다케시마문제연구회의 후지이 겐지의 평화선과 어업문제에 대한 연구에서 주목할 점은 평화선이 독도 어장 보호, 영유권 강화를 위한 제도가 아니고 이것이 독도해역에서의 어업분쟁이 아니라는 것을 증명하고 있다. 일본정부는 시마네현의 기선저예망어업이 효율이 좋기 때문에 연안어업 분쟁을 일으켜서 어업 규제를 강화하고 어장을 동중국해, 황해 해역으로 유도해서 더이상 시마네현 기선저예 망어업을 할 수 없게 되었고 일본 어업 정책에 의해 시마네현 어민의 피해가 커졌다는 것을 알 수 있다. 시마네현에서도 동중국해, 황해 어업 지역에 이주하여 어업을 했지만 이 지역에서의 나포 어선 피해가 커지면서 평화선에 의한 피해 의식이 계승된 것이라 볼 수 있다. 1960년대 말부터 독도주변해역은 일본의 오징어잡이 어선의 어장이 되고 1970년대가 되 면 한국도 동해 해역 어업을 본격적으로 참가하면서 독도문제를 둘러싼 한일 대립은 독도문제와 어업문제로 연결되었다고 한다. 그러나 독도 주변해역은 일본과 한국양국에서 나라 전체 어획량으로 따져보자면 양국이 함께 논의해야할 정도로 중요한 어장은 아니라고 보고 있으며 1978년 5월 이후 한국이 독도 12해리 이내의 일본 어선의 조업을 단속하고 일본 어선이 자체 철수하고, 중유의 급등과 어업 자원 상황의 악화, 출어해도 채산이 맞지 않는 경우 등의 이유로 독도 주변 해역으로 출어하는 사람들이 대폭으로 줄어 전무한 실정이라 분석하고 있다. 또한 후지이 논문에서 동해지역 오징어잡이어업어획량에서의 독도 주변 비율을 보면 1970년대 일본의 어획량 수치는 한국의 어획량보다 2배 많았기 때문에 시마네현과 일본 어민의 피해보다 한국 어민의 피해가 많다고 할 수 있다. 독도는 1946년 SCAPIN 677호에 의해 일본 영토에서 제외되었고 강화조약이 발효된 1952년에는 한국정부가 이미 독도를 통치하고 있었기 때문에 독도에 대한 영유권, 통치권에 아무런 영향이 없으며 강화조약에는 독도에 대한 아무런 규정도 없고 한국은 강화조약에서의 비조인국이기 때문에 독도에 대한 아무런 영향을 끼칠 수 없다. 평화선은 트루먼선언(1945), 중남미국가들(칠레와 페루(1947), 산티아고 선언(1952.8))을 바탕으로 200해리 영해 또는 어업수역을 한국해역에 도입하였고 이런 배타적 어업수역은 1970년대 이후 배타적 경제수역으로 일반화되었고 1982년 유엔해양법협약에도 수용되었다. 평화선은 맥아더라인을 승계하면서 국제적 선례들을 참고하여 한국 주권수역을 대외적으 로 선포한 것으로 국제법상 법적 타당성 및 실효성을 갖는 국제법 규범으로 보야 한다.

The present study aims to analyze climate change and trend of extreme temperature events occurred over the Republic of Korea. The observation data used are daily average, maximum, and minimum temperature from 6 weather stations for the period of 1912-2020. Seven extreme indices regarding frequency and extreme value of temperature are calculated in seasonal and annual time range. In addition, hot extremes and their changes by four physical terms that include information on the annual mean temperature, the amplitude of the annual cycle, the diurnal temperature range and the local temperature anomaly on the day of the extreme are analyzed. The climatology for the analysis is updated to the new normal year of 1991-2020. Consistent with the previous findings, statistically significant change was detected in the indices of annual lowest daily minimum temperature, annual extreme temperature range, frequency of daily minimum temperature below -12℃ and 10%ile(TN10p) during winter. Due to the gradual decrease of the occurrence days regarding the extreme minimum temperature during winter, the frequency calculated by the relative threshold in extreme high temperature during summer prevail since 1990s. Indices related with extreme high temperature had larger low-frequency variability than significant climate change during the analysis period. However, the assessment of hot extremes according to the terms describing mean, variability and tails during the new normal year of 1991-2020, significant increasing trend was detected not only in the annual mean and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle, but also in the daily hot extreme anomaly.

