뛰어난 물성을 가진 poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)는 정밀여과 (MF)와 한 외여과 (UF) 분리막의 소재로써 많이 연구되고 있다. 기공의 크기를 조절하는 것은 분리막을 제조하는데 있어 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 매우 간단한 방법으로 분리막의 기공 크기를 조절하는 새로운 방법을 제시하고자 한다. PVDF 한외여과 분리막의 기공 크기는 유리판 위에 150 ㎛의 두께로 주조된 PVDF 도프 용액이 응고조 (증류수)속으로 들어가는 속도를 통해 조절되었다. 이 때 PVDF 한외여과 분리막의 기공 크기는 응고조에 들어가는 PVDF 도프 용액의 속도가 감소될수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

This study investigates the thermal shock property of a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) produced by a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) sintering process. Three kinds of PDCs are manufactured by the HPHT sintering process using different particle sizes of the initial diamond powders: 8-16 μm (D50 = 4.3 μm), 10-20 μm (D50 = 6.92 μm), and 12-22 μm (D50 = 8.94 μm). The microstructure observation results for the manufactured PDCs reveal that elemental Co and W are present along the interface of the diamond particles. The fractions of Co and WC in the PDC increase as the initial particle size decreases. The manufactured PDCs are subjected to thermal shock tests at two temperatures of 780oC and 830oC. The results reveal that the PDC with a smaller particle size of diamond easily produces microscale thermal cracks. This is mainly because of the abundant presence of Co and WC phases along the diamond interface and the easy formation of Co-based (CoO, Co3O4) and W-based (WO2) oxides in the PDC using smaller diamond particles. The microstructural factors for controlling the thermal shock property of PDC material are also discussed.

본 연구에서는 울산항 위험물 취급부두의 선박 크기별로 부두 운용 기준을 개선하기 위하여 각 선사의 자체안전관리계획서와 국내외 기준을 고려하고 환경외력에 취약한 4개 부두의 계류안전성평가 결과를 분석하여 하역중단기준과 긴급이안기준을 제안하였다. 선박의 풍압면적이 작고, 파고에 따른 동요량이 큰 것으로 분석되어 10,000톤 이하의 선박은 풍속 18~21 m/s, 파고 1.0~1.5 m, 10,000~50,000톤의 선박은 풍속 17~20 m/s, 파고 1.2~1.5 m로 제안한다. 또한, 선박의 풍압면적이 크고, 선박 자체의 무게가 무거워 동요량은 적은 것으로 분석되어 50,000~100,000톤의 선박은 풍속 15~19 m/s, 파고 1.5 m, 100,000톤 이상의 선박은 풍속 14~18 m/s, 파고 1.5 m로 제안한다. 본 연구는 항만의 특성을 고려하여 부두운용기준을 실증적으로 제안하고 선박 운항자 중심의 항만 개발을 독려하였다는 데 그 가치가 있다.

Current study was performed to investigate the effect of morphological properties of black ginseng such as size and shape on the quality of black ginseng. The raw ginsengs were separated based on size (medium, large, and extra-large) and shape (straight ginseng, fibrous root ginseng). Subsequently, the raw ginsengs were steamed at 95℃ for 3 h and dried in the presence of heated air at 50℃ for 30 h. This process was repeated nine times for black ginseng production. The physiochemical properties such as the content of acidic polysaccharides, ginsenosides, and antioxidative activity were evaluated. Although minor difference in physiochemical properties such as acidic polysaccharide content in raw ginseng was observed, no statistical difference in the content of acidic polysaccharides, total phenols, and ginsenosides was observed during final black ginseng production based on size classification. The minor ginsenosides in fibrous root black ginseng, such as Rk3, Rh4, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 were higher in content than straight black ginseng. However, no correlation between the shape of ginseng and total phenol content and antioxidative activity was observed. Therefore, present results demonstrate that the difference in ginseng size in same-age and -production area does not affect the quality of black ginseng. Furthermore, difference in ginseng shape does not influence the overall quality of black ginseng. It is hypothesized that this study would be considered as supportive data for the production of high-quality black ginseng.

