Among 18 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates with spherical parasporal inclusion from soils, B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis CAB199 was selected. It was showing over 90% mortality against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens moletus. It was confirmed that this B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis CAB199 isolate also had a insecticidal activity against Culex inatomii that was occurred in the marsh. Because most of mosquito larva were primarily situated or shifted from under- to surface water, we need to select long floating formulations on surface water for controlling mosquito larva. It was tested the pesticidal and control effects in the laboratory and wetland with two formulation types of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, for example, wettable power (WP) and suspension concentrate type (SC). Laboratory test showed that SC formulation type was relatively faster and more effective against 3 tested mosquito species, C. pipiens, Aedes aegypti, and C. inatomii. Otherwise, the control efficacy of SC formulation type was more rapidly appeared against C. inatomii in the wetland.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is effective to control the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. However, its relative slow and unstable control efficacy limits its wide use by farmers. To facilitate pathogenic rate of Bt, a bacterial mixture technique has been developed in this study. Two entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila (Xn) and Photorhabdus temperata temperata (Ptt), possess high immunosuppressive activity against several lepidopteran insects. The mixture treatments using Bt + Xn or Bt + Ptt significantly enhanced Bt pathogenicity in median lethal concentration and time. Though live Xn and Ptt bacterial cells gave significant effect on the pathogenicity, their 48 h culture broth after removing the bacterialcells still possessed the synergistic effect on the Bt pathogenicity. The larvae fed with the bacterial culture broth suffered significant immunosuppression in response bacterial to infection

The most effective methods against pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWD), black pine bast scale (Matsucoccus thunbergianae), pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) is the trunk injection of insecticides. The period of trunk injection that was considered with ecology and physiology of pests such as pine wilt disease, black pine bast scale and pine needle gall midge, was applied from Dec. to next Feb. and June, Dec. respectively. And there are differences in quantities of being injected chemicals to pine trees by the period of trunk injection. Thus, we investigated to prevent the effect of insecticides, to estimate the effect under the trunk injection of insecticides for pine trees against pests by the injecting period and time, boring site, opening and shutting of injection site. On Pinuns thunbergii, it was examined to figure out the effect of insecticides by the injecting period, twice a month on a sunny day around 10 AM from January to September. Injecting of insecticides was tested at a dose of 5ml per cm dbh of a pine tree after boring with hand drill at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, abmectin 1.8% EC and phospamidon 50% SL were injected over 90% of mortalities from the end of January to the middle of March but as time goes by, injecting insecticides tended to decrease. To compare the volume of injecting insecticides in a day, between 10 AM and 2 PM on February 23rd, abamectin 1.8% EC was injected at a dose of 5ml per pine trees with micro pipette after boring with a drill machine at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, injecting insecticide of a pine which was injected around 10 AM was completely injected and about 90% of the insecticide was injected in case of a pine that was injected around 2 PM. Trunk injection of insecticides was examined to figure out differences of the volume of injected insecticides before and after rain. There was no difference not only the rainfall but also the bored direction.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) which is widely used in most of the countries for quarantine purpose, has been designated and under control as ozone depleting substance. This study is on the toxicity of ethanedinitrile as a MeBr alternative to control several wood-related insect pests. LC50 value of Ethanedinitrile(EDN) for Reticulitemes speratus, Tomicus piniperda adults at 21℃ was 0.26, 4.83 mg/L respectively. LC99 value of EDN for R. speratus at open status and closed wooden cubes was 0.65, 0.62 mg/L respectively, whereas MB was 13.96, 31.10 mg/L, which means that the toxicity of EDN for R. spratus is greater and EDN penetrates better into wood as compared with MB. The morality of EDN 20.3 mg/L(6hr) at 25℃ for Crytogenius lutats in wood was 90.3% in larvae, 58.6% in pupae and 89.5% in adults, which means that pupae were more resistant than larvae and adult. All stages of C. lutats were disinfected with EDN at or more than 29.9.mg/L, 6hr(CT product 89 mg hr/L) at 25℃. In sorption and application test, CT product of EDN 50 g/㎥(6hr) was 157 g hr/㎥ in the conditions of 21% wood moisture content with 25% loading, 171 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 25% loading and 158 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 50% loading, respectively. In all treatments, adults of Cryphalus fulvus and R. speratus were completely killed. The minimal CT product (158 g hr/m3) of 6hrs treatment was higher than CT product to disinfect C. lutats (89 mg hr/L). It is expected that it can be used as alternative fumigant of MeBr for woods.