Soil temperature (SoT) is one of the important climate elements for the land-atmosphere interactions. In this study, the climatic characteristics and trends of SoT were analyzed at nine locations for the period of 1966 to 2020. In addition, effect of precipitation on the interannual variations of SoT was also addressed. The monthly average of the SoT shows seasonal and interannual variations regardless of location. While there are some differences depending on the location and depth, the interannual variations of SoT occur more strongly at the shallow layer during summer comparatively other seasons. The strong negative correlation between SoT and precipitation of summer shows that the large interannual variations of SoT in summer is closely related to the strong interannual variations of precipitation of same season. According to the depth the range of SoT is larger in winter and summer and smaller in spring and autumn. Generally, air temperature and SoTs are increasing due to global warming. However, the increasing trend varies and depends on the location and depth of the study area. Most of investigation stations are revealed a strong increasing trend, particularly, at the shallow layer during summer season.

이 글은 창간호부터 2019년까지 ｢한국교회사학회지｣에 수록된 한국기 독교의 역사 연구 논문들에 대한 분석적 연구이다. ｢한국교회사학회지｣는 해방 후 최초로 발간된 한국의 교회사 학술 연구 논문집이다. 이 기간 동안 135편의 한국교회사 연구 논문이 수록되었다. 이 글은 그 연구 논문들을 분류하여 인물 연구, 사회사, 사상사, 교단사, 문화사 등의 범주로 분류 하였다. 초창기 연구들은 한국교회사의 기초를 위한 연구들이 이루어졌다. 1990년대 이후 연구 논문들의 수가 빠르게 증가하였다. 2000년 이후의 논문들은 체제의 완성도가 높아지고 연구 분야도 다양해졌다. 2010년대의 연구 논문들은 논문 심사의 강화로 논문들의 체제와 논문의 주제들이 더욱 다양하게 발전하였다. 연구 분야는 인물 연구와 사회사 논문이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하며 신학사상, 문화사 연구들이 다수를 차지하였다. 이후의 연구에서는 통계자료의 도입과 타 분야와 복합적 연구가 필요하다.

We analyzed the recent characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) including PM10 (PM with diameter of less than 10μm) and PM2.5 (PM with diameter of less than 2.5μm) observed in Busan metropolitan area, and compared them with those measured in Seoul metropolitan area. This analysis includes the monthly, seasonal, and annual variations and differences, in emissions and chemical compositions observed in both Busan and Seoul areas. Synoptic meteorological conditions were investigated at the time when high PM concentrations occurred in each of the two areas. The results showed clearly decreasing trends of annual mean concentrations with strong seasonal variations: lower in summer and higher in winter in both areas. In comparison with Seoul, the seasonal variation in Busan demonstrated relatively lower, but showed greater summer fluctuations than in Seoul metropolitan area. This is implying the importance of secondary generation of PM in summer via active photochemical reaction in Busan area. In high concentration days, Busan’s chemical composition of sulfate was higher than that of nitrate in summer, whereas nitrate was higher than sulfate in Seoul. The ratios of NO3 - to SO4 2-(N/S ratio) showed lower in Busan approximately by a factor of 1/2(half of N/S ratio) in Busan compared with that in Seoul. Others such as synoptic characteristics and emission differences were also discussed in this study.

모더니즘과 포스트모더니즘 양식의 영향 아래 많은 예술 작품들이 무용 안에서 다양한 예술 매체의 통합을 추구하기 시작했고, 새로운 현대무용 작품들을 만들기 시작했다. 이 연구는 많은 무용가들의 작품을 분석하여 현대무용의 멀티미디어 통합에 대한 연구에 초점을 맞추었다. 보다 구체적으로는 베이징무용쌍주(北京舞蹈双周)의 현대무용 작품들에 대한 조사를 통해 현대무용에서 미디어의 적용과 특성을 알아내는 것을 목표로 하였다. 연구결과 현대무용이 ‘반무용’ 경향의 개념을 일반화하여 미디어의 다원적 표현을 추구한다는 것을 발견하였다.

