초 록 재래종 밤나무와 저항성 품종 밤나무(축파, 단택)에 기생하는 밤나무 혹벌의 유충에서 유약 호르몬과 유약호르몬 특이에스테라제의 활성도를 Gas liquid chromatohraphy (R ller et al.1965), Galleria cuticle wax 검사 (de Loof & van Loon 1981) 및 Liquid scintilation counter (Hammock & Sparks 1977)로 비교 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유충에서 GLC로 분리한 유약호르몬은 양군 모두에서 유약호르몬 I(JH-I)로 동정되었다. 저항성 품종(축파, 단택)에 기생하는 밤나무 혹벌의 유약호르몬 함량은 35,800 GU/g와 30,900 GU/g이고, 재래종에 기생하는 밤나무 혹벌의 유약호르몬의 함량은 28,600 GU/g으로 나타났다. 유약호르몬 특이 에스테라제 활성도는 저항성 품종(축파, 단택)에 기생하는 밤나무 혹벌은 1.48 n mole/min/ml와 1.63 n mole/min/ml, 그리고 재래종에 기생하는 밤나무 혹벌은 1.89 n mole/min/ml로 측정되었다. 유약호르몬 함량은 재래종 밤나무에 기생하는 밤나무 혹벌보다 저항성 밤나무(축파, 단택)에 기생하는 밤나무 혹벌에서 더 높았으나, 유약호르몬 특이에스테라제 활성도는 저항성 밤나무(축파, 단택)보다 재래종 밤나무에 기생하는 혹벌에서 더 높게 나타나 서로 역비례 경향을 나타냈다.

본연구는 오리나무잎벌레(Agelastica coerulea Baly)성충의 유면 유기에 미치는 온도와 광주기 영향 및 유약호르몬(juvenile hormome III)과 탈피호르몬(20-hydroxyecdysone)이 휴면중인 성충에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 오리나무잎벌레는 일년에 일회 발생하며 난, 유충, 용 성충기간은 가각 7~10일, 19~21일, 14~15일, 약 10개월로 조사되었다. 오리나무잎벌레의 알과 유충을 와 의 조건에서 광주기를 각각 16L/8L, 12L/12D, 8L/16D로 달？여 사육하여도 모든 성충이 휴면에 들어가 이들은 필수성충휴면을 하는 것으로 생각되었다. 휴면기간동안 난소는 거의 발육되지 않았으며 유면말기의 개체를 , 16L/8D에 노출시키면, 난소소관이 급속하게 발달되었다. 휴면중인 성충에 유약호르몬을 처리하면 일시적으로 휴면이 타파되고 산란이 이루어졌으나 탈피호르몬은 아무런 영향도 미치지 못했다.

Ptecticus tenebriferwas incorporated to partially or totally replace the diets of juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Experimental groups of shrimp with an average initial body weight of 0.014 ± 0.001 g were fed each of the 5 diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% (C, T25, T50, T75, and T100, respectively) of Ptecticus tenebriferpowder substituted for commercial feed. After eight weeks of feeding trials, juvenile shrimp fed with diets T25 and T50 showed higher live weight gain (2.298 ± 0.405 and 2.539 ± 0.406, respectively), and a better feed conversion ratio (1.389 ± 0.246 and 1.536 ± 0.246, respectively) compared to those of shrimp fed a control diet. Survival rate was 98% in all experimental groups except for the T75 group (66.67±57.73% survival). The levels of immune markers such as beta-glucan binding protein, prophenoloxidase, and crustin associated with the cellular and humoral immunity of shrimp were found to be higher in 25% and 50% commercial feed replacement groups. A reduction in total nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and ammonia levels was greater in T25 and T50 rather than in T75 and T100. These results clearly indicate that replacement of feed with 25 to 50% Ptecticus tenebriferpowder in juvenile white shrimp diet was optimal in promoting the growth performance of shrimp without any adverse effects.

This study is to observe the developmental process of the larval skeleton according to the growth of the trident goby, Tridentiger obscurus belonging to the larvae and juveniles and use it as the basic data of the taxonomic study. 8 days after hatching, the parasphenoid was ossified with an average total length of 3.62 mm, and basioccipital began to ossify. Caudal vertebrae and neural spine ossified in vertebra. 17 days after hatching, the average total length of the long hairs was 4.32 mm, pterotic and epiotic were ossified, and interhyal and subopercle were ossified. 52 days after hatching, the average total length of the juvenile was 18.2 mm, and lateral ethmoid, hypohyal ossified, vertebrae were parapophysis, and epural bone was osseous to the bone.

