Some tissues retain extensive regeneration potential through out adult life and remain as active sites of cell production. Various cell types present in tissues are being produced through proliferation and progressive specialization from a pool of stem cells. In this regard, adult stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with an ability to proliferate in vitro and undergo extensive self-renewal and differentiation into a wide range of cell types, including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes and neurons. In addition, recent studies showing the abilities of ASCs in generating oocytes-like cells (OLCs) present new perspectives to understand the specification and interaction during the germ cell formation and oogenesis. In the present study, ASCs were established from skin, adipose and ovarian tissues of minipigs. Isolated cells exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology with higher proliferation potential and stronger alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. ASCs from all tissues expressed pluripotent transcriptional factors, such as Oct-3/4, Nanog and Sox-2 and phenotypic markers, including CD29, CD44, CD90 and vimentin. Further, ASCs were successfully dIfferentiated into osteocytes, adipocytes and neuron-like cells. Upon induction in oogenesis specific media, all ASCs were capable of differentiation into OLCs by exhibiting distinct morphological features. Generated OLCs expressed a range of germ cell specific markers, such as Vasa, deleted in Azoospermia-like (DAZL) factor, stella, c-kit, c-Mos, synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP-3), growth differentiation factor 9b (GDF- 9b), zona pellucida C (ZPC) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) at different time points of induction. Differentiated OLCs were also positive for the expression of Vasa and DAZL protein markers. Our findings showing that OLCs can be generated from ASCs of different tissue origin may offer pig as a suitable model for designing transgenic application strategies for reproductive tissue therapy. However, further studies are needed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in germ cell differentiation from tissue specific stem cells.

Rhynchium brunneum is a widely distributed wasp species in South Eastern Asia. R. brunneum females were collected from rural provinces of Cambodia, and their total RNA and venom were extracted on site. To search for novel substances in venom, a subtracted cDNA library specific to the venom gland and sac was constructed. A total of 1118 expressed sequenced sequence tags (ESTs) were sequenced and assembled into 349 contigs (107 multiple sequences and 242 singletons). In this result, we found the putative neurotoxin (DTX protein precursor), antimicrobial peptides (teratocyte-specific caboxylesterase) together with typical major components of wasp venom (venom hyaluronidase, arginine kinase, phospholipase A2, serine/theonine protein phosphatase). Additional in-depth annotation would be required for further characterization of many unidentified genes found in the EST library.

2008년 3월부터 10월까지 총 7회에 걸쳐 주왕산국립공원 일대의 식물상을 조사하였다. 주왕산국립공원지역에서 확인된 환경부 지정 멸종위기야생식물종은 둥근잎꿩의비름, 망개나무, 깽깽이풀, 노랑무늬붓꽃과 가시오갈피나무, 솔나리, 연잎꿩의다리 7분류군 이었으며, 식물구계학적 특정식물종은 총 88분류군으로 V등급에 해당하는 분류군은 깽깽이풀, 망개나무, 솔나리 등 8과 9분류군, IV등급에 해당하는 분류군은 승마, 회리바람꽃, 돌마타리 등의 4과 5분류군, III등급에 해당하는 분류군은 애기석위, 가침박달, 등칡 등 16과 18분류군, 2등급으로는 백작약, 나도바람꽃, 개불알꽃 등의 14과 18분류군, 1등급은 늦고사리삼, 홀아비꽃대, 백선 등 30과 38분류군이 확인되었다. 한국 고유 식물종은 호랑버들, 검팽나무, 할미밀망, 노랑갈퀴, 정영엉겅퀴 등의 총 15분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 닭의덩굴, 나도닭의덩굴, 다닥냉이, 족제비싸리, 컴프리, 수박풀 등의 총 21분류군으로 조사되었다.

The aim of this study was to develop Prevotella intermedia ATCC 49046-specific PCR primers designed based on the nucleotide sequence of a DNA probe Pig28. The strainspecificity of the PCR primers, Pig28-F1/Pig28-R1, was confirmed with 9 strains of P. intermedia and 25 strains (15 species) of Prevotella species. The detection limit of the PCR primers was 2 pg of the purified genomic DNA of P. intermedia ATCC 49046. These PCR primers were found to be useful for identifying P. intermedia ATCC 49046, particularly for determining the authenticity of the strain.