본 연구에서는 입자크기가 다른 3가지 α-알루미나 분체로부터 주입성형법과 소결법을 혼용하여 튜브형 α-알루 미나 지지체를 제조하여 초기 α-알루미나 분체의 입자크기와 소결 온도가 지지체의 기공구조와 기체투과 특성에 미치는 영 향을 고찰하였다. 평균입경이 0.2, 0.5, 1.7 μm인 α-알루미나 분체를 사용했을 시 제조된 α-알루미나 지지체는 각각 약 80, 130, 200 nm의 평균 기공경을 가졌으며 평균 기공경은 소결 온도 보다는 초기 알루미나 분체의 입자크기에 의존하였다. 모 든 시편에서 소결 온도가 증가할수록 지지체의 부피 밀도는 증가하였고 겉보기 기공률은 감소하였다. He, N2, O2, CO2에 대 하여 30°C에서 단일기체 투과 특성을 평가한 결과, 기체 투과도는 기공경 제곱에 비례하여 증가하였고 기공률이 증가함에 따 라서 직선적으로 증가하였다. 이를 토대로 제조된 α-알루미나 지지체의 기체 투과는 점성유동(viscous flow)에 의하여 이루 어지며, α-알루미나 지지체의 기체 투과 특성은 초기 α-알루미나 분체의 입자크기와 소결온도를 제어함으로써 조절될 수 있 음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The population size of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly(Parnassius bremeri) has been reduced because of their habitats destruction and partly climate change. Estimation of metapopulation size and survival day of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly was made in Samcheok where release was carried for 5 years, Korea, by using the mark-release-recapture method. 421(female: 188, male: 233) of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly were captured and 177 individuals(female: 89, male: 88) were recaptured and rates of recapture was 42%. Average of survival day was 3.59 and max survival day was 11. The migration of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly was occurred significantly between short patches. Their max distance of migration was 6.74km. Estimate of P. bremeri was from minimum 125 to maximum 1844.

The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum particle size of rice flour for making rice noodles. Rice noodles were prepared with rice variety such as Milyang 278 because it has 25.4% of high amylose content. The rice grains were pulverized by dry milling and passed through 3 different sized sieves (A: -60 ~ +100, B: -100 ~ +150, and C: -150 ~ +200 mesh). The average particle sizes of A, B, and C were 187.27, 103.79 and 74.88 um, respectively. Rice noodles were prepared at 35% of moisture content, 50/90/90/90°C of barrel temperature, and 200 rpm of screw speed in the twin screw extruder. Textural properties and cooking qualities were evaluated to determine the suitability for making rice noodles. Hardness of the dry noodles prepared with A, B, and C were 2.762, 4.546, and 2.065 N, respectively. Extension (R max) of the cooked rice noodles prepared with A, B, and C were 0.526, 0.857, and 0.534 N while Extensibility (E value) were 15.97, 18.03, and 16.78 mm, respectively. Cooking loss values were 4.47, 2.88, and 2.16%, respectively, while the turbidities of their cooking water were 0.177, 0.073, and 0.088, respectively. As the result the flour passed through -100 ~ +150 meshes was the most appropriate for making rice noodles. Control of particle size in rice flour with high-amylose content can be a useful way for making good quality rice noodles.

Differences in sugar and salt diffusion rates of cabbage depending on size and part were examined. Whole, 3x3 and 5×5 cube sliced cabbage examined indifferent pickling condition (salt 2, 4, 6, 8% and sugar 5, 10, 15, 20% brix). After 12hr storage, salt absorption depending on part was determined to be higher in leaf, followed by stem in all salt solution. Sugar distribution was also determined to be higher in leaf, followed by stem, showing same trend with salt diffusion. Salt diffusion was found to be highest in 3×3 sliced cabbage. Where as 5×5 sliced cabbage and then whole cabbage showed lower diffusion rate in all brix sugar solution. Size dependent sugar diffusion showed same tendency with size dependent salt diffusion. Also, increase in salt and sugar concentration led to increase in salt and sugar permeation rate.