This study tries to reveal abnormal trends in climate change from 60 stations in Korea during 1981-2010 by comparisons to the standard station, Chupungnyeong station. Trends in climate change from station with the abnormalities, and their implication and causes are also discussed. Although Wando, Wonju, Mungyeong and Mokpo stations show the most abnormalities, normal trends in climate change from some climate data are also found from Mokpo station. On the other hand, some climate data from Suwon, Jeonju, Jinju, Icheon and Geumsan stations indicate the most normalities. It should be noted that variabilities of climate data are largely different, indicating that clear trends in climate change may not be extracted. The fact that some stations with the abnormalities from some climate data also show the normalities should be also noted. This study suggests that most stations with the most abnormalities may be relevant to relocation of station.

물순환에 영향을 미치는 원인과 결과를 분석하는 기존의 연구들은 대부분 강우-유출모형을 사용하고 있어 모형의 구축 및 매개변수의 보정과 검증에 많은 노력이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 수문기상자료만을 이용하여 유량의 변동성분을 정량화할 수 있는 수문학적 민감도 분석기법을 화천댐 상류유역에 적용하고 화천댐 유입량에 대한 1967~2017년 동안의 변동량을 자연적 요인과 인위적 요인으로 분리하여 제시하였다. 다양한 변동점 탐색기법을 사용한 결과 1999년이 통계적으로 유의한 변동점으로 탐색되었으며, 이를 활용하여 수문학적 민감도 분석을 5가지의 Budyko 함수들을 이용하여 산정한 결과 평균적으로 18.99억 m3/y의 유입량 감소가 임남댐 건설로 인하여 발생된 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 기존 연구자들의 화천댐 유입량 감소량에 비해 다소 크게 산정된 결과이며, 이는 2000년대 이후 증가된 강우량 및 화천댐 유입량의 감소가 주된 영향을 미친 결과로 추정된다. 향후 월별, 계절별 단위의 분석이 추가로 연구될 필요가 있으며, 미래의 기후변화 상황을 고려한 예측을 통한 실효성 있는 계획이 수립될 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study deals with inorganic Carbon dioxide Capture Utilization (CCU) by using seawater-based industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater, which contains plenty of cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, is considered as a cation source for mineral carbonation. Modeled industrial wastewater was used to study the tendency of mineral carbonation on various condition. Cation concentration of industrial wastewater was modified at various levels and then reacted with fully CO2- absorbed 30wt.% monoethanolamine (MEA) solution. A metal carbonate precipitated as a result of the reaction, and the same experiment was performed with 1/3, 2/3 CO2-absorbed MEA solution to study the tendency of carbonation under different CO3 2− conditions. The amount of precipitate was increased proportionally to the cation concentration and the amount of absorbed CO2. Most of the precipitate was calcium carbonate (CaCO3), although other metal carbonates were also formed. Most of the CaCO3 was found in calcite form, but vaterite and aragonite were also formed under specific conditions. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that by controlling the concentration of cations and CO3 2−, we were able to optimize mineral carbonation conditions. We also noticed that low CO3 2− concentration in MEA solutions is advantageous for producing high quality calcium carbonate crystals. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed to analyze the precipitate.

The use of electrical and electronic products made of low specific gravity and easy processing plastics has increased alongside industrial development. As these products were abandoned, environmental problems such as Dioxine and Furan began to rise. Accordingly, through long-time reviews and discussions, the EU has implemented the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) regulations. In addition, the Stockholm Convention was adopted in April 2011 to regulate wastes containing brominated flame retardants. Therefore, the Basel Convention issued technical guidelines and environmentally friendly treatments for wastes containing brominated flame retardants. Proper management and treatment plans that are suitable to Korea’s circumstances are required for Korea to respond to both conventions and changing trends in international POPs management. In this regard, the study identified domestic and international trends in environmental regulations and usages, obtained fundamental data for the management of waste containing brominated flame retardants, and investigated the current status of waste generation in Korea. The results of analyses were used to make a lab-scale incineration reactor as the basis for setting incineration temperature ranges for experiments. After incineration, five general air pollutants (O2, CO, CO2, SOx, and NOx) and three components of BRFs in emission gases and flooring were analyzed to identify whether the PBDEs in waste can be destroyed in a stable and environmental manner during heat treatment. In the analysis, HRMS was used for PBDEs and GC/MS/MS for TBBPA and HBCD. PBDD/DFs was proportionally increased in facilities that had high concentrations of PCDD/DFs during incineration. In conclusion, wastes containing brominated flame retardants in Korea can be incinerated in an environmentally friendly manner.

