It has been reported that primary school students have difficulties in the reading process and their interests and achievement in reading is low, in spite of the various methods that have been introduced. This study aims to examine the reading approaches at the primary school level. To achieve this purpose, the primary English curriculum and textbooks were analyzed in order to explore the approaches that were adopted for primary English reading. The textbooks were analyzed in two aspects: the selection of words and the teaching methods for reading. The data revealed that the curriculum looked well-structured according to the developmental stages of reading, but that the textbooks did not facilitate reading for early readers. Although the reading text increased gradually from the letter to the sentence level, the words in each unit were not organized to help readers recognize the text efficiently which impinged on the students’ reading comprehension. Since words at each unit were selected meaning-based, students had to memorize them as a unitary whole. On the other hand, it was rare to find words structured on the basis of letter-sound relations between words. This lack of structure prevented students from recognizing the alphabetic principles of English. As a result, the textbooks did not consider the bottom-up skills at all in its development process. Therefore, students failed to acquire the basic principles of alphabetic language in the early reading stage. Some suggestions for curriculum and textbook development are presented in the end.

The present study investigated the hypothesis that a extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) partially suppresses the synthesis of human growth hormone (HGH) in a group of 28 primary schoolchildren living nearby and 60 primary schoolchildren aged 12 years living far away from overhead transmission power lines from December 2003 to April 2004 in Seoul, Korea. The mean personal exposure levels of the primary schoolchildren living nearby overhead transmission power line were 0.37 μT, whereas the levels for the primary schoolchildren living away from overhead transmission power line was 0.05 μT. From simple analyses, the mean growth hormone levels in the primary schoolchildren living nearby were lower than away from overhead transmission power line, and statistically significant differences in the levels of the growth hormone (p = 0.0316), whereas not statistically significant differences in the levels of the growth hormone related to the distance from residence to power line less and more than 100 m by cut-off point (p = 0.4017). In conclusion, these results may indicate that urinary levels of nocturnal growth hormone are altered in primary schoolchildren exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic field at overhead transmission power line.

It is very little known that the molecular mechanisms control growth, cell differentiation, and invasion of ameloblastoma into bone. Tissue culture methods have also been used extensively for studies of the cell biology of ameloblastoma. The purpose of this study were to examined the ultrastructural features of ameloblastoma, and to apply these results to examine the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma in the future. Amelobalstoma was primarily cultured under 0.1, 0.15 and 1.2mM Ca++ of KBM bullet kit at 370C and 5% C02. For transmission electronmicroscopy(TEM), cultured ameloblastoma cells were immediately fixed in 2.0% glutaraldehyde in O.lM cacodylate buffer(pH 7.4) at 40C for 1h The ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined by TEM. The obtained results were as follows. Primay culture ameloblastoma grown in 0.1 mM Ca++ showed interlacing papillary projections without desmosome within early passage(3-4). Primary culture amelobalstoma under high calcium showed prominent desmosomes or tight junctions within early passage. There was evidence of cellular degeneration, as exemplified by nuclear pyknosis, the margination and clumping of the chromatin, and vaculolation under high calcium. The sparse ribosomes, the cytoplasmic space filled with vacuoles, and the condensed mitochondria were seen under high calcium. From the aboving results, under high calcium primary culture ameloblastoma showed rapid cellular degeneration within early passage, indicating that the cells were gradually losing metabolíc actívitíes, leading to enventual cell death. It was thought that it would be necessary to establish cultured immortalized amelobalstoma cell line for studying the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors.

In order to obtain novel genes related to the human craniofacial development, molecular cloning and sequencing, and in situ hybridization using craniofacial tissue sections were performed and followed by protein structure simulation. Totally 231 clones were obtained from the subtracted craniofacial tissue cDNA library of human embryo. Random cloning using the non-redundant clones from the craniofacial tissue of human embryo was done and obtained 398 clones from the premade human chondrocyte cDNA library. Their partial sequence data showed that 214 clones of subtracted cDNA library of craniofacial tissue were still non-redundant in Genebank search. And 20 clones among 498 clones of premade chondrocyte cDNA library were known to be undefined genes. Through in situ hybridization screening in the craniofacial tissue sections of 10 weeks old human embryo 36 clones were found to be positive in specific tissues. Depending on the cell types of sirnilar developmental origin, the positive reactions could be divided into five groups. Among the 20 clones of undefined genes from human chondrocyte cDNA library, 7 clones showed characteristic positive reaction in human cartilage tissue by in situ hybridization. From the simulated protein structure, motif analysis and in situ hybridization studies for the 7 undefined clones, Ch89, Ch96, Ch129, Ch285 clones may function in the outer space of the cell constituting a part of matrix protein complex, and Ch276 as a transmembrane protein which might partic ipate in matrix calcification around chondrocytes. Ch153 is a kind of antirnicrobial protein also acting as an inflammation mediator, and Ch334 clone is a zinc finger protein, of which expression increases in human adult tissues We presume these novel genes from human chondrocytes may provide a new path of chondrocyte development and functions of human craniofacial tissues

