The complexity of the Philippines’ South China Sea policy necessitates a multi-level analysis of the key tenets of the Marcos Jr. administration’s approach. From the perspective of neoclassical realism, the structural factor, primarily shaped by the trilateral dynamics among China, the United States, and the Philippines, remains a key determinant influencing Manila’s policy formulation. Nevertheless, the mediating function of intervening variables, including President Marcos Jr.’s personal perception and the stances of Manila’s domestic actors, substantially shapes how the structural factor is transformed into concrete policy. As a result, the Marcos Jr. administration insists on not abandoning its maritime claims, strengthens its control over the occupied islands and reefs, employs diplomatic channels to maximize strategic gains, closely aligns with the US, and expands its network of security partnerships. To promote regional peace and stability, the relevant stakeholders ought to finalize the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea in the near future.

Designing catalysts with suitable valence conduction band positions to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) with moderate redox capacity is to achieve efficient photocatalytic biomass-selective value-added oxidation. This protocol addresses the issue by tuning material structural defects, altering the surface electronic structure, and ultimately enhancing the raw material’s performance. Here, an appropriate amount of one - dimensional nanorods α-MnO2 adjusted material structural defects, increased the adsorbed oxygen (Oads)/lattice oxygen (Olatt) and Mn3+ ratios, and served as an electron transport conduit, facilitating O₂ activation to generate ROS. The Cd1.7In2S4.7 solid solution enables the optimal valence band position by adjusting the Cd2+: In3+ ratio, thus selectively oxidizing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-dicarbonylfuran (DFF). In situ XPS revealed that photogenerated electrons in Cd1.7In2S4.7 quickly transferred to the conduction band of α-MnO2, and photogenerated holes from α-MnO2 moved to the valence band of Cd1.7In2S4.7. This significantly enhanced the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers at the interface. The optimal sample achieved 56% conversion of HMF and 72% selectivity of DFF under simulated sunlight. This protocol provides a new approach for the establishment of electron transport channel structures based on α-MnO2 constructs and value-added biomass photocatalytic conversion under simulated sunlight.

Hu Pu’an (1878–1947) compiled the Ziyuanxue jiangyi (Course Materials on Theories of Chinese Characters) for the Chinese Language Department of the Commercial Press Correspondence School. This textbook was specifically designed for correspondence students with an educational level equivalent to primary school graduates. Focusing on the Six Principles (Liushu) of Chinese character formation, it employed numbered headings and clear examples, illustrating an endeavor to popularize knowledge of Chinese character studies. This paper utilizes Ziyuanxue jiangyi as the core text and compares it with Hu’s Liushu qianshuo (A Brief Introduction to the Six Principles) and Wenzixue ABC (The ABC of Chinese Grammatology). It explores how he modified the language style and educational content to suit the audience, analyzing the variations in format and knowledge translation strategies across lecture-oriented, popularizationoriented, and correspondence-oriented teaching materials. This paper examines Hu Pu’an’s “scaffolded explanation” process, transitioning from academic to popular formats and subsequently to correspondence education. The “scaffolded” approach refers to content stratification based on varying levels of difficulty and embodies a structured, guided, and systematic knowledge translation. This includes simplifying terminology, incorporating life-like examples, and reorganizing the teaching material structure. Although Ziyuanxue jiangyi is brief and has not been a mainstream focus in academia, this study reveals it as a unique case in the evolution of Chinese language education and Chinese character textbooks during the early Republic of China through textual analysis. Hu’s translation practice fills the gap at the intersection of the history of Chinese character teaching materials and the history of correspondence education, offering historical insights for the popularization of contemporary Chinese character education and possessing interdisciplinary significance.

To address the issues of slow magnetization current tracking speed, prolonged magnetization time, and low accuracy during magnetic particle testing of ship castings, forgings, and welded components, this study designed a high-precision rapid current tracking control system. By integrating the predictive characteristics of the Newton interpolation algorithm with the robustness of PID control, a compound control algorithm with a pre-judgment mechanism was developed. An innovative three-phase zero-crossing detection circuit architecture was also implemented, combining high-speed A/D converters and CS5460 chips to optimize current tracking methods, resolving the conflict between initial tracking phase deviation and dynamic process overshoot in conventional approaches. Experimental results demonstrated that this method significantly improves magnetization speed, achieving target current tracking within 0.5 seconds with errors below 2%, meeting the design requirements for non-destructive testing in ship welding applications.

Heavy metal ions pollution has become of worldwide critical concern, thus, it is particularly important to monitor it in the environment and food for ensuring human health. In this study, p-phenylenediamine and 2-mercaptothiazoline were used to prepare nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped carbon dots (N/SCDs) for fluorescent and colorimetric detection of Cu2+. The fabricated N/SCDs with bright green fluorescence showed excellent optical characteristics and favorable water solubility. In an aqueous system, a significant fluorescence quenching of N/SCDs at 512 nm is obtained in the presence of Cu2+. It also caused a significant colorimetric response with the color of prepared N/SCDs solution changed from colorless to yellow. Under optimal conditions, the analytical results showed that the linear range spanning from 5 to 400 μM, with a detection limit of 0.215 μM in fluorescence and 0.225 μM in colorimetric detection. In addition, N/SCDs displayed high selectivity toward Cu2+. No obvious interference was observed over other metal ions. Furthermore, we have also used N/SCDs to monitor Cu2+ in tap and lake water. The recovery of Cu2+ ranged between 89.6% and 113.1%. Exhibiting remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, the designed sensor offers a promising detection method for Cu2+ detection in the real sample.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is widely used as an environmentally friendly insecticide compared to chemical insecticides. However, challenges such as difficulty in direct practical application, limited efficacy duration, and stability have been identified. To solve these issues, formulation-based research is being extensively conducted. In this study, the high insecticidal activity strain Bt IMBL-B9, identified in previous research, was subjected to large-scale cultivation using a fermentor. Subsequently, various formulations were developed through formulation processes. and characteristics such as their wettability, suspensibility and particle size were assessed to select the optimized formulation.