Land cover around weather station can affect various climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation, wind and moisture. This study tries to reveal patterns and causes in land cover changes around weather stations in South Korea and to classify types of the land cover changes. The agricultural land, forest and used area have occupied most areas around un-relocated 47 weather stations with enough weather observation durations for the past 20-30 years. Area of the agricultural land shows steady decrease with remarkable areal decrease in the wetland, while steady areal increase is found in the used area. Due to urban expansions and new town developments around the weather stations, areas of the urbanization type (used area+barren) and suburbanization type (agricultural land+forest+grass+wetland) show steady increase and decrease, respectively. On the other hand, accurate changes in land cover are not reflected in the water-front type (wetland+water) due to errors and limitations in land cover classification using satellite images. It is expected that the results in this study can contribute to reliability and homogeneity enhancement of weather data.

The disaster caused by the heavy rain results in the greatest damage Among the damages caused by the weather disaster. many previous researches actively analyzed heavy rainfall disasters. The work includes analyzing vulnerability of disaster using characteristics and size of disaster damage in local area, selecting influencing factors influencing disaster and analyzing its influence. Rainfall during the heavy rainfall disaster is concerned with regional vulnerability to rainfall. The disaster-induced rainfall averaged on scale was analyzed by classifying disaster damage scale. The damage per precipitation unit is assumed to be disaster vulnerability, and local vulnerability of disasters is analyzed and the tendency of disaster vulnerability is analyzed using a time series analysis. The total amount of rainfall during the disaster period was analyzed in a large amount of rainfall in the Seoul metropolitan area and Busan city. The analysis shows that The average rainfall per accident case is high, and the region with relatively high stability against heavy rainfall disaster is Seoul metropolitan city. Southwest regions of the Korean Peninsula are analyzed to be affected by a very small amount of precipitation. The damage analysis shows that Busan Metropolitan City and the metropolitan area are relatively safe area against disaster. The analysis of disaster vulnerability based on the precipitation during the heavy rainfall disaster provides a clear classification of vulnerability by region.

Rural house came into the rapid change through the process of modernization and Saemaul movement in the past. This change continue to the current era, there is a such exotic forms and indiscriminate development of new house and Saemaul housing and existing conventional farmhouse in rural area. Such a phenomenon, ultimately creating disharmony in traditional environment of rural. In this respect, reflecting the location characteristics of the region which is based on the regional characteristics and unique model of rural housing, it is absolutely required for the development of rural housing customized to fit the diversity of modern. With that background, the purpose of the research is to try and find out the changes in rural houses and the transforming characteristics. To achieve this research purpose, this research selected a specialized magazine for architecture. Then, it identified contents which has specific keyword. lastly, it analyze type and contents of house in rural area from selected article. This process make up the rural housing for effective utilization. The result showed that the type of economic activity and residents information directly show the character of the members who located in the new homes after retuning to farming. The polarization of structure was clearly visible by the building time. And, propensity to western-style of major components was very high such as shape and form of housing. However, it was found to prefer to reflect traditional aesthetics in the components of the housing partially. Therefore, more research is needed to reflect of the results of a survey. Also, analyzing the characteristic of rural house’s element and suggesting ways to take advantage in order to present suitable element of modern rural house.

From 1970, the concept of ecotourism is introduced, lots of studies in ecotourism appeared. Review these studies are necessary for future ecotourism studies. Some review studies on ecotourism are existed. However, these approach also limitation of subjectivities and some sorts of papers has not been reviewed. This study use keyword network analysis which is used as big data analysis to overcome the limitation. Foreign 2455 studies and domestic 163 studies which have ecotoursim in keywords, are analyzed for reviewing. As a result, 3 cluster(‘Sustainable tourism development’, ‘Ecological conservation’, ‘Ecotourist analysis’ appeared, in ecotourism studies. In addition, this cluster has deep relationship with region. ‘Sustainable tourism development’ is related to Eurasia, Australia, Europe. ‘Ecological conservation’ is related to Africa. ‘Ecotourism analysis’ is related to North America. Especially ‘Resident participation’, ‘Stakeholder’ are appeared many times in Asia region. These results show that ecotourism studies are interpreted in regional contexts. It means that although only one word ‘ecotourism’ is used in different contexts, regional approach are needed for exact use. In Korea, the keywords are focused on ecotourists and developments. As Korea has lots of ecotour village, resident participation studies have to be supplemented.