Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, is the main pest that mediates pine wilt nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, that causes serious damage to pine forests. In this study, we studied the strategy to control M. alternatus using entomopathogenic fungi. The fungi were collected from soil by an insect-baiting method and two fungal isolates (Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-197 and JEF-279) showed high virulence against M. alternatus. The Metarhizium isolates were evaluated for insecticidal activity against M. alternatus by spray treatment on live pine trees and wintering trees, and the M. anisopliae JEF-197 showed high insecticidal activity. In addition, the interaction of fungi and M. alternatus were analyzed by RNA-seq. This result can contribute to the development of insect control agents using entomopathogenic fungi.

The serious emergence of chemical-mediated residual toxicity and insect resistance have been enforced the regulation of synthetic pesticides. Future decisions to select more realistic control options probably depend on the speed of technological development in chemical and biological pesticides. Now, a strategic collaboration between synthetic pesticides and biopesticides has been progressed, such as distribution and R&D in collaboration and M&A for obtaining microbial resources. Recently registered microbial pesticides are entomopathogenic fungi in pest management. A concept of e-biopesticide could be properly combined with digital agriculture and accelerate the use of biological control agents in the future farming.

Highly self-cleaning thin films of TiO2-SiO2 co-doped with Ag and F are prepared by the sol-gel method. The asprepared thin films consist of bottom SiO2 and top TiO2 layers which are modified by doping with F, Ag and F-Ag elements. XRD analysis confirms that the prepared thin film is a crystalline anatase phase. UV-vis spectra show that the light absorption of Ag-F-TiO2/SiO2 thin films is tuned in the visible region. The self-cleaning properties of the prepared films are evaluated by a water contact angle measurement under UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic performances of the thin films are studied using methylene blue dye under both UV and visible light irradiation. The Ag-F-TiO2/SiO2 thin films exhibit higher photocatalytic activity under both UV and visible light compared with other samples of pure TiO2, Ag-doped TiO2, and F-doped TiO2 films.

The Asian corn borer, O. furnacalis (Crambidae) and the old world bollworm, H. armigera (Noctuidae) simultaneously cause ear damage in corn in Suwon area. It has been assumed that the second generation of larvae of both insects is responsible for the damage. We, therefore, studied proper spray timing of insecticide in order to reduce the damage. A waxy corn hybrid cultivar, Ilmichal, was sown directly on four plots of a field at April 10, April 20, May 4, and May 18, 2018, respectively. A sodium channel blocker, indoxacarb, was sprayed eight times at 3- or 4-day intervals around the silking stage of corn in each sowing plot. At ear harvest time of each plot, we investigated damaged ratio and length of ear, and the numbers of both insect species. The significantly effective spray timings on reduction of ear damage were the sprays at June 29 and July 2 in the plot sown at April 10, the sprays from July 2 to 13 in the April 20-sown plot, the sprays from July 2 to 19 in the May 4-sown plot, and the sprays at July 19 in the May 18-sown plot, respectively. The damage level was positively related to the insect number. The result indicated that the spray at the silking stage of corn was effective on reduction of ear damage. It was assumed that occurrence time of neonate larvae of the insects at silking stage cause the damage, based on the experimental results using screened pots inoculated with the two species.

2018년 현재까지 농림축산검역본부 호남지역본부로 수입된 식물은 220종 17,030건으로 우드펠렛(18%), 주정박(8%), 페스큐 건초(8%), 알파파건초(8%), 귀리건초(6%), 혼합건초(5%), 티모시건초(5%), 라이그래스건초(5%), 목화씨(사료용)(4%), 소나무원목(3%) 등의 순이다. 이와 같이 호남지역은 비재식 사료류(건초 등) 수입비중이 높으며 이는 전국 수입 건수의 약 67%에 달한다. 검역해충은 795건 검출되었으며 이 중 관리해충 294건, 잠정규제해충 146건, 비검역해충 307건 등이다. 관리해충 중 Carpophilus obsoletus가 210건(72%), 잠정규제해충 중 Cryptoletes ferrugineus가 56건(39%)으로 높은 검출율을 보였다. 또한 호남지역으로 수입 된 재식용 구근류는 생강 및 생강구근, 마늘구근이며 전국 수입 건수의 약 42%를 차지한다. 수입 된 생강 및 생강구근 91건 중 37건에서 해충(선충)을 발견하였고 Meloidogyne sp.(잠정규제해충) 검출로 9건이 폐기·반송되었다. 수입된 마늘구근 34건 중 29건에서 해충을 발견하였고 Carpophilus obsoletus(관리해충) 18건, Cryptoletes ferrugineus(잠정규제해충) 11건이 검출되어 소독하였다.