This study was conducted to investigate the skeletal development of bullhead torrent catfish, Liobagrus obesus larvae and to utilize them as basic data for the taxonomic study of Liobagrus larvae. Skeletal development was observed by being divided into cranium, visceral skeleton, shoulder girdle bone, pelvic girdle bone and vertebra. On the first day after hatching, the pre‐larvae had an average total length of 7.92 mm, and a line‐shaped parasphenoid ossified in the cranium. In the jaw bone, the dentary supporting the lower jaw and the maxillary supporting the upper jaw were ossified. In the anterior abdominal vertebrae of the vertebra, seven centrums began to ossify and five neural spines ossified simultaneously. On the 3 day after hatching, pre‐larvae had an average total length of 8.95 mm, and the prefrontal ossified in cranium. The number of abdominal vertebrae was increased to 14, and three parapophysis developed from the front side. On the 24th day after hatching, postlarvae had an average total length of 15.2 mm and the epural bone ossified in coccyx. The parhypural bone was ossified, and ossification of coccyx and pelvic girdle bone was completed. On the 30th day after hatching, the average total length of the juvenile was 17.8 mm, and the ossification of cranium and visceral skeleton was all completed while the preorbital and three suborbitals were ossified in the orbital region of the cranium.

This study was performed to analyze the effect of forest education on juvenile probationers’psychological and emotional changes. Changes of resilience, mood state and attitudes toward forest of 272 juvenile probationers, who attended forest education program co-managed by Korea Forest Service and Ministry of Justice in 2016, were identified by self-report survey. Survey analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis and paired t-test with IBM SPSS 21.0 program. The forest education program consisted of physical activity, emotional activity, cognitive activity, challenging activity and problem solving activity (e.g. physical exercises in the forest, forest meditation, observing forest with mirror, talking with trees, creating with natural objects, etc.). The result was as follows: First, it showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers has an effect on the development of resilience. Second, it showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers had an effect on the improvement of mood state. Third, it showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers had an effect on the development of attitudes toward forest. It showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers had an effect on the development of enjoying the forest and importance and usefulness of forest by sub-factors of attitudes toward forest. Therefore the result came out that forest education program had influence on positive change of juvenile probationers’ resilience, mood state and increase of attitude towards forest. This study had a limitation to generalize the result of the study for the limited case, but forest education was expected to help the social adaptation and development of the at-risk youth who was exposed to the current risk. The next study need for various experts’cooperation to develop customized forest education programs for juvenile probationers and continuous monitoring of the effect.

The objective of the current study was to determine acute plasma stress responses in two size groups of juvenile Epinephelus akaara (average body weight: 8.4±2.1 and 3.3±0.6 g; 150 and 120 days after hatch, respectively) exposed to abrupt salinity drops (from 34 practical salinity unit, PSU seawater to 18, 10 PSU (experiment 1) or 26, 18, 10 PSU (experiment 2), respectively). Plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, red blood cell counts, and gill histology were determined during 72 h exposure. Significantly increased plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase levels, and red blood cell counts were observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU. Histological changes, such as hyperplasia and lifting of epithelium in the gill secondary lamellae, were also observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU at 72 h post-drop. E. akaara exposed to sudden salinity drops to 18 or 10 PSU still seems to undergo the primary adjustment phase before fish reaches a new homeostasis, whereas fish exposed to 26 PSU seems to mount osmotic changes. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect levels for 72 h acute salinity challenge was 26 PSU in our study, and salinity drop to 18 PSU and below can possibly cause acute adverse effect, in which fish could be vulnerable to additional stresses such as a temperature changes or handling stress.

This study monitored the morphological development of embryo, larvae and juvenile yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, for their aquaculture. The fertilized eggs obtained by natural spawning were spherical shape and buoyant. Fertilized eggs were transparent and had one oil globule in the yolk, with an egg diameter of 1.35 ± 0.04 mm and an oil globule diameter of 0.32 ± 0.02 mm. The fertilized eggs hatched 67–75 h after fertilization in water at 20 ± 0.5°C. The total length (TL) of the hatched larvae was 3.62 ± 0.16 mm. During hatching, the larvae, with their mouth and anus not yet opened. The yolk was completely absorbed 3 days after hatching (DAH), while the TL of post-larvae was 4.72 ± 0.07 mm. At 40 DAH, the juveniles had grown to 30.44 ± 4.07 mm in TL, body depth increased, the body color changed to a black, yellow, and light gray-blue color, and 3–4 vertical stripes appeared. At 45 DAH, the juveniles were 38.67 ± 5.65 mm in TL and 10.10 ± 0.94 mm in body depth. The fish were green with a light orange color, with 7 faint green-brown stripes on the sides of their body. At 87 DAH, the juveniles had grown to 236.11 mm in TL, 217.68 mm in fork length, and 136.5 g in weight. The fish resembled their adult form, with a light yellow-green body color, loss of the pattern on the sides of their body, and a yellow coloration at the tip of the caudal fin.