We investigated eight active natural antimicrobials for preservation of functional beverages that are usually degraded by yeasts rather than by bacteria due to a high sugar content and a low pH. Five strains of yeasts (S. cerevisiae, Z. bailii, P. membranaefaciens, C. albicans, and P. Anomala) were tested with eight natural antimicrobial agents (ε-polylysine, yucca extract, vitamin B1 derivative, scutellaria baicalensis extract, chitooligosaccharid, allyl isothiocyanate, sucrose-fatty acid ester, and oligosaccharide). The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 10 ppm for oligosaccharide and sucrose-fatty acid ester against S. cerevisiae and Z. bailii, 10 ppm for allyl isothiocynate against P. membranaefaciens and C. albican, and 10 ppm for allyl isothiocynate and oligosaccharide against P. anomala . No growth were observed for five kinds of yeasts in functional beverages containing sodium benzonate at concentration of 0.015% or higher. The resistance of S. cerevisiae, Z. bailii, and P. Anomala against natural antimicrobial agents was lower than those of P. membranaefaciens and C. albican. Allyl isothiocyanate, oligosaccharide, and sucrose- fatty acid ester showed the highest antimicrobial activities among the eight tested antimicrobials. These results can be applied to develop new natural antimicrobial agents to improve microbial quality of functional beverages.

공기유동 제어기술의 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공 할 목적으로 토마토 재배 온실의 냉난방과 환기 및 공기유동 관련 실태를 조사하고, 온실유형과 난방방식별 온습도 분포를 실측하여 균일도를 분석하였다. 충남 부여 세도지역의 토마토 재배 온실 136농가를 대상으로 조사한 결과 대부분을 차지하는 단동 플라스틱 온실의 천창 설치 비율이 낮고 환기팬과 유동팬 설치비율도 매우 낮을 뿐만 아니라 설치제원도 편차가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 아치형 단동 플라스틱온실의 천창 환기 구조의 개발보급과 연동곡부의 천창도 지붕상부로 이동시킬 필요가 있으며, 개별 천창구조 및 환기팬과 유동팬에 대한 설치 가이드라인의 제정이 요구된다. 냉방설비를 설치한 농가는 하나도 없었으며 난방방식의 대부분을 차지하는 온풍난방에서 덕트의 설치제원 역시 편차가 큰 것으로 나타났고, 온풍덕트의 배기풍속 및 배기온도 또한 거리에 따른 편차가 매우 큰 것으로 관측되었다. 수출경쟁력 화보를 위한 고품질의 생산물을 연중 안정적으로 생산하기 위해서는 온실냉방기술의 보급이 절실하며 난방방식이나 덕트설치 방식의 개선이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 온실내 온습도 분포가 균일한지 여부를 판단하는 지표로 사용되고 있는 최대 편차와 실제 균등한 정도를 나타낼 수 있는 균일도와의 관계를 분석해 본 결과 높은 상관관계를 보였으나 주간에는 직선식으로 야간에는 2차 곡선식으로 다르게 표현되었다. 온습도 분포의 균일한 정도를 판정할 수 있는 객관적인 기준이 마련된다면 최대편차 대신 균일도를 지표로 사용하는 것이 더 합리적일 것으로 판단된다. 온실유형과 난방방식에 따라 온 습도분포의 균일도가 상당히 다른 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 야간에는 온수난방의 경우 이랑배관으로, 온풍난방의 경우 온풍덕트의 적절한 배치를 통하여, 주간에는 환기와 공기유동을 통하여 균일도를 개선할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

For the environment-friendly control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, in spring onion fields, we have examined an alternative application method. Twenty-five insecticides registered for spring onion were tested for control effect against the beet armyworm in the laboratory, then the best 9 chemical and a single biological insecticides were selected and compared with 2 new isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis in a polyvinyl house. After that, 4 chemical and 3 B. thuringiensis treatments were used in the field for the control of beet armyworm in the spring onion. Two application methods are used: one is triple treatments with the same chemical and the other is alternative application with different chemicals and B. thuringiensis for 7 days intervals. Indoxacarb WP – chlorfluazuron EC – B.t. var. kurstaki CAB141 and indoxacarb WP – methoxyfenozide + spinosad SC – Chlorfluazuron EC – B.t. var. aizawai CAB109, B.t. var. kurstaki CAB141 showed greater than 78% mortality of beet armyworm larvae and greater than 43% damage decrease in spring onions infested by beet armyworm. These results showed that alternative applications had higher control effect than any other applications. It was suggested that alternative applications with microbial biological agents such as B. thuringiensis might minimize the development of insecticide resistance and might be used as the environment-friendly control of the beet armyworm.