To understand size fractioned chlorophyll a and material cycles of coastal ecosystem in Uljin marine ranching area (JMRA) of East Sea, 4 times of survey were conducted from April to November 2008. Picoplankton, nanoplankton and netplankton in the surface of UMRA fluctuated with an annual mean of 0.26 μg L-1 between the lowest value of 0.03 μg L-1 and the highest value of 0.87 μg L-1, annual mean 1.32 μg L-1 between 0.11 μg L-1 and 5.60 μg L-1, annual mean 0.45 μg L-1 between no detected (nd) and 4.68 μg L-1, respectively. And the relative ratio of picoplankton, nanoplankton and netplanktons on the phytoplankton biomass was on annual average 12.9%, 65.0% and 22.1%, respectively. The 10 m layer was similar to the surface. The relative ratio of pico- and nano-plankton was higher throughout the year. That is, the material cycle of UMRA consists of a microbial food web rather than traditional food chain at a lower trophic levels. Primary production is deemed to have a higher possibility of being adjusted by top-down dynamics, such as micro-zooplankton grazing pressure rather than nutrients supply.

낙동강과 금호강 합류부에 인접한 대명유수지는 멸종위기종인 맹꽁이의 집단 산란처로 생물서식공간의 보전 필요성 이 높아지고 있으나, 맹꽁이 개체군에 대한 과학적인 조사가 미흡하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 포획-재포획방법에 의해 대명유수지에 서식하는 맹꽁이 개체수를 추정하며, 미지형과 식생분포를 토대로 분류한 서식처별 방형구 배치를 통해 맹꽁이의 공간분포 특성을 살펴보았다. 2013년부터 2년간 진행된 조사에서 맹꽁이는 5월초 출현하여 7월과 8월에 활동이 증가하고, 10월말에 동면에 들어가는 것으로 나타났다. 개체군 크기 추정을 위해 실시된 2014년 1차 조사에 98개체를 포획하여 표식 후 방사하였으며, 2차 조사에서는 표지된 5개체를 포함한 68개체를 재포획하여 대명유수지에 서식하는 맹꽁이는 대략 535-2,131개체로 추정하였다. 또한 대명유수지의 맹꽁이 개체군 공간분포를 파악하기 위해 평지 식생군락, 사면부, 저습지 등의 서식처에 57개 함정트랩을 배치하여, 맹꽁이의 이동이 활발한 장마철 전후를 대상으로 현지조사를 실시한 결과, 맹꽁이는 대명천과 인접한 사면부에서 출현밀도가 높고, 저지대는 출현밀도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 저지대의 맹꽁이 출현밀도는 산란철에 상대적으로 높으나 산란 이후에는 급격히 감소하였는데, 이는 산란 이후 은신처, 월동지로 이동하는 맹꽁이의 행동습성과 더불어 저지대가 지하수위 상승으로 대부분 침수되면서 서식환경이 악화되어 주변 경사지와 평지 식생군락으로 이동하기 때문으로 판단된다.

본 논문에서는 한국은행에서 발표한 4년(2010-2013) 동안의 산업연관표로부터 해양환경산업의 시장규모 및 부가가치액을 추계하여 국민경제적 지위를 따져보고, 산업연관분석을 적용하여 해양환경산업의 경제적 파급효과를 분석하였다. 해양환경산업의 시장규모를 추계한 결과, 총 산출액은 2010년 1조 3,406억원에서 2013년 1조 9,723억원으로 증가하였으며, 총 산출액 전체에서 차지하는 비중 또한 0.04%에서 0.05%로 증가하였다. 부가가치액은 2010년 6,185억원에서 2013년 8,415억원으로 증가하였으며, 국내총생산에서 해양환경산업의 부가가치가 차지하는 비중은 0.05%에서 0.06%로 증가하였다. 또한 수요유도형 모형을 이용하여 경제적 파급효과를 분석한 결과, 해양환경산업에서의 1원 생산 또는 투자가 국민경제 전체에 야기하는 생산유발효과는 2010년 1.8845원에서 2013년 1.8115원으로 소폭 감소하였다. 해양환경산업에서의 1원 생산 또는 투자로 발생하는 부가가치 유발효과는 2010년 0.7680원에서 2013년 0.7063원으로 감소하였다. 해양환경산업에서의 10억원 생산 또는 투자의 취업유발효과는 2010년 10.17명에서 2013년 9.18명으로 감소하였다. 요컨대, 해양환경산업의 산출액 및 부가가치는 증가 추세를 보이고 있지만, 경제적 파급효과의 원단위는 감소 추세를 보였다.