As the demand for flexible wearable electronic devices increases, the development of light, thin and flexible high-performance energy-storage devices to power them is a research priority. This review highlights the latest research advances in flexible wearable supercapacitors, covering functional classifications such as stretchability, permeability, self-healing and shapememory capabilities, as well as practical studies on energy harvesting capabilities.

This research investigated the effects of para-social interaction (PSI) in online and traditional celebrity endorsements. The data was collected by distributing questionnaire sets. And covariance structural equation modeling was used to analyze the model. The findings showed that para-social interaction is the moderator variable in the online celebrity endorsement effect.

The present study choose to conduct consumer behavioral research in Metaverse situation, explores factors that influence consumer shopping enjoyment and purchase intention from product, service and technology perceptive. The research team gathered the primary data through questionnaire subjecting to Chinese consumers (n=300) who know about TaoBao future city which themes on virtual buying in Metaverse. In addition, structural equation modeling is employed to examine the hypothesized relationship among the variables. The result shows that all the driving factors positive effects consumer shopping enjoyment and then influence purchase intention positively. The finding is significantly fundamental to establish theoretical framework future about virtual shopping in Metaverse, and help marketers realize how to set virtual stores in Metaverse to enhance consumer shopping experience so that they could improve consumer purchase intention in the context.

A composite photocatalyst of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles decorated with different content of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared via a simple and facile one-step method in this paper. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectra, and UV–Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS) were used to characterize the crystal structure, morphology and optical properties of the rGO–ZnO composite photocatalyst. The photocatalytic properties of the composites were investigated using methyl orange (MO), a typical orange compound, as a test pollutant. The results showed that rGO–ZnO composites displayed significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity in MO degradation than pure ZnO, and the pseudo-first-order kinetic constant on the optimal rGO–ZnO composite was 14 times as great as that on pure ZnO. The enhanced photocatalytic ability of the rGO-ZnO composites was mainly benefited from the high specific surface area and high conductivity of rGO, which facilitated efficient charge separation in the rGO-ZnO nanocomposite.

Molybdenum disulfide ( MoS2) has been one of the most promising members of transition-metal dichalcogenides materials. Attributed to the excellent electrical performance and special physical properties, MoS2 has been broadly applied in semiconductor devices, such as field effect transistors (FETs). At present, the exploration of further improving the performance of MoS2- based FETs (such as increasing the carrier mobility and scaling) has encountered a bottleneck, and the application of high-κ gate dielectrics has become an effective approach to change this situation. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables high-quality integration of MoS2 and high-κ gate dielectrics at the atomic level. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the fabrication of two-dimensional MoS2 FETs using ALD high-κ materials as gate dielectrics. We first briefly discuss the research background of MoS2 FETs. Second, we expound the electrical and other essential properties of high-κ gate dielectrics, which are essential to the performance of MoS2 FETs. Finally, we focus on the advances in fabricating MoS2 FETs with ALD high-κ gate dielectrics on MoS2, as well as the optimized ALD processes. In addition, we also look forward to the development prospect of this field.

A porous-carbon material UiO-66-C was prepared from metal–organic frameworks UiO-66 by carbonization in inert gas atmosphere. Physicochemical properties of UiO-66-C materials were well characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectrometer, N2 adsorption/ desorption isotherms (BET), and the adsorption properties of the products were studied UiO-66-C has a high specific surface area up to 1974.17 m2/ g. Besides, the adsorption capacity of tetracycline could reach 678.19 mg/g, the adsorption processes agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model.

Product labels are one way for advertisers to provide information to purchasers on product quality (Atkinson & Rosenthal, 2014). Label policies have been issued to promote information disclosure on food products in some developed countries. Recent years have also seen increasing attempts to promote healthy eating in emerging markets. In China, nutrition labels became mandatory under the nutrition labeling acts. The laws require nutrition information to be presented at the point of purchase as well as in establishments where food is prepared or consumed. Additionally, similar actions were taken by India (India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2011), Mercosur members and in South Africa (Brazilian Ministry of Health, 2012; Institute of Food Technologists [IFT], 2011).

Carbon materials with tailorable structures and superior properties have great potential applications in environmental protection, energy conversion, and catalysis. Plant biomass as abundant and green non-toxic raw materials has been considered as good precursors for synthesizing heteroatom-doped carbon materials. However, few studies have been reported on the different natures of carbon materials derived from different parts of the same plant biomass. In this study, we prepared carbon materials from the petioles and blades of apricot leaves by direct pyrolysis without additives. Detailed characterizations indicate that these two carbon materials are similar in element composition and graphitization degree, but differ greatly in surface area and pore volume. These differences can be attributed to the different contents of inorganic salts, vascular bundles, and proteins in petioles and blades. When used as catalysts for the oxidation of ethylbenzene, the petiole-derived carbon shows better catalytic performance than the blades derived carbon due to its high surface area, large average pore size, and doped nitrogen atoms. Furthermore, the carbon catalysts derived from the petioles and blades of poplar leaves and parasol tree leaves show the same difference in catalytic reaction, implying that the above-mentioned conclusion is rather universal, which can provide reference for the synthesis of carbon materials from leaves.

The music education major in higher normal universities is the place to train future music teachers. The boring nature of music skills courses and theoretical courses reduces the enthusiasm of university students. It is of far-reaching significance to apply the theory of dynamic music to the teaching practice of the innovative music curriculum model of the combination of theory and practice, and to cultivate music education talents suitable for the development of the times.