This study aimed to examine the effect of a mild elevation in serum cholesterol level in a porcine coronary overstretch restenosis model using a balloon angioplasty catheter or drug-eluting coronary stent. Pigs were divided into two groups and were fed a commercial normal diet (CND, n = 4) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 4) for 5 weeks. Coronary overstretch injury by balloon angioplasty or stent implantation was induced in the left anterior descending and left circumflex artery after 1 week of feeding. Histopathological analysis was performed at 4 weeks after coronary injury. During the experiment, the total cholesterol level in the HFD group increased by approximately 44.9% (from 65.9 ± 3.21 mg/dL at baseline to 95.5 ± 9.94 mg/dL at 5 weeks). The lumen area in the CND group was reduced in comparison with that in the HFD group after balloon angioplasty. After stent implantation, the injury score showed no significant difference. There were significant differences in the neointimal area (2.7 ± 0.33 mm2 in the CND group vs. 3.3 ± 0.34 mm2 in the HFD group, p<0.05), lumen area (2.6 ± 0.54 mm2 in the CND group vs. 2.0 ± 0.33 mm2 in the HFD group, p<0.05), and percent area stenosis (52.0 ± 7.96% in the CND group vs. 62.4 ± 5.15% in the HFD group, p<0.05). Body weight change was not different between the two groups. Increased serum cholesterol level activated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the porcine coronary overstretch model.

Xenotransplantation is proposed as a solution to the problem of organ shortage. However, transplantation of xenogeneic organs induces an antigen-antibody reaction in α-1,3-gal structure that are not present in humans and primates, and thus complement is also activated and organs die within minutes or hours. In this study, we used FasL gene, which is involved in the immune response of NK cell, and US11, which suppresses MHC Class I cell membrane surface expression, to inhibit cell mediated rejection in the interspecific immunity rejection, and also hDAF(CD55) was introduced to confirm the response to C3 complement. These genes were tranfeced into Korean native pig fetal fibroblasts using pCAGGS vector. And cytotoxicity of NK cell and human complement was confirmed in each cell line. The US11 inhibited the cytotoxicity of NK cell and, in addition, the simultaneous expression of US11 and Fas ligand showed excellent suppress to T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, hDAF showed weak resistance to cytotoxicity of natural killer cell but not in CD8+ CTLs. Cytotoxicity study with human complement showed that hDAF was effective for reducing complement reaction. In this studies have demonstrated that each gene is effective in reducing immune rejection.

We performed a survey for flavivirus infection and distribution of Aedes albopictus that known as Zika and Dengue virus vector using black–light trap and BG-sentinel trap around urban area in Korea. Mosquitoes were collected in 27 cities during March to November (twice a month) year 2016. Total numbers of mosquitoes collected 102,102 including 19 species 8 genera during collecting period. Total 21,467 Ae. albopictus was collected that 20,961(24.3%) by BG-sentinel trap and 506 (3.2%) by Black-light trap in urban area. Trap index(trap/night) of Ae. albopictus was showed highest in Hamyang (TI:992.3) and lowest in Taebaek (TI:0.3) there was only collected by Black-light trap. A total of 894 pools from all collecting Ae. albopictus were performed a Flavivirus detection. Flavivirus was not detected during study period. This study may provide basic information for surveillance of imported diseases (include Zika virus) and vectors in Korea.

Insect pollinators of the endanger orchid Cypripedium japonicum were surveyed and identified during two years, as a part of a conservation project of the orchid at Jukyeup-san and Hwaak-san (Mt.), South Korea. In total 40 individuals of 16 species in 4 families were identified. The dominant family was Halictidae, and Lasioglossum exiliceps Vachal visited the most frequently C. japonicum during the surveys. The average visiting frequency was 2.5 individuals per hour and the highest 4.3, from 12:00 – 13:00 in a day. After 15:00 insects did not visit the flowers at all. However, all of the visiting insects were found to not carry a pollinium or pollens of the orchard on their bodies; pollen carryover by any of the visiting insects did not occur at all. The orchid seems to require certain pollinators in particular body thickness due to its unique pollination mechanism. The orchid has two exit route openings, around 1 cm in diametre, where the entrapped insects can exit and an anther is situated just in front of each opening. It was inferred that a pollen carrier should be around 1 cm in body thickness. Therefore, the candidate species as the proper pollen carriers can be Tetralonia nipponensis Perez, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith and Bombus consobrinus Dahlbom among the surveyed visitors.

The four genetically distinct isolates have been identified previously from Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedroviruses (BmNPVs) isolated in Korea. To further understand the complex of viruses infecting Bombyx mori, the genome of BmNPV-K1 and K4 strains was completely sequenced and analyzed in comparison with the genome of other sequenced baculoviruses including previously reported BmNPV. BmNPV-K1 consisted of 127,542 bp and 133 open reading frames (ORFs) of 150 nucleotides or longer with minimal overlap have been identified. In contrast, BmNPV-K4 consisted of 128,615 bp and 134 open reading frames (ORFs). Although gene arrangement is virtually identical, the genome of BmNPV-K4 is 1,073 bp longer than BmNPV-K1. This was related to the more existence of bro genes in BmNPV-K4. To investigate the relationship between BmNPV-K1 and K4, phylogenetic analysis with each member of the paired ORFs was performed. The sequence data suggest that BmNPVK1 and BmNPV-K4 are closely related but have diverged and evolved into two separate strains. This was study to identify highly related but separately evolving viruses in the same insect host and geographic location. We are currently comparing the differences of these BmNPV genomes to elucidate characteristics of each virus.

