The limitations and problems of the rechargeable battery and short mileage per one electric charging have not been overcome at the electric vehicles. To solve these problems, the hybrid vehicle has been developed by securing the performance of automotive with the conventional internal combustion engine and the environmental benefit. Meanwhile, the electric UTV (utility terrain vehicle) which has this environmental benefit has been widely used for factories, parks, leisure and agricultural areas. In this study, the electric UTV was fabricated and attached the auxiliary power drive systems including the photovoltaic power generation system into this electric vehicle in order to make up the hybrid (motor + photovoltaic) vehicle system. As the range of the hybrid UTV would be extended over 20% than that of the existing golf cart per one electric charging through this successful development, the dynamic stiffness was improved through light-weight body design.

The α-Gal epitope (Galα1,3Galα1,4GlcNAc-R) is responsible for hyperacute rejection (HAR) during transgenic pig-to-non-human primate xenotransplantation. To overcome HAR after xenografts, it is essential for the inactivation of α1,3Galactosyltransferase (GT) gene by the homozygotic knocked out of GT-/- and the isoglobotrihexosylceramide synthase (iGb3s-/-). This study was performed to investigate the generation and characterization of the α1,3GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3-/- transgenic cells. Ear fibroblast cells from the GT-MCP/-MCP pig were cultured and used to positive control. For iGb3s knock out, the Cas9-GFP-iGb3s vector was transfected into the GT-MCP/-MCP cells. The Cas9-GFP-iGb3s transfected cells were sorted and sequenced for the selection of GT-MCP/-MCP+ iGb3s-/- cells. Among the three sorted cell lines, one transgenic cell line was homozygously deleted 3 bases and 10 bases in each chromosome, respectively. To characterize an expression of α-Gal epitope, a wild type and the transgenic cells were measured by FACS Aria using BS-IB4 lectin antibody. The expression of α-Gal epitope in GT-MCP/-MCP cells (<0.01 %) were significantly down-regulated to the range of wild type (99.4 %) fibroblast cells (p<0.05). To analyze the function of iGb3s, α -Gal epitope expressions were measured for the GT-MCP/-MCP, GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/+, and GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/-. The range was 95.8%, 94.2%, and 75.8%, respectively. Interestingly, there was a negative range (16.2%) of α-Gal epitope -/- section in GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/-, compared to 2.74% of GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/+ and 1.4% of WT, respectively. Our results demonstrated that iGb3s-/-combined with GT-/- had a function to inhibit α-Gal epitope expression in pig cells. Further studies are needed to evaluate the functions of double gene knock out to minimize a HAR response after xenotransplantation.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been considered for preserving genetically valuable or endangered animals. Sapsaree is a Natianal Monument in Korea to maintian a pure pedigree. The aim of this study was to produce azoospermia Sapsaree using SCNT and identify normal reproductive ability of cloned azoospermia Sapsaree. Ear skin biopsy was performed on a thirteen-year-old azoospermia Sapsaree and ear skin fibroblasts were isolated for SCNT as donor cells. The fibroblasts were injected into enucleated in vivo matured oocytes, the couplets were electrical fused by two pulse of direct current (55 V for 15 μs) using titanium and platinum fusion needle and activated by calcium ionophore. Cloned embryos were surgically transferred into oviducts of natuarally estrus cycle synchronized recipient dogs. The fusion rate of platinum needle was 70%, which was higher than those of titanium needle (64.1%). Developmental rate to the 8 cells and 10 cell stages was higher in platinum needle group (24% and 16%, respectively) than those of platinum needle group (14.8% and 3.1%, respectively). Total 35 SCNT embryos were transferred into oviducts of 3 recipient dogs and one recipient finally delivered a puppy by caesarean section. As results, this study demonstrated that platinum fusion needle could be successfully make the reconstructed embryos and improve the efficiency of canine SCNT. Cloning azoospermia Sapsaree may contribute to conserve genetically valuable and unique pedigree. And further study should be confirm whether cloned live dog is azoospermia.

