Luoyang Qielanji(洛陽伽藍記) is a document that describes Buddhist Temples in Luoyang, the capital of Northern Wei Dynasty. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the construction backgrounds, architectural elements and layout characteristics of Luoyang Temples in Northern Wei Dynasty. The results are as follows: The construction backgrounds of Luoyang Temples can be categorized into two types: the established-temple (創建型) and the converted-temple(捨宅爲寺型). The layout systems of Luoyang Temples can also be categorized into two main types: The front Pagoda-rear Buddhist Hall layout(前塔後殿), The front Buddhist Hall-rear Lecture Hall layout(前殿後堂). In Luoyang Temples, the pagoda was still an important element of the layout.

663년 白村江戰鬪이후 일본열도로 건너간 백제 유민은 일본 열도의 율령 국가 형성에 큰 역할을 하였다. 정부에 중용된 자도 많지만 한편에서는 지방에 정착한 사람들도 많이 존재했다. 그 구체적인 예로서 문헌 기록에 남는 近江国(滋賀県) 蒲生郡의 유적들을 들 수 있다. 이 지역에 남겨진 「鬼室集斯墓碑」나 石塔寺三層石塔은 동 시대의 것은 아니지만 백제 유민의 기억에 관계된 기념물이라 할 수 있다. 동 시대의 유적으로서 사원유적이 중요한 중요한 의미가 있으며 石塔寺의 근처에 위치하는 綺田[카바타]廢寺가 백제 유민과 관계된 사원이라고 추측하였다. 이사원의 創建瓦인 「湖東式」軒瓦는 일본열도에서는 특이한 문양을 갖고 있고, 새롭게 한반도에서 가져온 것이라고 추정되지만 그 기점이 되는 사원이 近江[오오미]国愛知[에치]郡의 軽野塔ノ塚[가루노토오노츠카]廢寺이며, 愛知郡의 유력자인 依智秦氏[에치하타우지]로 추측되고 있다. 依智秦氏는 白村江에서 활약한 朴市田来津[에치노타쿠츠]를 배출했으며 백제 유민과도 접점을 가지고 있다. 이 依智秦氏의 寺院과 綺田廢寺가 기와에서 관계가 인정되는 것은, 5세기까지 한반도에서 일본열도에 도래한 사람들 이 7세기에 새로운 도래인의 정착과정에서 큰 역할을 하고 있었다고 생각된다. 말하자면 오래된 도래인이 기술이나 지식을 갱신하기 위해 새로운 도래인의 수용에 주력했다고 추정할 수 있다. 白村江에 참전한 일본 열도의 호족들이 귀국 후에 사원조영을 했다는 이야기는 『日本霊異記』에서 볼 수 있다. 특히 유명한 것이 備後国三谷郡(広島県)의 大領이 백제계 승려인 禅師弘済와 함께 귀국하여 三谷寺[미타니데라]를 건설한 이야기이며, 그 무대라고 생각되는 三谷寺의 수막새와 塼積基壇이 그 증거라고 생각된다. 비슷한 사례는 각지에 더 있었다고 생각되지만 문헌에 의해 판명된 사례로는 但馬国朝来郡(兵庫県)의 神直이 대 신라 전쟁에 종군한 것을 기록하고 있는 것에 대해, 현지의 法興寺廢寺에서는 역시 한반도의 특색을 갖는 수막새가 출토되고 있는 것을 들 수 있다. 이 사례들은 결코 특수한 예가 아니고, 문헌에 나타나지 않은 비슷한 사례는 더 많이 존재했다고 생각된다. 왜냐하면 7세기 후엽은 일본 열도에서 사원 조영이 급속히 진행된 시기이고, 새로운 기술자의 증대가 전망되기 때문이며, 중앙의 大寺와는 다른 기와를 창건 시에 이용한 사원의 대부분은 이런 새로 도래한 승려와 기술자를 받아들인 것으로 상정할 수 있기 때문이다. 이상에서 백제 멸망에 의한 새로운 도래인의 활동이 중앙 정부 이외에도 인정되며, 일본 열도의 문명화에 큰 역할을 했다고 평가할 수 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the layout of Early Chinese Buddhist Temples from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The results are as follows: 1) In the Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period, the layout of Temples was a pagoda-centered system which had one-courtyard. The layout of Temples in this period was still under the influence of Indian Temples. 2) In the Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties, the layout of Temples was still a pagoda-centered system. However, many buildings began to appear in Temples after the mid-4th century. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Twin pagodas started to appear in Temples. 3) In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were many layout types, but the main form was the layout of front Pagoda and rear Buddhist Hall. The layout of Temples in this period was in a transition stage, which evolved from a pagoda-centered Temple which had one-courtyard and after developed into a Buddhist Hall-centered Temple which had multi-courtyard.