Agrobacterium을 이용한 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Acid Phosphatse 유전자 (PHO5) 의 식물체로의 도입

Backgoound : This study was conducted to evaluate the quality variation of Ixeris dentata on the antioxidant contents and antioxidant activities according to the different producing area. Methods and Results : The samples were extracted with 70 % EtOH and then analyzed for total flavonoid contents, polypenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Luteinol 7-O-β-D-glucoside, an index component of the Ixeris dentata, was analyzed by HPLC. The leafs of Ixeris dentata in Jinan had the highest concentration of polyphenols (23.91 ㎎/g), followed by Jinbu (22.63 ㎎/g) and Eumseong (21.36 ㎎/g). Flavonoid content was highest in Jinan (15.27 ㎎/g), but there was no significant difference between Jinbu (14.05 ㎎/g) and Eumseong (13.99 ㎎/g). The contents of luteinol 7-O-β-D-glucoside were confirmed in Jinan (0.68%), Jinbu (0.49%) and Eumseong (0.36%), respectively. Conclusion : The comparison of antioxidant contents and antioxidant activities of Ixeris dentata according to the different producing area, Jinan was had the highest concentration, followed by Jinbu and Eumseong. Our results showed that the content of luteoline-7-D-glucoside varied among the different producing area.

In animal development, the mechanisms by which localized factors and organelles in egg cytoplasm were exactly distributed into each daughter cell are essential for formation of various cell types. During ascidian Halocynthia roretzi embryogenesis, ooplasmic mitochondria were mainly segregated into muscle and neural precursor cells. At the 32-cell stage, localized mitochondria in the B6.2 blastomeres were preferentially distributed into the B7.4 muscle precursors compared with the B7.3 mesenchyme/ notochord precursors. When the B6.2 blastomeres were isolated from the early 32-cell stage embryos and then allowed to divide 2 times of cell division, the resultant partial embryos showed symmetric distribution of mitochondria, and the partial embryos were composed of equal size cells. In normal development, cell fates of the B7.3 blastomere were correlated with the unequal cleavage of B6.2 lineage cells that normally occurs in the next two-cell division stages to produce a large B8.5 mesenchyme and a small B8.6 notochord cell. Mitochondria are distributed asymmetrically in both cells. When embryos were treated with FGF receptor inhibitor SU5402 and MEK inhibitor U0126 between the 32-cell and the early 64-cell stages, the resultant embryos showed equal cleavage pattern and symmetric distribution of mitochondria in daughter cells of the B6.2 blastomeres. However, blocking of Nodal and Notch signaling did not affect the cell division pattern and mitochondrial distribution in the B6.2 lineage blastomeres between the 32-cell and 110-cell stages. Therefore, it is likely that FGF/MEK signaling is involved in asymmetric distribution of mitochondria and unequal cleavage of the B6.2 lineage blastomeres in ascidian embryo.

Molecular markers are useful for selecting to include superior character genetic like as strong immune system and rapid growth in fish. The marker is also very important part of breeding technology in Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marker is already in use widely for genomic research and breeding. But this SNPs marker hardly has been validated for screening functional genes in Olive flounder. We study identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on Expressed sequence tag (EST) database, develop usable SNP marker and apply to wild sample and cultured of olive flounder. As a result, Out of total 4.327 ESTs, 693contigs and 514 SNP from total contigs were detected while these substitutions include 297 transitions and 217 transversions. 144 developed markers were applied in 16 samples (wild 8, culture 8), Out of total marker, only 32 markers had detected polymorphic in sample. Polymorphism of 32 markers was observed in the variety genes region involved in immunity and protein synthesis. And the 32 marker were identified 21 transitions, 11 transversions, and indel was not detected in polymorphic SNPs. The analysis on heterozygosity by sample showed 0.34 in wild sample and 0.29 in cultured sample. In conclusion, we was identified SNP and Polymorphism by designed new marker, it supports that development marker is suitable for SNP detection and diversity analysis in Olive flounder. The outcome of this study can be basic data for researches for immunity gene and characteristic with SNP.

The mechanisms by which embryo exactly distributes mitochondria into the blastomeres during embryogenesis are one of the important issues in developmental biology. Although the mechanisms has been thought to be important for the proper embryonic development, our understanding has remained limited. In the present study, the distribution of mitochondria was examined in embryos of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, by immunohistochemical staining with three-types of the mitochondria-specific antibodies and vital staining of mitochondria with a fluorescent probe, DiOC2(3). Results of the immunohistochemical staining coincided with that of vital staining, which is able to detect the distribution of mitochondria in cytoplasm of the embryo. Mitochondria was mainly segregated into the B4.1 posterior-vegetal blastomeres at the 8-cell stage. During the next stages, mitochondria was preferentially partitioned into cells of the B-line muscle and the A-line nerve cord precursor compared with each sister cell, endoderm in the 5th cleavage stage, and mesenchyme and notochord in the 6th cleavage stage. However, the mitochondria-rich cytoplasm is divided equally among the blastomeres of the animal hemisphere between the 8-cell and the 64-cell stages. When B6.2 blastomeres were isolated at the early 32-cell stage embryo and cultured in seawater, until control embryos reached the 64-cell stage, pattern of mitochondria distribution was similar to results of the coisolated B7.3 and B7.4 blastomeres from the 64-cell stage embryos. Therefore, it is likely that mitochondria are asymmetrically segregated into the marginal cells in the vegetal hemisphere of the ascidian embryo without cell-cell interaction.