This study was aimed to understand the effects of perturbed floor surface on human postural stability while standing. Ten subjects were asked to stand quietly on the surface with two angles of inclination (0° and 5°), two contamination conditions(dry and

Oriental persimmon, Diospyros kaki Thunb., endemic to East Asia is one of the major fruit crops in Korea. We conducted the faunal survey of mites on persimmon trees in Korea from June to September 2006, especially focusing on herbivorous and predacious mites. Mites of Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae were dominantly collected as herbivores, while those of Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae were predominant as predators. All identified tenuipalpid mites were Tenuipalpus zhizhilashviliae Reck. Most of the collected tetranychid mites were found to belong to the genus Tetranychus. To clarify the species identity, additional collections of tetraychid mites during summer 2007 on sweet persimmon were made. The mites were identified as Tetranychus urticae Koch. Four phytoseiid species, Neoseiulus womersleyi (Schicha), Amblyseius eharai Amitai and Swirski, Phytoseius (Dubininellus) rubii Xin, Liang and Ke and Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) vulgaris Ehara were collected. Among them, A. eharai was the most dominant species. Seventeen populations of two spotted mites (TSM) were observed 3 times per month from May to October to figure out their fluctuations at the site of individual farmer’s orchard from Sacheon, Sancheong, and Jinju in Gyeongsangnam- do and Gwangyang, Gurye, and Suncheon in Jeollanam-do. Among them, only 2 sites were properly managed, 5 sites were required to control but the farmers had little information on the mite and its damage, though 10 orchards were not in jeopardy. Number of TSM reached more than 400 at its maximum when 100 leaves were randomly observed at orchards from Sacheon, Okgok, and Muncheok, showing remarkably discolored leaves. For the control of TSM in fields by chemical means, it was tried to select an effective miticides in persimmon fields. Control activity of spiromesifen 20SC showed 99.0% and 98.1% and the activity of acequinocyl 15SC showed 90.8% and 99.0% in Jinju and Sacheon at 20 days after treatment, respectively. It was tried to understand the cause of the fluctuations of TSM populations on the viewpoints of pesticide spray, density of predacious mites, rainfalls, and weeds in the persimmon orchards. Various factors considered to contribute to the cause of population fluctuations, depending upon the situations of each orchard. To develop as a potential resource of biological control agents, it was tried to find out winter spatial distribution and movement of Amblyseius eharai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on persimmon trees in Korea using artificial materials. We attached Phyto traps and urethane foam on persimmon trees in early November 2007 in Sacheon, Korea to estimate overwintering ecology of the predominant phytoseiid species Amblyseius eharai on persimmon. Most of A. eharai were found on the samples of branches, such as pedicel. In early spring, A. eharai was abundantly collected in the weekly and long-term traps before the leaf extension of persimmon trees, which additionally enhanced the possibility that A. eharai overwintered on the trees.

This study was carried out to evaluate toxicities of two formulations (microemulsion, ME and wettable powder, WP) for acetamiprid+etofenprox against aphids (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on the cucumber greenhouse and whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci Qbiotype) on the tomato greenhouse. The activities of two formulations were evaluated by testing residual effect and toxicities against eggs, nymphs and adults of whiteflies in the laboratory, and control effect in the greenhouse against whiteflies, aphids and thrips. All trials were tested at the recommended concentration(RC) and a half concentration of RC of each formulation. In the laboratory trials against eggs and nymphs of whiteflies, the effect of ME was more effective than that of WP and showed more than 80% ovicidal activities, and 40%~60% larvicidal activities on the 3rd instars nymph of whiteflies at the recommended and its half concentrations. On the residual effect against the adults of the two whitefly species, WP formulation was more effective than ME and showed more than 70% mortality at the 5th day after treatments of recommended concentrations. In the field trials, the effects of ME against whiteflies and thrips were more excellent than those of WP. On the other hand, the effect of WP against aphids was more excellent. These results indicate that the formulation of insecticide can be played an important role in the control strategy of the pest in field.