Mitotic spindle formation is regulated by centrosomes, composed of a centriole pair surrounded by pericentriolar materials(PCM) proteins. However, mammalian oocytes rely on acentriolar MTOCs for the function of meiotic spindle. The composition of acentriolar MTOCs and the molecular precesses that regulate the localization and accumulation in mammalian oocyte are not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms of spindle microtubule nucleation and stability from MTOCs in mouse oocyte, and indentified Centrosomal protein192(CEP192) as a key regulator for acentriolar MTOC formation. CEP192 specifically colocalized with pericentrin (PCNT) during the oocyte maturaion. CEP192 proteins are localized throughout cytoplasm and around nucleus at GV stage, and then after BD stage, CEP192 proteins were further fragmented into smaller MTOCs around chromosomes. At metaphase, CEP192 proteins were concentrated in spindle pole. Knockdown of CEP192 using siRNAs resulted in metaphase I arrest. The arrested oocytes were characterized by reduced microtubule intensity and misalignment chromosome. Also at BD and ProMI stage, the oocytes reduced microtubule density and PCNT intensity. To confirm the mechanism of CEP192 regulation, we confirmed that PLK1 and AuroraA kinase were involved in CEP192 activation. The investigations for detailed molecular mechanisms of CEP192 and RanGTP for microtubule nucleation in oocytes are underway using various techniques including siRNA, mRNA, and positive or negative dominant injection and inhibitors.

Introducing lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) into somatic cells enables the induction of distinct cellular identities without the need to first pass through a pluripotent stem cell (PSC) state. We and others have demonstrated the direct conversion of somatic cells into adult stem cells or progenitor cells, such as angioblast-like progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and neural stem cells. The process underlying direct conversion is known to be relatively simpler and faster than that of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. Furthermore, directly converted cells have been shown to exhibit therapeutic potential following transplantation into respective disease models without obvious evidence for tumor formation. Thus, TF-mediated direct conversion technology has been considered as an alternative to iPSC technology for patient-specific cell- and tissue-replacement therapies. Here we show our recent findings describing the robust direct conversion of differentiated somatic cells into distinct cellular identities. Furthermore, we also show the recent 3D organoid technology for generating brain tissues from human pluripotent stem cells.

Canine parvovirus (CPV), a member of the genus Parvovirus, family Parvoviridae, is a significant causative agent in Canine reproductive failure, causing serious economic losses in the pet industry. The major capsid protein, VP2 is the main target protein for neutralizing antibodies in CPV. When VP2 was expressed using baculovirus, it was produced abundantly and assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) similar in size and morphology to the original virions. It was named as CPV-VLP. Additionally, p35 sequences of canine distemper virus (CDV) as T-helper epitope were fusion-expressed with each of N-term, C-term or both sides of CPV-VP2. Production of double antigenic recombinant protein and formation of VLPs were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and transmission electron microscopy, respectively.

해상에서는 UN산하 IMO(International Maritime Organization, 국제해사기구)는 선박에서 배출하는 CO₂량을 2030년까지 30 %까지 줄이는 것을 목표로 설정하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 상황에 대응하고 친환경기술의 개발을 목표로 선박용 내연기관에서의 폐열을 이용하는 열전발전시스템 개발에 최종목표를 두고, 본 논문에서는 선박용 열전발전시스템 개발에 앞서 기초 열해석을 실시하고 분석하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 열전발전시스템의 효율향상에 관한 유효한 방법을 얻어 낼 수 있었다. 1) 고온측 열원과 모듈간 온도차를 줄여 모듈의 온도차를 늘리는 것으로 열전발전시스템의 효율이 8.917 %로 향상되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 2) 외부부하저항의 변화에 따른 시스템 효율은 약 6 %로 그 변화폭이 크게 발생하지 않는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 3) 동일 계산 조건에서 방형관의 재질이 스테인레스인 경우의 시스템 효율이 8.707 %로 두랄루민(8.605 %), 동(8.607 %)보다 높을 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