Photosynthetic activities and primary production of phytoplankton were investigated in Lake Gocheonam from October 1999 to August 2000. As an estuary lake with a barrage in the Southwestern coast of the Korean peninsula, the lake has received more attenti

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Korean primary school L2 readers construct intertextual meaning and how they relate their conceptions or beliefs about reading to their intertextualtity. School instructions or home literacy environments in English reading might influence L2 readers' reading conceptions and their reading processes which are in turn associated with their intertextual connections among the multiple texts. Though current literature in L2 reading has focused on great interest in the reading processes of a single story or text, little interest was given to L2 readers' intertextuality among the multiple stories. The researcher first diagnoses four Korean primary school readers' reading conceptions, followed by retrospective miscue reading analyses to investigate their reading processes. Finally, their intertextual connections among the five stories of adventure are examined by conducting think-aloud procedure. The results showed that L2 readers have their own reading conceptions and behaviors, which are influenced by their home literacy environment and school instructions. In addition, Korean EFL readers' conceptions of reading and behaviors are strongly connected with their intertextuality among the multiple stories.

English is now commonly called an international or a global language. Korea starts to face some changes in terms of the situational and functional status of English from EFL to ESL. A bilingual education approach called 'immersion education' to teach English is urgently needed to be taken in Korea, especially in the primary school level. The present paper aims to investigate perceptions of primary school teachers about the introduction of English immersion education program. A total of 171 primary school teachers were surveyed employing a questionnaire asking about their knowledge, opinions and attitudes with regard to the introduction of English immersion education in primary schools in Korea. It was found that there are lots of things to take into consideration introducing the English immersion education system in the areas of preor in-service teacher training system, governmental assistance, and other practical issues of deciding starting grade and the subjects for immersion, for example. Some suggestions are provided for a practical guide for the introduction of English immersion education.

This study aims at identifying the correlation between physique factors and physical fitness test items of primary school student, and supplying a basic data for setting up of scientific examination criteria of individual evaluation through the result ana

初等學校學生들에 대한 漢字․漢文敎育은 학교 교육 내에서 실시되는지 여부에 관계없이 거스를 수 없는 시대적 조류이다. 교육 당국의 語文政策은 논외로 하더라도, 21C 無限知識경쟁 시대에서 亞太時代의 國際文字인 漢文을 모르고는 落伍者가 될 수밖에 없으므로 한글전용정책은 재고되어야 한다. 초등학교에서의 한자 교육은 제 6차 교육과정의 ‘學校裁量時間’ 편성과 제 7차 교육과정의 ‘裁量活動’편성으로 인하여 回生하게 되었다. 그 결과 그 이전에 무계획적으로 수행되었던 초등학교에서의 한자교육은 地域敎育廳水準에서 ‘初等學校漢文敎育課程’을 수립할 수 있게 되었고, 이것과 관련하여 각 市․道에서 認定敎科書가 나오게 되었다. 제 6차 교육과정 이후 현재까지 6개 시도에서 19종의 교과서를 개발하여 사용하고 있다. 본고는 이점에 착안하여 초등학교 한문교육의 활성화를 위하여 지난 10 여 년간 개발하여 사용하고 있는 교과서의 내용과 수준을 검토하여서 현시점에서의 반성과 아울러 미래에 민족의 생존전략인 한문교육 정상화에 이바지하고자 한다. 初等學校에서 사용하고 있는 認定敎科書는 현재 19종인데 그 중13종(68.4％)이 7차 敎育課程시행 이후에 발행된 것으로 초등 한문 교육의 活性化란 측면에서 매우 다행스러운 일이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 이 19종의 교과서 발행 지역을 정리해 보면 14종(73.7％)이 서울․부산 지역이어서 한문 교육의 全國的인 擴散이란 측면에서 보면 기대에 미치지 못한다고 할 수 있다. 19종 교과서의 學習對象을 검토한 결과 11종(59.9％)의 교과서가 3학년 - 6학년 학생을 대상으로 하여 제작되었다. 이것은 초등학교에서의 한문교육이 교육과정 편제상 ‘裁量活動’ 시간에 이루어질 수밖에 없다는 제도상의 문제에서 起因한다. 또한 필자가 구입한 15종의 교과서를 분석한 결과 500자 이상 600자 미만의 漢字를 수록한 교과서가 8종(53.3％)으로 나타났다. 15종 교과서의 內容水準을 檢討한 결과 漢字의 學習은 대부분 漢字의 음과 뜻, 漢字의 쓰임, 漢字의 活用, 漢字의 짜임 등이 알맞게 제시되어 있다. 漢字語學習은 漢字語의 음과 뜻, 漢字語의 活用이 알맞게 제시되었으나 일부 교과서에서는 漢字와 漢字語의 槪念이 混在된 상태로 기술하고 있어서 집필자 및 교과서 심의진의 세심한 노력이 필요하다. 漢字成語의 學習은 대부분 평이한 漢字成語를 제시하여 풀이하는데 그치고 簡易한 文章을 제시하여 풀이하는 경우는 거의 찾아보기 어려운데 중등학교 한문 교육과의 연계성을 고려할 때 간이한 문장의 제시와 풀이가 더 필요하다고 본다. 또한 본문 내지 바탕글 체제를 도입한 교과서의 경우 일부 교과서에서 國漢混用, 國漢倂記, 한글 倂記, 漢字위에 한글 添字등 다양한 표기법이 나타나고 있는바 동일 교과서 내에서는 표기 방법의 일치가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 아울러 일부 교과서에서는 아동들의 한자 학습에 대한 흥미를 돋기 위하여 놀이 학습, 活動中心學習으로 교과서를 구성하였는바 이는 7차교육과정의 기본 정신인 ‘自己主導的學習能力의 伸張’이란 측면에서 매우 고무적인 일이라 할 수 있다. 이상의 敎科書의 內容水準檢討를 통하여 초등학교 한자 교과서와 관련한 몇 가지 문제점을 발견할 수 있었다. 첫 번째, 國家水準의 敎育課程이 制定되어야 한다. 국가 수준의 교육과정은 초등한문교육 정상화를 위한 가장 시급한 사안이다. 본말이 전도된 부조리를 타개하고 초등학교 한자한문교육이 올바른 궤도에 오르도록 교육 당국은 하루빨리 국가수준의 교육과정을 제정하여 공포하여야 한다. 두 번째, 敎科書의 名稱문제를 들 수 있다. 현재 발행된 19종의 교과서에서 일관되게 표기한 초등학교 ‘漢字’라는 교과서 명칭은 초등학교 한문 교육의 內容과 範圍를 생각해 볼 때 漢字語․漢字成語등을 包括할 수 있는 명칭이 아니므로 초등학교 ‘漢文’으로 변경되어야 할 것이다. 세 번째, 敎科書의 開發과 敎授資料의 普及문제를 들 수 있다. 이를 위해서는 먼저 초등학교 한문교과서 편찬지침이 마련되어야 한다. 또한 교과서에 따른 교수학습 자료를 CD-ROM화 하여 보급하거나 WEB상으로 제공하는것도 효과적인 방안일 것이다. 아울러 정형화된 교과서 구성 체제를 탈피하여 학생들이 흥미를 잃지 않고 학습할 수 있도록 교과서를 구성하는데 힘써야 한다. 이상에서 제기한 문제들이 개선될 때 초등학교 한문 교육은 질적 수준의 향상을 꾀할 수 있을 것이며 국가적으로는 민족의 생존 전략인 한문 교육을 통한 知的上向同質化에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