세계화로 인해 교역 및 여행객의 증가로 외래 병해충의 유입이 증가하고 있고 이들의 유입 및 확산 경로 규명을 위하여 분자 유전학적 분석 방법이 이용되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 외래 해충인 Reticulitermes kanmonensis의 유전적 특성을 분석하기 위한 18개의 초위성체마커(microsatellite)를 이용하여 총 16개 지역(전주, 김제1, 김제2, 군산1, 군산2, 서천, 완주1, 완주2, 완주3, 완주4, 익산1, 익산2, 논산, 일본1, 일본2, 일본3)의 흰개미 244개체를 분석하였다. 집단간 대립 유전자 패턴(allelic patterns)분석결과 일본3 지역의 유전적 다양성이 높게 나타났고 완주2 지역은 다른 지역에 비해 비교적 낮게 나타났다. 집단 간 유전적 거리(Genetic differentiation)는 평균적으로 0.163정도의 유전적 다향성 비율을 나타냈고, 서천과 군산2 지역이 0.048로 낮게, 서천과 일본2 지역이 0.442로 높게 나타나 서천과 군산2 집단이 유전적으로 가깝게 나타나고, 반면 서천과 일본2 집단과는 유전적으로 멀게 나타났다. STRUTURE 분석결과는 클러스터 집단 수가 6(k=6)일때 이상적인 집단 패턴을 나타내었고, 유전적 구조는 A그룹(전주, 김제1, 완주2), B그룹(서천, 군산1, 군산2), C그룹(완주1, 김제2), D그룹(논산, 익산1, 익산2), E그룹(김제1, 완주2, 완주3), F그룹(일본1, 일본2, 일본3)의 6가지의 패턴이 지역별로 분리되어 나타났다.

Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is considered as a serious pest in pine trees. To develop an eco-friendly strategy to manage this forest insect, we collected entomopathogenic fungi from Korean soil and assessed their virulence against the adults of the insect in laboratory conditions. As a result, two isolates with conidial suspension (1.0×107conidia/ml), showed 87% and 90% mortality 12 days after fungal treatment, respectively. We assessed the potential of the fungi-derived destruxin and protease as additives to the fungal isolates, and they showed insecticidal activity via feeding and spraying treatments. Finally, we produced fungal conidia in massive solid cultures and formulated wettable powders, and now studying optimal conditions of oil-based formulation with two isolates. Based on these results, we are evaluating the control efficacy of the fungal agents against M. alternatus in field conditions.

Hymenoptera is one of four largest orders of insects, with over 150,000 described species, 132 families, 27 superfamilies, and 2 suborders. There are currently about 3,000 hymenopteran species in 65 families and 20 superfamilies known in South Korea, of which the majority of the families have been studied while some of them are still poorly studied. The present overview on South Korean Hymenoptera aims to provide brief taxonomic history of the studies, a complete bibliography, a list of South Korean hymenopteran species, and information on South Korean hymenopterists for each taxon.

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at dough stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives (CON); L. plantarum R48-27 (LP27); L. buchneri R4-26 (LB26); Mixture of LP27 and LB26 at 1:1 ratio (MIX); and L. buchneri (LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. The contents of NDF and ADF were lowest (P<0.05) in LB26. The pH in LB26, MIX, and LB were lower (P<0.05) than CON and LP27. Lactate content in LB was higher (P<0.05) than the others, while acetate content in LB26 and LB were higher (P<0.05) than that in CON and LP27. Lactate to acetate ratio was highest (P<0.05) in LB, but lowest in LB26. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in LB was higher (P<0.05) than that in CON, while yeast count in CON was lower than in all silages applied inoculants. In conclusion, silages inoculated with LB26 could improve potentially the aerobic stability caused by increases of acetate and propionate concentrations.