이 연구에서는 2014년 6월 10일 일산에서 발생한 용오름에 대해 구름분해모델(CReSS)를 활용하여 재현실험을 수행하고 발생 메커니즘을 분석하였다. 종관적으로는 대기 상층의 한랭하고 건조한 공기가 남하하였으며, 대기 하층에서는 온난하고 습윤한 공기의 이류가 있었다. 이로 인해 대기 상 하층 기온의 큰 차이가 발생하면서 강한 대기 불안정을 야기 시켰다. 19시 20분에 일산 지역에서 스톰이 발달하기 시작하여 10분 만에 최성기에 도달하였다. 재현 실험 결과 이 때 발달한 스톰의 높이는 9 km이었으며, 스톰 후면으로 갈고리 에코(hook echo)가 나타났다. 일산 주변으로 발달 한 스톰 내부에서는 활강 기류가 발생하는 것으로 모의 되었다. 모의된 하강기류가 지면에서 발산되어 수평 흐름으로 변하게 되었고, 이 흐름은 스톰의 후면에서 상승류로 전환 되었다. 이 때 후면에서 강한 하강기류가 발생하였는데 이 하강류가 전환된 상승류를 지면까지 끌어내려 지면에서 소용돌이도가 발달하게 되었다. 그 이후 이 소용돌이도가 연직으로 신장되면서 용오름이 모의되었다. 모의된 용오름에서 발달한 저기압성 소용돌이도는 360 m 고도에서 3×10−2 s−1이 었으며, 용오름의 직경은 900 m 고도에서 1 km로 추정되었다.

Within marketing and consumer research, scholars have explored cross-cultural issues, and found that most of the studies are sociologically based and assume intra-cultural homogeneity in mentality and logic among people (Fatehi, Kedia & Priestly, 2015). Research has also explored how acculturation in circumstances of hyperfiliation influences cross-cultural consumption (Bradford & Sherry, 2014). The issue of particular importance within this study is the situation of cultural mixing that takes place when migrants and refugees grow their families away from their home country, and how individual and family identity values are renegotiated given ethnic ties that bind the older generation, and the non-ethnic ties in the host country and amongst the future generations. These ethnic and non-ethnic ties influence the acculturation process (Capellini & Yen, 2013) and re-acculturation process. Given increasing migration across many countries, it becomes important to understand the transcultural experiences of both refugees and migrants, as they mix with the host country’s cultural practices. We take the view that transculturality is an illustration of “the complex relationships between and within cultures today: it emphasises not isolation but intermingling, not separation but disjunctive interactions, not homogenization but heterogenization” (Jung, 2010, p.19). The intermingling of multiple cultures, inevitably has implications on consumption decisions, particularly in cases where many children have been born in the diaspora. Whilst previous studies have explored acculturation as a static and linear process (Chrikov, 2009), our study takes the view that cultural identity formation and it’s resulting cultural orientations are an ongoing, fluid, hybrid and iterative project. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to: (1) explore how cultural identity processes are negotiated by third generation UK born British Sikhs. Here, we focus on 3rd generation British Sikhs with the intention of understanding how hybrid identities emerge, and how these impact on consumption decisions; (2) explore the acculturation and re-acculturation patterns of 3rd generation British Sikhs. It is our contention that the online environment offers opportunities to explore identity projects for those born in the diaspora.

This study was conducted to investigate Generation Y (Gen Y) South Africans’ beliefs about generic medicines. The results indicate that Gen Y believe in the important attributes of generic medicines. Younger, black and ungraduated Gen Y have less belief in the efficacy of generic medicine than older, non-blacks and postgraduates.

Research findings show that money attitude dimensions variedly affect compulsive buying. We surveyed 750 Generation Y South Africans to examine whether gender and family resources received during childhood is influencing the varied impact of money attitude dimensions on compulsive buying. Depending on whether low or high family resources were received during childhood, we found gender differences and a similarity on how money attitude dimensions affect compulsive buying. In terms of similarity, we found that high provision of both tangible and intangible family resources during childhood promotes the development of budget money attitude, which negatively affects the development of compulsive buying behavior.