A new Bacillus subtilis isolate showed high anti-fungal activities (more than 80% control efficacy) against several plant diseases such as rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea), tomato gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), tomato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita). We tried to confer an insecticidal activity to this B. subtilis isolate for constructing a recombinant strain which has dual functions, anti-fungal and insecticidal activity. The insecticidal cry1Ac gene of B. thuringiensis was constructed under its own promoter in a minimal E. coli-B. thuringiensis shuttle vector (pHT1K-1Ac). The plasmid, pHT1K-1Ac was introduced into B. subtilis isolate by electroporation and the transformant was confirmed by PCR with cry1Ac specific primers. B. subtilis transformant produced a parasporal inclusion in the cells as in B. thuringiensis and the size of that protein was appox. 130 kDa. The insecticidal activity of the transformant was checked against lepidopteran pest, Plutella xylostella. This result suggests that this recombinant B. subtilis strain shows the possibility of controlling harmful insect pests as well as plant fungal diseases simultaneously at one crop, and both culture broth and harvested cells of this strain can be used as individual biological control agents separately for integrated crop protection.

Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseidae) is well known as an effective natural enemy of two-spotted spider mite, Tetrnychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). However, successful biological control usually requires adequate management of temperature. While P. persimilis did suppress T. urticae at moderate condition (20~25oC) in a week or so, the density of P. persimilis was barely increased at cold condition (5~10oC) in three weeks or so. The problem is that winter temperature is too cold for the development and reproduction of P. persimilis in greenhouse for forcing strawberry. Night temperatures in greenhouse were even mostly lower than 6oC. So, winter application of P. persimilis against T. urticae is useless. To avoid damage from T. urticae in early spring season, it was better that the release amount of P. persimilis was double at middle- and late-October, instead of early-November to next early-February. If necessary, the double releasing of P. persimilis might be good for control of T. urticae at middle- and late-February.

Models are useful tools for understanding and improving biological control of arthropod pests by means of natural enemies. Thus, models can be applied to simulate various scenarios in order to identify optimal control strategies. Although simulations can never replace real experiments, they can often serve as guidelines for choosing relevant field experiments and thereby save a lot of laborious and costly field work. Whereas the processes underlying population dynamics (e.g. dispersal, functional response, mutual interference) can be studied under laboratory conditions, large-scaled experiments in the field or in greenhouses are unsuited for this purpose. Instead such experiments may provide information about the patterns (e.g. spatial distributions of prey and predators) generated by the underlying processes. A major purpose of modeling is to link the patterns to the processes that generate these patterns. Petri-dish and single plant experiments have clearly demonstrated the capacity of predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to feed effectively on the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. This quickly leads to reductions in the abundance of prey, followed by a decline in predator abundance and eventual extinction. However, when larger systems, consisting of many hundred plants, are infested with the two mite species, extinction of one or both species seems less likely at the system level, although it may still occur at the individual plant level. The qualitative difference between small and large systems with respect to persistence and extinction risks is attributed to the fact that mites move among plants, but to prove that dispersal per se plays a role for the overall dynamics is hard to demonstrate experimentally. To circumvent this problem, I developed a stochastic simulation model of a greenhouse system that explicitly incorporates within and between plant dynamics. The model is used for analyzing a series of experiments with biological control of spider mites in multi-plant systems. In these experiments, the number of plants as well as their connectivity and the numbers of introduced mites were varied in order to examine whether these factors affect e.g. the predator-prey ratio or the time to extinction of one or both species. In my presentation I will also demonstrate an interactive version of the model (called DynaMite). It allows the user to interfere in the system during a simulation so as to mimic the options a grower has in order to prevent losses and to maximize his profit. Such options include spraying with acaricides, releasing predators, and replanting in substitute of damaged plants. By choosing different control strategies, the user may gradually improve his skills according to the principle of learning by experience. The model can be freely downloaded from http://www1.bio.ku.dk/ansatte/beskrivelse/?id=43077

게이머가 얼마나 잘 경기에 집중하는가의 문제는 경기에 승리하기 위한 중요한 요소이다. 이는 난관이나 장애물에도 불구하고 목표를 추구해 나가기 위해 필요한 자기 조절의 핵심이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 프로게이머의 주의집중력에 관련된 인지, 정서, 동기 및 성격 등의 심리적 변인들을 알아보는 것이었다. 연구 결과 주의력 조절 기능은 인지 유형이나 정서와 관련성은 없었고, 보상 민감성이나 추동 등의 동기 요인, 그리고 외향적 성격과 개방성 등의 성격 요인들과 관련이 있었다.