The Buddhist cave temple carved into the rock provides a large space for the ritual in general in which a structure of Stupa is built in the center of the space purely for religious worship empty of Sarira, and the temple is formed around this Stupa. Relief-Stupa of the cave temple indicates the similar shape that of Relief-religious worship of flat land temple. However, there appears a small difference in representation since the background of formation of the cave temple differs in that of flat land temple. Specially, Caitya Stupa of currently existing cave temples have been damaged to lose of their original shape only possible to be analyzed the stylistic development through Relief-Stupa from which the characteristic of Stupa could be understood. The early cave temple could be characterized with a balanced structure consists of upturn bowl, steeple stone with simple drum & Hamikawasnagae, in which it appears strongly the detail factor characteristics of drum & steeple of having system with Caitya Stupa. In the post cave temple, the subject of worship moved to statue of Buddha due to the influence of Gandhara, Mathura art which reduced the importance of Stupa. This illustrates in Relief-stupa as well the style change as well as changes in detail factor. The sculpture appeared at the limited location either the wall of Caitya shrine or pillar in vihara cave with stronger decorative meaning. Contrast to the Relief Stupa of early flat land temples or the cave temples mentioned above sculptured with symbolism, however, the post cave temple showed the relief structure based on the plan of flat plan.

This study aims to overview and review the infiltration of Japanese Buddhism and it's influences on the construction and architectural characteristics of Japanese Buddhist temple from the opening of ports to Independence Day of Korea. Infiltration of Japanese Buddhism had been sustained during 70 years from the foundation of Higashi Hongan-ji Temple(東本願寺) in Pusan, by Shinshu Otani School(真宗大谷派) which was one of Japanese Buddhism, to Independence Day of Korea. This study is to be promoted on the following subjects ; 1) the circumstance around the infiltration of Japanese Buddhism 2) Buddhism policy of Japanese Governor and infiltration on Korean Buddhism 3) increasing trend, distribution and construction of Japanese Buddhist temples near downtown areas 4) for the conclusion, case research on Bondang, Gori, and open space and analysis on the architecture style of Japanese Buddhist temples Accordingly, Korean Buddhism had been subordinated to Japanese Buddhism, and the management system and memorial service of Korean Buddhism had to be affected by Japanese Buddhism. This study is considered meaningful for the elementary research to examine the aspects of Japanese style on Korean Buddhist architecture at that time.

Stupa in India divides into two: stupa in flatland temple with a character of tomb, and devotional stupa made for offering. The difference of such character is made by whether there is any Sari, and main center for worship is flatland stupa where Sari is settled. Stupa in flatland temple is targeted to that with Sari, whose character is applied into Relief-stupa. The characteristics of Relief-stupa can be divided into two: a relief with similar type of flatland stupa in the form, and a devotional relief in which drum and upper part of tower are developed. The Relief-stupa of flatland temple could be confirmed at tower gate of Sanchi tower, decoration of handrail, and the wall attached to Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda stupa. To the contrary, drum and upper wheel part in the Relief-stupa are developed in the votive stupa. Such characteristics had different features according to usage: The example of former is that there is an expression of landscape of stupa built at that time, and the example of latter is those which had similar type of stone cave temple or offering tower near stupa. Thus, the meaning is subject to the existing of Sari. Stupa building developed along with the development of Buddhist structural activity with the existing popular tradition. And its influence was expanded along with various cultures locally. And, the structure and tower reflected various types and thoughts. Stupa reflected its building site and method according to types, and was created in a new form by its usage.

As more and more the social environment change, the companies try to improve industrial structure. The role of enterprise changed direction from position power to communication power. Social contributed activity - representative of social responsible activities in companies - is means of communication with the community and new marketing strategy. The most important element of successful social contributed activity is member's volunteering minds. Volunteer mind based on practical behavioral philosophy. This is right people for company. In this paper, we discussed company social responsibility and suggested standard guide line for voluntary record reflection when the company hire new employees.