The genetic algorithm (GA), one of the artificial intelligence (AI), is developed based on Darwin's theory of evolution, i.e., the mating of randomly selected objects. If more optimal solution is generated, then it is better to repeat the process of setting the optimum value. In this paper, the method of background music using the genetic algorithm is exploited when the computer game is executed each time. As a result, it has created several music that can be used in the actual game, and it could be confirmed that the other music that is created is different music when performed each time.

베이비붐세대는 우리나라의 경우 713만 명으로 전체인구의 15%를 차지하고 있으며, 베이비붐 세대가 은퇴와 함께 빈곤층으로 전락하게 되는 이유는 은퇴 이후에 사용할 자산을 축적하지 못해 발생하기도 하지만 현재 소비를 너무 많이 해서 그런 결과가 이루어진다고 볼 수도 있다. 전환기적 경제기조는 저성장 고비용구조 상황으로 시급한 점은 일자리 재편에 대한 정책적 사고의 전환이다. 특히 베이비부머의 노후대책의 성공 요소는 경제적 여건의 활용에 있다. 자선이나 동정이 아닌 사회적 의무로써의 사회연대라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 한정된 재원을 어떻게 사용할 것인가에 대한 사회적 동의 차원에서 베이비붐 세대의 노후대책 개선방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국민연금 지속 가능성 및 노후소득보장 사각지대 개선방안이다. 국민연금의 지속 가능성으로 장기적인 안목에서 출산율을 제고하여 노동생산성이 활성화되도록 근로 체계를 개편하고 다층 노후소득보장 체계를 구축하여 적정 노후 수준을 달성하도록 소득대체율 관점에서 제고되어야 한다. 둘째, 안정적인 노후소득보장 개선방안으로 정부는 은퇴시기를 늦춘 노인들에게 무거운 과세의 부담을 줄여주고 나이 든 근로자들을 고용해서 훈련시키는 사업장에는 세금 혜택을 주거나 훈련 보조금을 지급하는 등의 장려안이 필요하다. 또한 연금제도에서 정년이 지난 후에도 계속 일을 하는 사람이 어떤 재정적인 손해도 보지 않도록 베이비부머들을 전혀 다른 기준에 따라 퇴직시켜야 한다. 셋째, 노후자금 저축 및 주택연금 개선방안은 베이비부머들이 미래에 받을 급여를 민 간저축으로 축적해야 한다. 미래의 급여에 대한 진정한 소유권을 개인들에게 돌려주는 것은 국가 저축에 보탬이 되면서 미래의 납세자들에게 피해를 주지 않을 유일한 은퇴시 스템이다. 또한 81.9%가 부동산 자산인 점을 주시하여 주택연금제도를 활성화해야 한다. 넷째, 베이비부머의 노후설계 지원체계 구축방안은 일반인 대상 노후설계 교육 컨텐츠, 전문가 대상 노후설계 교육 컨텐츠로 구분하여 세분화하고 노후설계 가이드프로그램으로서 온라인 정보포털 구축, 노후생활 매뉴얼 발간 등 노후설계 컨텐츠를 개발하여야 한다.

미국과 일본 등 선진국 베이비붐 세대의 은퇴와 노후준비정책에 대한 비교 분석을 통하여 이들 이 경험했던 생애과정 및 국가별 정책과 제도를 연구함으로써 우리나라 베이비붐세대의 은퇴·노후 준비에 효과적으로 대처할 수 있는 방향을 제시하고 정책과 제도개선에 대한 사회적 함의를 도출 하고자 하였다. 연구결과 국가의 노후준비관련 정책은 장기적인계획으로서 오랜 기간 동안 단계별 준비를 해왔다는 것이 미국·일본 등 선진국 노후준비관련정책의 공통된 특징이었다. 또한 진정한 은퇴·노후준비의 가치와 본질의 추구를 위하여 개인에게 요구되는 키워드는 ‘소득·관계·학습’으로 요약할 수 있다.