  Ultra-high voltage transformer industry has characteristic of small quantity batch production system by other order processing unlike general mass production systems. In this industry, observance of time deadline is very important in market competitive

본 연구는 콘크리트 도로 포장의 고품질을 확보하기 위한 방안으로 지불규정을 개발하는 과정의 일환으로 수행되었으며 지불규정 적용을 위한 합리적인 품질측정방법의 개발 방안을 모색하고 품질에 따라 지불계수를 결정하는 기법을 개발하는 것이 목적이다. 우선 콘크리트 포장의 지불규정 인자인 슬래브 두께에 대하여 통계적인 기법을 이용하여 측정 자료를 분석함으로써 측정자에 따른 읽음오차를 감안하여 지불규정의 기준에 대한 허용오차를 결정하는 방법을 제시하였으며 두께 측정 시 측정 간격 및 위치 등의 측정빈도를 결정하는 방법도 제시하였다. 또한 지불계수를 합리적으로 결정하는 방법을 제시하기 위하여 슬래브 두께와 콘크리트 철강도 등의 지불규정 인자에 대하여 미국에서 사용하고 있는 PWL 방법을 이용한 지불계수를 산정하여 정규분포와 t분포를 이용하여 구한 지불계수와 비교분석함으로써 국내에 적용하기 적절한 지불계수를 산정하는 방안을 제시하였다.

This study aimed to estimate control thresholds (CTs) for imported cabbage worm, Artogeia rapae L., injuring chinese cabbage in the field. As a preliminary experiment, five level of densities of second instar larvae of A. rapae were inoculated on plant and checked injury rates under greenhouse condition. Average leaf area consumed for one week by a second larva was 657.7㎟ to the 3-WAT (week after transplanting) and 2495.8㎟ for two weeks to the 6-WAT, respectively. In field experiment, different larvae densities of A. rapae ranged from one to seven were inoculated on 20 plants. The percent yield reduction (Y) of chinese cabbage infested by different densities of A. rapae (X) for a three-week period were estimated by the following equation; (1) Y=1.764X-0.3049 (R2=0.9901) for the 3-WAT; and (2) Y=1.0305X-0.2976 (R2=0.9398) for the 6-WAT. Based on the relationships between the densities of A. rapae larvae and the yield index of chinese cabbage, the number of second instar larvae which caused 5% loss of yield (Gain threshold proposed by Japan), was estimated as 0.15 per plant for the 3-WAT and 0.26 for the 6-WAT.

저자는 기존의 연구에서 대용량-비선형성을 가지는 유체의 최적화를 수행하기 위해 몇 가지 강력한 방법들을 제시한 바 있다. 즉, 최적화 과정에서 수렴성을 높이기 위해 step by step기법을 사용하였고, 또한 수렴속도를 높이기 위하여 최적화이터레이션 과정에서 얻어지는 민감도정보를 이용하여 시스템 평형방정식의 해석을 위한 좋은 초기치를 제공하는 방법과, 평형방정식을 구속조건으로 사용하는 동시기법(simultaneous technique)에서 착안하여 해석과 최적화 수렴 판정치를 조작하는 방법을 제시한 바 있다. 그러나 그들 기법은 기본적으로 유사뉴턴법에 기본을 두고 있다. 현재까지 최적화에서 SQP기법을 사용할 때는 정확한 헤시안 매트릭스의 유도가 매우 까다롭고 힘들기 때문에 유사뉴턴법을 사용하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 3차원 문제와 같이 더욱 큰 용량의 문제를 위해서는 진정한 의미에서의 뉴턴법, 트루 뉴턴법(true Newton method)을 사용할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 트루 뉴턴법을 사용하기 위해 헤시안 매트릭스의 정확치를 얻는 과정을 유도하고 이를 기본으로 트루 뉴턴법을 이용한 최적화 루틴을 만들었다. 그리고 이를 3차원 문제에 적용하여 그 효과를 검증하였다.