사회의 환경변화에 따라 기업 또한 기업 또한 과거 폐쇄적 수직 체계의 position power에서 개방적 수평체계의 communication power로 역할이 변화하고 있다. 기업의 사회적 책임 이행의 대표적인 활동인 사회공헌활동은 지역사회와의 소통 수단 뿐 아니라 새로운 마케팅전략으로 자리매김 되고 있다. 사회공헌활동의 성공요소 중 가장 중요한 것은 구성원의 봉사적 마인드이다. 봉사적 마인드는 이론 뿐 아니라 실천적 행동철학에 기인 한다. 기업이 바라는 인재상과도 밀접한 관계가 있다. 본 논문에서는 기업이 신입사원 채용시 봉사활동 실적을 반영하는데 있어서 표준적인 가이드라인을 연구 제시하고자 한다.

Early Buddhist rock cave temples of India, in spite of being an origin of Buddhist temples, has little been studied in Korea. After field studies and an interpretation of their forms in conjunction with religious life, precedent theories are supplemented and refuted as follows. Starting from the 2nd century B,C., Buddhist ascetic disciples digged residential rock caves, called vihara, for protection from monsoon rain and hot weather, A typical arrangement was settled -a courtyard type, with 3 side rows of tiny one-person bedroom and a front veranda with columns. Also digged were Chaitya caves, in line with viharas, to worship, which is the tumulus of Buddha's relics. I suggest that the original type of chaitya a simple circle cave with a stupa, suitable for circumambulating ceremonies. I refute the existing theory presenting Barabar caves of Ajivika as a chaitya origin, featuring empty circular room without a stupa. I also interpret a typical apsidal plan as being a simple result of adding a place of worshipping rites in front of the stupa. Enclosing columns around a cylindrical stupa is a result of reinforcing both the divine space and circumambulating ceremonies, with elongation toward hall. Finally the chaitya came to have a grandeur apsidal plan with high vault ceiling nave and a side aisle as in Western cathedrals with large frontal horseshoe arch windows. The Buddha image, which had become a new worshipping object, was integrated into the stupa and interior surface. First the stupa and then the statue was introduced to residential Viharas. Therefore, I suggest that the vihara should be renamed as 'chaitya' as a worshipping place, by establishing statue rooms without bedrooms at all. The functionally changed vihara is similar in form to a 'rectangular type of chaitya', little known and developed in different routes. A columned inner courtyard gradually becama an offering place, like Hindu mandapa, Buddhist caves ware changed to a kind of Tantric and Hindu temple by means of statue worshipping offering rituals.

본 연구는 미얀마 바간(Bagan)지역 전통 건축물의 벽체 보수에 사용되는 소석회에 대한 광물학적 특성을 분석하고 바간 지역 문화재 수리 현장과 동일한 방법으로 제조한 석회 플라스터의 물리적 특성을 파악하였다. 미얀마 소석회의 X-선 회절 분석과 열분석 결과 포틀랜다이트(Ca(OH)2)와 수활석(Mg(OH)2)이 주구성광물로 검출되었으며, 이를 통해 석회의 원석으로 백운석(CaMg(CO3)2) 광물의 함량이 높은 탄산염 암석이 사용됐을 것으로 추정된다. 주사전자현미경 분석 결과 미얀마 소석회는 0.5 μm 이상의 불규칙한 형상을 가진 결정들과 소량의 0.1 μm 크기의 판상형 결정들이 응집되어 있고 전체적으로 매끄러운 조직 형태를 관찰할 수 있었는데, 국내에서 건식 소화시킨 소석회와 비교했을 때 결정의 크기나 균일도가 다른 것은 소석회 간 구성광물의 차이와 미얀마 특유의 전통 습식 소화방법에 의한 영향으로 판단된다. 28일 동안 양생한 미얀마 석회 플라스터의 압축강도 값은 평균 1.13 N/mm2이며, bale (Aegle marmelos) 열매의 물 추출액을 첨가한 플라스터 시편의 압축강도 값은 평균 1.03 N/mm2로 측정되었다. 석회는 장기간 탄산화 과정을 거쳐 강도가 발현되는 기경성 재료이므로 향후 28일 이상 장기 양생을 통해 양생기간별 물리적 특성의 변화 양상을 파악할 필요가 있다.