This study aims to explore game backgrounds and content generation using motion graphics. Motion graphics can be utilized to generate contents in various fields including games, cartoons, movies, animations, characters, advertisements, etc. This study identifies how game backgrounds and game scenes are simply generated by utilizing motion graphics. And synthesizing techniques are used to generate game backgrounds and game scenes. Also, for game backgrounds and characters, motion graphics are applied to simply express special effects such as various flames, blazes, thunderbolts, etc. On the subject of secondary school students, this study evaluates their game background and character generation competencies with two methods to develop game industry and improve content personnel. Evaluation results of 88 points and 85 points are shown from the evaluation of the last results for evaluation items according to the standard of 100 points, and it suggests that game development personnel and character content production personnel be reserved with professional education and support in the future.

The validity of landfill gas models is an important problem considering that they are frequently used for landfill-site-related policy making and energy recovery planning. In this study, the Monte Carlo method was applied to an landfill gas generation model in order to enhance conformity. Results show that the relative mean deviation between measured data and modeled results (MD) decreased from 19.8% to 11.7% after applying the uncertainty range of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to the methane-generation potential and reaction constants. Additionally, when let reaction constant adjust derived errors from all other modeling components, such as model logic, gauging waste, and measured methane data, MD decreased to 6.6% and the disparity in total methane generation quantity to 2.1%.

We report on the successful fabrication of ZnO nanorod (NR)/polystyrene (PS) nanosphere hybrid nanostructure by combining drop coating and hydrothermal methods. Especially, by adopting an atomic layer deposition method for seed layer formation, very uniform ZnO NR structure is grown on the complicated PS surfaces. By using zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2 ·6H2O] and hexamine [(CH2)6N4] as sources for Zn and O in hydrothermal process, hexagonal shaped single crystal ZnO NRs are synthesized without dissolution of PS in hydrothermal solution. X-ray diffraction results show that the ZnO NRs are grown along c-axis with single crystalline structure and there is no trace of impurities or unintentionally formed intermetallic compounds. Photoluminescence spectrum measured at room temperature for the ZnO NRs on flat Si and PS show typical two emission bands, which are corresponding to the band-edge and deep level emissions in ZnO crystal. Based on these structural and optical investigations, we confirm that the ZnO NRs can be grown well even on the complicated PS surface morphology to form the chestnut-shaped hybrid nanostructures for the energy generation and storage applications

외부비용은 재화나 서비스가 생산 또는 소비되는 과정에서 제3자에게 부과되는 비용이다. 원자력 발전을 통한 전력생산에 도 외부비용이 발생하며 이들에 대한 연구가 1990년대부터 진행되어 왔다. 비용은 정책결정에 중요한 요소로 전력 생산에 대한 비용 비교를 위해 외부비용이 고려되고 있다. 핵연료주기에서도 선택에 따라 다른 외부비용이 발생되지만 이에 대한 연구는 진행되고 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 핵연료주기 외부비용 평가 방법 개발을 위해 원자력 발전에 대한 외부비용 평가 방법을 조사하고 분석하였다. 후쿠시마 사고 이전에는 외부비용 연구들은 정상 운전 상태에서의 손상 비용에 초점을 두었 다. 그러나 사고 이후 사고비용이 주요 주제가 되었다. 사고비용을 포함한 외부비용 범위는 여러 연구들에서 다양하게 사용 되었으며 범위에 맞춰 다른 방법들이 적용되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 결과들이 비교되었으며 핵연료주기에 따른 외부비 용 추산에 방법적 적용성 판단을 위해 분석되었다.

The people who are in the noise factory are difficult to hear and recognize about fire and to evacuate quickly when a fire occurs. This study was conducted to analyze workplace’s background noise of 31 factories in Incheon and to know the workplace noise level comparing to fire alarm sound level. The measured average noise level was 96.8dB(A). Noise level of measured result was exceeded as 6.8dB(A) comparing to NFSC (National Fire Safety Code) noise level of 90dB. NFPA suggests that when background noise exceeds 85dB or more than that, other methods should be considered to know alarm sound. Also fire alarm sound should exceed more than 15dB(A) comparing to background noise level. Therefore it was concluded that the design of the fire alarm systems should not be applied to the workplace without considering background noise and it needs to be improved with regulations and the systems.