The purpose of this paper is to estimate economic value of multi-functionality roles including landscape and so on, which grassland in Jeju possesses, using Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method (DC-CVM). Grassland is life cultural heritance of regional residents in Jeju. It has functions like development of favorable landscapes, maintenance of cultural heritage, and recreation/relaxation. Expectation from regional visitors shows that the existence and inheritance value of grassland is higher than we expected. According to the research that we had done from the people that had agreed to contribute grassland. moreover the public commercial value of grassland was not only 397~419 billion won but also it will increase an economic gain in every year in Jeju. Therefore, preserving grassland that has multi-functional roles and values can lead to huge economic value in the future in Jeju. Moreover, farm households which are located in the grassland conservation area would be supported 15~31 billion won in every year for grassland conservation but it is only 4~8% of the economic value of grassland i.e. 3,971~4190 billion won. Thus, grassland preservation policy and plan can raise green-tour commercial value of Jeju area as a long-term inside measurement. Those will have to be propelled continuously.

본 연구는 유치원 아동들을 대상으로 원예활동 프로그램을 실시하여 사회․심리․정서적 안정에 미치는 원예활동의 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 전남 무안군 청계면에 위치한 푸른솔 어린이집 6세 원아 16명을 대상으로 2006년 3월 23일부터 7월 20일까지 매주 1회 1시간씩 실시하여 총 18회 프로그램을 실시하였다. 사회․심리․정서적 행동 특성검사의 행동측정을 위해 사회․심리․정서적 행동 특성검사표(Pychosocial and Emotional Behavior Test)를 사용, 프로그램 실시 전․후에 평가하였다. 원예활동을 실시 한 후 아동들의 사회․심리적 행동척도가 향상된 것으로 나타났으며, 20개 항목 모두 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 그 중 ‘어른에게 잘 접근한다’, ‘학급친구에게 사랑을 받는다’, ‘동조력이 있다’, ‘말을 잘한다’, ‘새로운 상황에 잘 적응한다’ 등 6문항이 월등히 향상된 결과를 나타냈다. 정서적 행동 특성에서도 원예활동을 실시 한 후에 정서적으로 안정된 결과를 나타냈으며, ‘두려움을 나타낸다’, ‘노여움을 나타낸다’의 항목에서 부정적 정서의 감소폭이 많았고 통계적으로도 유의한 차이를 나타냈다.

This study is conducted for the four elementary schools in Chuncheon city and Hoengseong-gun that are in the process of making a school forest. First, the community support of a school forest needed to be analyzed through surveys. The surveys provided information about community opinion on a desirable process for making the school forest. According to the results from the survey, which were given to 455 school community members at four elementary schools, the participants reacted positively to the idea of making the school forest. Based on these study results, the following information is presented as a suggestion for making the school forest. In the case of students, They should be done positive opinion suggestions as well as the opinion accepting process for making the forest process are needed It should be achieved to enlarge participation of community members and to establish and maintain the school forest. Important factors to consider for making the forest include the type of deciduous trees to be used and the appropriate size of trees to be planted so that members can easily manage them. In addition, various efforts are needed to encourage teachers’ participation. Moreover, since community members have different preferences in planning the area, it is necessary to reflect on the characteristics of each party’s opinion and recommendation. The school forest should be formed as a dynamic place where all community members can use it as well as participate in its development. Proper plans are therefore needed to encourage community members to participate in the process, from making the school forest to its use and management.