내장산국립공원지역에서 확인된 환경부 지정 멸종위기종은 진노랑상사화, 노랑붓꽃, 대흥란 및 백운란 4분류군이었으며, 식물구계학적 특정식물종은 총 159분류군으로 I 등급에 해당하는 분류군은 옥녀꽃대, 가는갈퀴나물 및 말오줌때등으로 91분류군, II 등급에 해당하는 분류군은 참개별꽃, 퍼진고사리 및 토끼고사리 등으로 17분류군, III 등급에 해당하는 분류군은 고려엉겅퀴, 어리병풍 및 솜분취 등으로 32분류군, IV 등급에 꼬리말발도리, 갈사초 및 측백나무 등으로 9분류군, V 등급에 백양더부살이, 진노랑상사화 및 백양꽃 등으로 10분류군이 확인되었다. 한국고유생물종은 애기닥나무, 참개별꽃 및 가는장구채 등으로 총 40분류군이 확인되었다. 굴거리나무림(제 91호)와 비자나무림(제 153호)이 천연기념물로 지정되어 보호되고 있다. 귀화식물은 닭의덩굴, 털여뀌 및 소리쟁이 등으로 30분류군이 확인되었고, 생태계교란야생식물은 나타나지 않았다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a herd specific vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by different inoculation route, IMI (intramammary injection), Koso, and supramammary lymphnode area. Based on strains of S. aureus from a case of acute clinical mastitis in Daekwanryeong farm, two experimental vaccines were made, inactivated vaccine and sonicated one. To determine the antigen concentration of the vaccine, 220 ICR-mice were immunized by the intraperitoneal route with inactivated or sonicated experimental vaccines according to different schedules with 10 ICR mice as a control group. The sonicated vaccine was selected for further experiments in vaccination and the highest antibody titer in ELISA was observed at 3㎎/㎖ of the vaccine. The vaccine was administrated to 22 healthy cows at drying up. The quarter milk samples and bloods were collected before vaccination, right after parturition and 3 months postpartum. There were no significant differences among vaccination routes based on the antibody titers in serum and intramammary bacterial infections during drying up period. The antibody titer in serum of vaccinated cows was higher at parturition than 3 months postpartum but it had no statistical meaning, though decreased clinical signs and morbidity were observed. Results of this study suggest that the concept of the vaccine against S. aureus is to decreasing clinical mastitis rather than preventing the disease.

Vespa tropica is a tropical species of Vespa found in Southeast Asia. V. tropica wasps were collected from rural provinces of Cambodia, and their total RNA and venom were extracted on site. To search for novel substances in venom, a subtracted cDNA library specific to the venom gland and sac was constructed and venom protein was analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS. A total of 1127 expressed sequenced sequence tags (ESTs) were sequenced and assembled into 572 contigs (152 multiple sequences and 420 singletons). The short venom peptides were identified to be encoded from 5 contigs (43 ESTs) by proteomic analysis. In addition, putative antimicrobial peptides together with typical major components of wasp venom (venom allergen 5, mastoparan-like peptide, serine protease, and hyaluronidase) were identified in the EST Library. Additional in-depth annotation would be required for further characterization of many unidentified genes found in the EST library.

Specific heat of a crystal is the sum of electronic specific heat, which is the specific heat of conduction electrons, and lattice specific heat, which is the specific heat of the lattice. Since properties such as crystal structure and Debye temperature do not change even in the superconducting state, the lattice specific heat may remain unchanged between the normal and the superconducting state. The difference of specific heat between the normal and superconducting state may be caused only by the electronic specific heat difference between the normal and superconducting states. Critical temperature, at which transition occurs, becomes lower than Tc0 under the influence of a magnetic field. It is well known that specific heat also changes abruptly at this critical temperature, but magnetic field dependence of jump of specific heat has not yet been developed theoretically. In this paper, specific heat jump of superconducting crystals at low temperature is derived as an explicit function of applied magnetic field H by using the thermodynamic relations of A. C. Rose-Innes and E. H. Rhoderick. The derived specific heat jump is compared with experimental data for superconducting crystals of MgCNi3, LiTi2O4 and Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3. Our specific heat jump function well explains the jump up or down phenomena of superconducting crystals.

This study was implemented to verify the feasibility of motor function recovery and the appropriate period for therapy. The research began with spinal laminectomy of 40 white rats of Sprague-Dawley breed and induced them spinal crush injury. Following results were obtained by using the modified Tarlov test (MTT), Basso, Beattle, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (EBB scale) and modified inclined plate test (MIPT). First, the measurement using the MTT confirm that the most severe aggravation and degeneration of functions are observed two days after induced injury, and no sign of neuromotor function recovery. Second, better scores were achieved by open-ground movement group on BBB locomotor rating scale test, and weight-bearing on inclined plate group show better performance on MIPT. Third, both BBB and MIPT scale manifested the peak of motor function recovery during 16th day after the injury and turn into gradual recovery gradient during 16th to 24th. Fourth, the control group showed functional recovery, however, the level of recovery was less significant when compared with group open-ground movement group and weight-bearing on inclined plate group. Hence, it was clearly manifested that the lumbar region of the spinal cord had shown the best performance when its functions were measured after the execution of specific physical training; therefore it indicated the possibility of learning specific task even in damaged lumbar regions. Thus it is expected to come out with better and more effective functional recovery if concentrated physical therapy was applied starting 4 days after the injury till 16 days, which is the period of the most active recovery.