Magnetite particles were synthesized by co-precipitation of water-soluble 밀 스케일-derived precursor by various concentrations of (0.5, 0.67, 1, 2 N) NaOH and (0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 2.4 N) NH4OH. It is theoretically known that as the concentration of the alkaline additive used in iron oxide synthesis increases, the particle size distribution of that iron oxide decreases. This trend was observed in both kind of alkaline additive used, NaOH and NH4OH. In addition, the magnetite synthesized in NaOH showed a relatively smaller particle size distribution than magnetite synthesized in NH4OH. Crystalline phase of the synthesized magnetite were determined by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD). The particles were then used as an adsorbent for phosphate(P) removal. Phosphorus adsorption was found to be more efficient in NaOH-based synthesized magnetite than the NH4OH-based magnetite.

Mineral filler is used for resin compounds, because it increases the stiffness and thermal stability of a resin compound, and it also cuts down the cost. Calcium carbonate, silica, magnesium oxide, and others are used as filler materials in general, and the type of filler material, the size, and content can affect the physical properties of compounds. Those factors also influence the viscosity of resin mixtures and the workability, and should be adjusted by changing the contents of the filler, which depends on the size. In this study, five kinds of ground calcium carbonate, which were different in size, were used to produce polyester compounds ; the physical properties were compared with the filler size and contents. The mechanical properties were measured by bending strength and tensile strength, and the heat deflection temperature was obtained for thermal stability.