Recently, the Supreme Court suggested the standard of judgment of “child or juvenile pornography” where persons or representations that can be perceived as children or juveniles appear(2013Do4503). According to the standard, a depiction’s main content, appearances, states of physical development and identities of the characters, etc. must be considered in judging whether it is “child or juvenile pornography” or not, and it is not to be easily concluded that the depiction is “child or juvenile pornography”, even if the characters look somewhat younger. But I guess that this standard will not have a great effect on the judgment, because there are the conceptual element of “can be” and the principle of “in dubio pro reo”. From the point of view of the principle of clarity, the use of the conceptual element like “can be” is to be restrained in articles of criminal law, if possible. Therefore, it is proper that the term “child or juvenile pornography” should be reorganized as a depiction where real persons appear. The gap of punishment resulting from here will not happen. Criminal Act and Information and Communications Network Act will bridge the gap.

This study was conducted to investigate of horticultural activity programs (HAPS) on self-esteem and school life adaption of juvenile. As one group pre-post designed trial, ten participants (5 males, 5 females) were recruited to participate in 16 HAPS within 4 months. The programs were performed 1 time per week from September 3 to December 17. The HAPS were composed of making vegetable garden, making herb candle, planting a floricultural crops, and pressed flower. The self-esteem and school life adaption were evaluated to examine the effects of HAPS between before and after. In the self-esteem, mean value of juvenile showed high score 52.10 after HAPS compared to 42.60 before. And, self-esteem of all subjects were significantly improved regardless of juvenile. In school life adaption, mean value of juvenile was higer score of 71.00 after HAPS than that of 46.60 before HAPS. And, school life adaption of all subjects were significantly improved regardless of students.

We sought to identify optimal temperatures for aquaculture of juveniles at a length of 7.2 cm ± 0.1 cm. The impact of four temperatures (20℃, 24℃, 28℃, and 32℃) on feeding rate, growth performance, and stress responses (i.e., blood cortisol, glucose, alanine transaminase [ALT], and aspartate transaminase [AST] content) of juvenile red-spotted grouper was measured over a period of 6 wks. Red-spotted grouper had significantly higher final body weight (g) at 24℃ and 28℃ than at 20℃ or 32℃, and greater percentage body weight increase/day at 24℃ than at 28℃. There were significant differences in feeding rate, depending on the number of weeks. The 6-wk feeding rate was highest at 28℃, followed by 32℃, 24℃, and 20℃, while the lowest feed conversion ratio occurred at 24℃, followed by 28℃, 32℃, and 20℃. After 6 wks, there were no significant differences in plasma cortisol or AST levels. However, there were significant increases in plasma glucose and ALT levels at 32℃ compared to at 20℃. Although red-spotted grouper at 32℃ did not show a significant increase in blood cortisol levels, our results suggested that at 32℃ the red-spotted grouper experiences high energy-demand (i.e., high glucose level) and stress (i.e., high ALT), especially in the liver. Based on body weight, % body weight increase/day, feed conversion ratio, and stress indicators, the optimal temperature for aquaculture of red-spotted grouper was ~24℃. Additional studies at temperatures between 24℃ and 28℃ will be required to identify the exact optimal temperature for juvenile red-spotted grouper culture.

We have launched an investigation for Embryonic Development, Larvae and Juvenile Morphology, of Buenos aires tetra in order to build basic data of Characidae and fish seeding production. We brought 50 couples of Characidae from Bizidduck aquarium in Yeosu-si, Jeollanamdo, from Korea on March of 2015. We put them in the tetragonal glass aquarium (50×50×30 cm). Breeding water temperature was 27.5~28.5°C (mean 28.0±0.05°C) and being maintained. The shape of fertilized egg was round shape, and it was adhesive demersal egg. The egg size was 0.63~0.91 mm (mean 0.74±0.07 mm, n=20). After getting fertilized egg, the developmental stage was gastrula stage, and embryo covered almost two-thirds of Yolk. Incubation was happened after 16 hours 13 minutes from gastrula stage, and the tail of juvenile came out first with tearing egg capsule. Immediately after the incubation, prelarvae had 3.78~3.88 mm length (mean 3.84±0.04 mm, n=5), and it had no mouth and anus yet. 34 days after hatching from the incubation, juvenile had 8.63~13.1 mm (mean 10.9±1.66 mm), and it had similar silver-colored body shape with its mother.