The purpose of this study was to compare the anaerobic threshold (AT) between subjects with and without non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). The patient group included 15 women with NCLBP. The normal group included 15 women without NCLBP who were age-, height-, weight-, and activity level-matched. The subjects performed a Balke treadmill protocol which was symptom-limited progressive loading test. Their heart rate (HR), ventilatory gas and metabolic equivalents (METs) were measured using the automatic breath gas analyzing system. After the test, each subjects' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated. The visual analog scale (VAS) was assessed pre- and post-test. The independent t-test and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test were used for analysis of the data. Time, HR, the volume of oxygen consumption (), relative , and METs at the AT level of the patient group were significantly lower than those of the healthy group (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in RPE, VAS, and breathing frequency at the AT level (p>.05). The findings of this study indicate that patients with NCLBP had a lower aerobic fitness than healthy subjects. Thus, implementation of rehabilitation program to increase aerobic fitness may be considered in patietns with NCLBP, and further studies are required to determine the etiological factors of decreased aerobic fitness.

Cells that have endogenous multipotent properties can be used as a starting source for the generation of induced pluripotent cells (iPSC). In addition, small molecules associated with epigenetic reprogramming are also widely used to enhance the multi- or pluripotency of such cells. Skinderived precursor cells (SKPs) are multipotent, sphereforming and embryonic neural crest-related precursor cells. These cells can be isolated from a juvenile or adult mammalian dermis. SKPs are also an efficient starting cell source for reprogramming and the generation of iPSCs because of the high expression levels of Sox2 and Klf4 in these cells as well as their endogenous multipotency. In this study, valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, was tested in the generation of iPSCs as a potential enhancer of the reprogramming potential of SKPs. SKPs were isolated from the back skins of 5-6 week old C57BL/6 X DBA/2 F1 mice. After passage 3, the SKPs was treated with 2 mM of VPA and the quantitative real time RT-PCR was performed to quantify the expression of Oct4 and Klf4 (pluripotency specific genes), and Snai2 and Ngfr (neural crest specific genes). The results show that Oct4 and Klf4 expression was decreased by VPA treatment. However, there were no significant changes in neural crest specific gene expression following VPA treatment. Hence, although VPA is one of the most potent of the HDAC inhibitors, it does not enhance the reprogramming of multipotent skin precursor cells in mice.

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a member of the genus Fijivirus within the family Reoviridae, is the causative agent of maize rough dwarf and rice black-streaked dwarf diseases, both of which can lead to severe yield losses in east Asia. Although molecular approaches such as RT-PCR have potential for detection and diagnosis of this virus infections, their impact on high throughput certification is still limited. Therefore, the development of an antibody-based assay for rapid and effective diagnosis of RBSDV is preferable. In this study, we collected RBSDV from rice with rough dwarf disease and its complete nucleotide sequences of 10 genomic segments encoding 12 non-overlapping ORFs were determined. Among 12 ORFs, ORF1, 2 and 12 showed high level of similarities with the RdRp, major core protein and major outer shell protein, respectively. These ORFs were expressed as polyhedrin fusion protein or full-length soluble protein using baculovirus expression system for the preparation of specific antibody against RBSDV, which could be useful for the detection and diagnosis of this virus.

Spider mites are one of major pests in cultivations of various ornamental plants and also important in plant quarantine service. Due to the very small body size and high similarity within the Genus the identification of species is difficult even at the microscopic observation. To identify 5 major species (Tetranychus cinnabarinus, T. urticae, T. phaselus, T. kanzawai and T. truncatus) in the Genus Tetranychus at the molecular level, we designed 4 species-specific primer sets using nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region in the nuclear ribosomal repeat unit. At the PCR diagnosis of extracted genomic DNAs of 5 species using each primer set, specific primers of both T. phaselus and T. truncates were species-specific to their own species samples. However, specific primer set of T. urticae detected T. cinnabarinus as well as T. urticae. Specific primer set of T. kanzawai detected T. truncates as well as T. kanzawai, even though detection intensities were lower in non-target species.

ln this case study, we have focused on the disempowerrnent of a Korean English teacher (KET) in English-only classrooms. Six English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms in a Korean high school were observed and analyzed by using interpretive discourse analysis. Out of the six classes, three representative classrl。이ns were both video- and audio - ta많d. The results show that the English-only classes co띠d weaken the KETs’ power via three mechanisms: (a) ca!ling the KETs’ last name for chor외 greetings at the beginning of the class, (b) students’ group solidarity and 야er pressure between classmates, and (c) the students' excessively collaborative approach to 야er assistance. It is argued that the exclusive Engush-oruy instruction disempowers 비e KETs’ status and dismantles their vocational identity. ln order to remedy the current situation, within a scaffolding suppαted by the eclectic use of first language where necessary for effective class management, KETs are empowered and overcome constraints imposed by the limited L2 oral competence of some non-native English teachers.