The fashion industry is one of the most labor intensive industries, and employs over 25 million workers in over 100 countries (Reinhard, Schmidt, Rützel, & Zentgraf, 2013). There have been many concerns regarding the poor working conditions of garment workers, including their long working hours, forced overtime, and hazardous working environments, especially in developing countries. In Korea, competition has intensified within the industry with the emergence of global fashion companies, which has caused many fashion companies to move their production bases overseas in search of cheaper labor (Son, 2007). Thus, the labor problems that have arisen in the fashion industry are mostly about low wages and the poor working conditions of production workers. However, what about the labor problems of fashion industry workers other than those in production factories? Lee, Kim, Shin, Yoon, Lee, Chang, Chung, and Choi (2009) noted in their study that white-collar workers in fashion companies in Korea work longer hours, receive fewer benefits, and have a higher turnover rate than workers in other industries. In 2015, the poor working environment and low or absent wages of fashion industry interns came under public scrutiny (Kim, 2015; Kwon, 2016). In addition, there were cases in which body size was specified when hiring fashion designers, which raised the question of discrimination based on physical appearance (Kim, 2015). These employment conditions are important factors that influence fashion design majors entering the job market. Hence, regarding this and the physical body size discrimination of fashion designers in the Korean fashion industry, the aims of this paper are twofold: 1) to examine the present situation of physical discrimination by analyzing fashion companies’ job advertisements and 2) to explore fashion major undergraduates’ opinions about job criteria that indicate potential physical discrimination. Two approaches were used in this exploratory study to examine potential hiring discrimination tied to job applicants’ body size; 1) investigation of job advertisements by fashion companies and 2) focus group interviews with fashion majors seniors or graduates looking for a work as fashion designers. First, job advertisements for fashion designers placed on major fashion recruiting sites (e.g., www.saramin.co.kr, www.fashionscout.co.kr, and http://cafe.naver.com/fashionworking) in 2015 were reviewed to determine the current situation of which physical conditions or specific body measurements are set as job requirements or preferred qualifications when hiring fashion designers (n=201). Next, five focus group interviews with seven university seniors each(n=35) were conducted. No fashion companies that were looking for experienced fashion designers only (n=65) included a physical body-size requirement in the job advertisement. Thus 136 fashion designer interns or entry-level fashion designer advertisements were used in further analysis. According to the analysis of the “job requirements”, among those 136 advertisements, 51.5% required education and only 16.2% required a related major along with education, 10.3% required fitting capable size (e.g. female fitting size 55) and 13.2% even presented detailed body measurements (e.g. height 175–178 cm). Among the “preferred” qualifications mentioned in the advertisements, fitting capable size accounted for 6.6%, detailed body measurements accounted for 2%. Analysis results showed that physical conditions capable of fitting were presented more frequently than major as requirements or preferred qualifications, indicating that physical conditions capable of fitting was one of the most important factors for hiring fashion designers. Based on the five focus group interviews, participants’ opinion toward body size requirements in job advertisements were summarized into five themes: 1) Discontent over the unreasonable standard— “Why do I have to have a model figure to become a fashion designer?”; 2) Adapting to given circumstances— “I will lose weight to become a fashion designer”; 3) Frustration over reality that can’t be changed with effort— “I can lose weight, but I can’t get any taller”; and 4) Setting practical alternatives—“I can be a children’s clothing designer instead of women’s”. Most respondents shared a sense of discontent over such hiring requirements and unreasonable discrimination on the grounds of appearance, but they also showed reluctant acceptance of the unreasonable discrimination practiced by employers in the fierce job market. The physical restrictions set as requirements by fashion companies fundamentally deny opportunities to some applicants. Importantly, the outright specification of a physical condition that cannot be overcome through personal effort or improved by the cultivation of skills as a hiring requirement is an infringement upon personal rights. The fashion industry should make efforts to improve its awareness of fashion designers as specialists equipped with design competencies instead of treating them as fitting models simply to save costs.

Piloti-type building is one of typical vertical atypical buildings. These buildings can fail by weak-story or flexible-story mechanism on the first story. They should be designed by taking into account the special seismic load, but those less than six stories are not required to confirm the seismic performance from structural engineers in Korea. For this reason, small-size pilloti-type RC buildings need to be checked for seismic performance. Based on this background, this study performed nonlinear dynamic analysis using the PERFORM-3D for small-size pilloti-type RC buildings and assessed their seismic performance. Examples are two through four story buildings with and without walls in the first story. The walls and columns in the first story satisfied the target performance in the basic of flexural behavior due to quite a large size and reinforcement. However, wall shear demands exceed shear strength in some buildings. When designed for KBC2009, wall shear strength exceed shear demand in some buildings, but still does not in others. Consequently, wall shear must be carefully checked in both existing and new small-size pilloti-type RC buildings.

본 논문은 히스토그램과 그레이레벨 프로파일의 VS(valley size)를 이용한 문턱치 기반의 대두 선별알고리즘 을 제안한다. 대두의 변형은 크게 표면 변색 및 외형 변형으로 나눌 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 대두 개체를 건전립, 부 분변색립, 전면변색립, 표면변형립으로 구분하고 히스토그램 기반 문턱치와 VS기반 선별알고리즘을 이용하여 표면의 변색 및 변형에 따른 불량 대두와 건전립을 선별하였다. 제안한 방법은 대두와 같이 개체수가 많은 농작물의 실시간 선별을 목적으로 하여, 정수덧셈 연산기반의 선별 알고리즘으로 구현 되었다. 제안한 방법을 실제 선별에 적용한 결 과 선별의 정확도는 94.5%이며 기존의 문턱치 기반 대두 선별 알고리즘에 비교할 때 상대적으로 적은 연산량에서 동 등한 수준의 정확도를 나타내는 것을 확인하였다.