Hyphessobrycon eques is a famous fish for ornamental fish market and aquarium. They are inhabit in regions of Amazon and Paraguay River basin. Serpae fishs were investigated 2–3 males are chased to female, and then males attempted to simulate the females abdomen. After fertilization, eggs were kept in incubators at 28oC. The fertilized eggs had adhesive and demesal characteristics and had a mean diameter of 0.92 ± 0.01 mm. Larvae hatched at 16 hrs post fertilization. The hatched larvae averaged 2.90 ± 0.16 mm in total length (LT). Complete yolk sac resorption and mouth opening occurred on the third day post hatching. At 45 days post hatching, the larvae were 12.5 ± 1.60 mm LT and had reached the juvenile stage.

In order to monitor the developmental features of embryos, larvae, and juveniles of Oryzias latipes (Temminck and Schlegel), Oryzias latipes was caught in river of Shinduck-dong, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, on May 2011, and experiments were carried out in Ichthyology laboratory at Chonnam National University. The blastodisc step was the first level for natural spawning. The optic vesicle, Kupffer's vesicle, myotome began to appear 75 hours 57 minutes later. After blastodisc development, the pectoral fins were made at 143 hours 37 minutes and the tail was separated started at the same time. Hatching was observed at 167 hours 27 minutes after blastodisc. The total length of the hatched larvae was 4.95~5.10 mm (mean, 5.01 mm), the mouth and anus were opened. Larvae used yolk completely after 3 days after hatching. The total length larvae was 5.45~5.56 mm (mean, 5.52 mm) after 8 days after hatching, and appeared the stems for tail. The stems pectoral, anal fin were showed after 14 days and the stems dorsal, ventral fin were appeared after 19 days. For 35 days after hatching, the total length of larvae 13.95~15.30 mm (mean, 14.64 mm), and at this time, fins and body were transferred like the adult Oryzias latipes.

We investigated the androgenic effects of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on gonadal sex reversal in juvenile red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara. The fish were immersed in 17α-MT at 1 and 5 mg/L. Treatment method of 17α-MT was once weekly for 4 and 8 weeks. Fish were sampled at 12 months after end of the treatment period in order to histological analysis. At the initiation of an experiment (70 day after hatching), juvenile red spotted grouper have the paired primordial gonads with somatic cells bellow kidney in the posterior portion of the body cavity. Formation of ovarian cavity indicates that the ovarian differentiation beginning at 70 DAH in red spotted grouper. At 12 months after end of the treatment period, control group, 17α-MT 1 mg/L treatment group for 4 and 8 weeks, and 17α-MT 5 mg/L treatment group for 4 weeks were all female. However, sex-changed males without ovarian cavity were observed in the 17α-MT 5 mg/L treatment group for 8 weeks. In grouper, we firstly reported that the red spotted grouper be able to induce the primary males by hormone treatment prior to gonadal sex differentiation.

본 연구는 재배활동중심 원예치료 프로그램이 남자 청소년 수형자들의 정신건강에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자, 남자 청소년 수형자 27명중 재배활동중심 원예치료 프로그램에 참여한 실험군 13명과 원예치료 프로그램에 참여하지 않은 대조군 14명을 대상으로 2013년 4월 22일부터 2013년 7월 8일까지 주 1회, 총 12회 실행되었다. 프로그램은 ‘사회복귀예정 수형자를 위한 원예치료 심리적 결과 모델의 개념적 틀(Rural Development Administration, 2012)’에 근거하여 Lee et al.(2013)이 제시한 ‘재배활동중심 원예치료 프로그램’을 적용하였다. 실험 결과, 실험군은 프로그램 후에 대인예민성과 불안감이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였으나(p=0.033, 0.041), 대조군의 경우 9개 증상차원 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구결과를 통해 재배활동중심 원예치료 프로그램이 남자 청소년 수형자의 정신건강 향상을 위해 활용 가능함을 검증했다는 점에서 본 연구의 의의가 있다고 하겠으며, 향후 교도현장에서 교정·교화를 위한 프로그램에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.