Squamous cell carcinoma comprises about 95% of oral cancers. 까le gene디C 없mage in carcinogen-exposed fields is accumulated to transforrn norrnal mucosa in dysplas디c tissue and fmally invasive carcinoma through multistep process. This carcinogenic process has been a cause of the development of secondary tumors after the removal of primary carcmoma. πle improvement of therapeutic modalities of oral cancer has driven into the increase of multiple cancer occurrence in head and neck region. We experienced 3 pa디ents who had mul디ple squamous cell carcinomas in oral cavlty. π1ÎS study aimed to report multiple pr따laπ squamous cell carcinoma by clinical and pathologic examination and to discuss their molecular mechanism

Since the teaching of English was introduced into the primary school as a required subject in 1997, no achievement test has been administered for the purpose of comparing English achievement of primary school students who are receiving private instruction with that of those who are not. The purpose of this study was to investigate what impact private instruction had on English achievement of third- and fourth-year students in the primary school. For this purpose, an English achievement test was developed based on the 7th national curriculum and two questionnaires were administered: one questionnaire among 743 third- and fourth-year primary school students and the other among 22 primary school teachers. The results showed that students who were receiving private instruction outperformed those who were not on the English achievement test and that teachers had difficulty in handling English class due to the discrepancy of overall English proficiency between tutored students and non-tutored students. The findings suggest that teacher training needs to be intensified to ensure quality English language teaching in the primary school.

Supply chains for agricultural commodities with their various constraints such as production lead time, seasonal production, and methods of storage are limited in the extent to which techniques like Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management can be applied. It is beyond the ability of producers to control harvest time and many agricultural products are perishable so that they can incur exceptional losses in storage if they are not handled correctly. This is a source of additional costs and inefficiency in supply chain management. The purpose of this study is to reduce or eliminate such sources of loss and inefficiency and to identify success factors for the JIT inventory management system where it can be applied for agricultural products. Where JIT techniques can be applied in supply chain management for agricultural products, costs such as transportation, inventory, and storage losses can be reduced with concurrent increases in efficiency. In the paper, some of the problems associated with applying JIT inventory control methods in supply chain management for agricultural commodities will be reported through a series of case studies.