동남아시아에 발생하던 등검은말벌은 최근 국내 뿐만 아니라 프랑스와 일본, 유럽 전역으로 확산되어 전 세계 양봉 산업에 극심한 피해를 주고 있다. 등검은말벌을 방제하기 위해 다양한 방제 방법들이 연구되고 있으며, 그 중 말벌 유인제에 대해 국제적으로 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔으나 이 역시 지속적인 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 시판 유인제와 최근 (주)다목에코텍에서 새롭게 개발한 신규 개발 유인제에 대한 효능 검정을 수행하였 고 양봉장에 출현하는 국내 발생 말벌속의 발생양상을 조사하였다. 담양 1개소와 곡성 2개소에 기존 유인제과 신규 유인제를 장착한 포획기를 각 3쌍씩 설치하여 2016년 9월부터 11월말까지 주 1~2회 관찰하였다. 그 결과 국내 발생 말벌속 중 등검은말벌(7,787 개체)이 가장 많이 포획되었고, 다음으로 장수말벌, 말벌, 좀말벌, 꼬마장수말벌, 털보말벌 순으로 포획되었다. 두 유인제의 포획력 검정 결과, 신규 개발 유인제가 통계적으로 유의하게(P < 0.01) 등검은말벌 포획력이 높음을 보였다.

외래 병해충의 유입이 증가 하고 있고 이들의 유입 및 확산 경로 규명을 위하여 분자 유전학적 분석 방법이 이용되고 있는 실정이며, 본 연구는 외래 해충인 Reticulitermes kanmonensis의 유전적 특성을 분석하기 위한 초위성체마 커(microsatellite)를 문헌을 통해 탐색하였고, NGS(Next-Gen Sequencing) 기술을 통해 새로운 초위성체마커를 개발하였 다. 문헌을 통해 Reticulitermes속에서 개발된 마커29개와 NGS를 통해 선발된 25개의 마커를 탐색 하여, 이중 증폭 및 유용성이 있는 18개의 마커를 선정하였다. 선정된 단일 마커들을 이용하여 6개의 multiplex PCR set 및 증폭 조건을 수립하여 집단유전학 분석에 활용하고자 한다.

We present a study of the inexplicit connection between radio jet activity and γ-ray emission of BL Lacertae (BL Lac; 2200+420). We analyze the long-term millimeter activity of BL Lac via interferometric observations with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) obtained at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz simultaneously over three years (from January 2013 to March 2016); during this time, two γ-ray outbursts (in November 2013 and March 2015) can be seen in γ-ray light curves obtained from Fermi observations. The KVN radio core is optically thick at least up to 86 GHz; there is indication that it might be optically thin at higher frequencies. To first order, the radio light curves decay exponentially over the time span covered by our observations, with decay timescales of 41185 days, 352±79 days, 310±57 days, and 283±55 days at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, respectively. Assuming synchrotron cooling, a cooling time of around one year is consistent with magnetic field strengths B ∼ 2 μT and electron Lorentz factors γ ∼ 10 000. Taking into account that our formal measurement errors include intrinsic variability and thus over-estimate the statistical uncertainties, we nd that the decay timescale  scales with frequency τ ν - 0.2. This relation is much shallower than the one expected from opacity effects (core shift), but in agreement with the (sub-)mm radio core being a standing recollimation shock. We do not find convincing radio flux counterparts to the γ-ray outbursts. The spectral evolution is consistent with the `generalized shock model' of Valtaoja et al. (1992). A temporary increase in the core opacity and the emergence of a knot around the time of the second -ray event indicate that this γ-ray outburst might be an `orphan' are powered by the `ring of fire' mechanism.