을 뿐만 아니라 MMP-1과 MMP-2의 발현을 감소시키고 COL1A1의 발현을 증가시켰다. 이들 추출물은 모두 농도 의존적으로 COL1A1의 발현을 증가시켰으며 MMP-1과 MMP-2의 발현을 감소시켰다. 광나무 세 부위 추출물 가운데, 열매 부위에 가장 많은 양의 ursolic acid 와 oleanolic acid가 함유되어 있었으며 가장 강한 COL1A1 upregulating 효과와 MMP-1과 MMP-2 downregulating 효과를 나타냈다. 이처럼 항주름 효능을 보이는 광나무 열매 추출물은 기능성 화장품 소재로 개발될 수 있는 가능성이 있다.