T. S. Eliot had a wide-ranging poetic sensibility by incorporating in his poetry not only the best of European culture and American mind but also Indian thought and tradition. He used Indian ideas elaborately in his poems. This study focused on the elements of bhakti yoga depicted in his poem Four Quartets. Bhakti is one of the three major ways to salvation in Hinduism. It refers to the attitude of devotion to God. The bhakta usually devotes himself to a personal God, such as Kṛṣṇa. Eliot introduced this representative personal God Kṛṣṇa in the Four Quartets. Bhakti yoga emphasizes on loving devotion and surrender of the self to the personal God, leading a devotee to inner transformation through grace. Bhakti yoga considers “humility” as an essential tool to seek the love of God. Going through “East Coker ,” one may encounter bhakti yoga’s ideas on humility. “The meditation on the great teacher” who guides a devotee by example is one of the various paths to bhakti. “The meditation on the great teacher” was depicted in “Little Gidding .” “The concentration” on God is also a very important way to approach God. The spiritual condition does not arise spontaneously, so man must take up the practice of concentration. Concentration requires a devotee to abandon egoism and desires. By this practice, the man may gradually make himself fit for the steadfast directing of the spirit of God. The religious idea of concentration was transformed into poetic expression in “Burnt Norton.” In his poem, Eliot has drawn the ideas of bhakti yoga. The use of these ideas confirms Eliot’s assimilation of bhakti yoga. There is no denying the fact that such ideas of bhakti yoga left its marks on the Four Quartets.

The purpose of this study is to link Eliot’s exploration of “silence” and “negation” in Four Quartets with Derridean deconstruction, especially his essay, “How to Avoid Speaking.” The Eliot/Derrida parallel of this paper deals with a real question that one work can illuminate the other, rather than pursuing the similarities of their thoughts and revealing the interactions or influences. Eliot and Derrida share a common distrust of language. Eliot’s exploration of the void seems to be close to Derrida’s assertion, and Eliot’s “still point” is like an approach to the idea of différance. Throughout his career, the sense of the void never really leaves Eliot. Derrida also mentions about his implicit relation to negative theology. In Four Quartets, however, we can locate his turn toward the value of humility as an important difference between Eliot and Derrida. Eliot raises a question whether silence, in surpassing language, indeed fulfills the vision of unity and eternity; or only by negation can we indicate what remains forever beyond the conditions of representation. Thus one of his greatest concerns is the spiritual vicissitudes of finding and keeping a viable way.

T. S. Eliot has woven into the fabric of Four Quartets themes and symbols from a variety of Christian and non-Christian mystical sources. One of the powerful mystical elements is derived from the 16th century Spanish mystic, St. John of the Cross, whose spiritual exercises stand for the Negative Way. In the Western theology, there are two distinctive ways in which Christian saints or poets can perceive the Divine Reality. They are the Affirmative Way and the Negative Way. The Affirmative Way is the same idea with the doctrine or poetry of immanence, and the Negative Way with the doctrine or poetry of transcendence. T. S. Eliot's poetry is influenced by the tradition of the Negative Way or the poetry of transcendence. This thesis intends to study what characteristics the Affirmative Way or the Negative Way respectively has, and what is the theory of St. John's dark night of the soul. Also it wishes to trace which elements Eliot took from St. John and which elements he refused to take. Finally, in his masterpiece Four Quartets, this study will observe how St. John's negative theology is crystallized into the inner structure of the poem. Also this thesis wishes to reveal in what sense Eliot's poetry can be named the poetry of transcendence. Hopkins perceives the unity of nature, a poet and God, therefore he depicts the nature like "The world is charged with the grandeur of God." But Eliot is not eager to perceive the immanent presence of God in the power and beauty of nature. Instead, the poet is evoked with partial ecstasy and partial dread and goes through purgation process and afterwards reaches self-oblivion or union with God. In Eliot's idiom, he wishes to "go by a way wherein there is no ecstasy." In "Burnt Norton" III and "East Coker" III Eliot gives powerful expression to St. John's Negative Way. In these parts Eliot tries to apply St. John's theory, which was, originally, individual way of spiritual exercises, to diagnosing the collective spiritual darkness of modern London. Eliot seems to declare such a modern society must pass through the painful self-negation and complete deprivation, as shown in St. John's Negative Way. According to John X. Cooper, such idea of Eliot's is possibly true, because if the individual purification cannot bring us back from the abyss, the mere social world can hold absolutely no hope. We can hear Eliot's prophetic voice saying that after descending to the bottom and confronting the absolute solitude and abyss, the soul can arise from the dark night of purgation towards the world of light. Four Quartets, however, remains first and foremost a poem not a poetic version of mystical theology. Although Eliot alludes to and even paraphrases St. John's dark night of the soul, St. John's negative theology can be only one of the powerful threads in Eliot's poetical fabric.