The present research was carried out to evaluate the possibility of increasing female offspring production ratios using artificial insemination buffer (AIB) before artificial insemination (AI). In this experiment, we optimized AIB composition, made an AIB gun and analyze factors affecting AI non-return rate after AIB treatment. The AIB was made with the base of Tris-buffer supplemented with L-arginine and several other chemicals that might reduce the motility of male sperm compared to the female counterpart, therefore, increasing the possibility of fertilization by female sperm. AIB must be deposited into to cervix by AIB gun. After 15 min of AIB deposition, frozen semen was deposited into the same place. A total of 348 cattle were inseminated with AIB insemination, and there were no significant differences between AIB and traditional AI non-return rates (56.8% vs. 55.7%). The AI non-return rate in AIB group, however, differed significantly among 7 Hanwoo farms. The parturition numbers ( to ) of cows did not affect AIB AI rate. The proportion of AIB AI success rates was significantly higher in Hanwoo cows than in dairy cows (61.0% vs. 48.7%), but the average AI success rate did not differ significantly between AIB and conventional AI (56.8% vs. 55.7%). The female offspring production rate in to cervix deposition place was significantly higher than that in the uterus body (77.7% vs. 59.6%, p<0.05). The injection volume of AIB in 5 and 10 ml was significantly higher than that in 2 ml (77.7%, 78.7% vs. 51.8%, p<0.05), but there were no differences in AIB injection volume between 5 and 10 ml. The best exposure time of AIB in the cervix was 10 to 15 min rather than 5 min (79.2%, 77.2% vs. 52.6%, p<0.05). AIB therefore needs to have an exposure time of at least over 10 min for a higher production rate of female offspring. In conclusion, AIB could be used in AI industry to increase the female offspring ratio and AIB AI can increase the AI success rate.

This study was focused on improvement of milk production in Mongolian dairy industry by artificial insemination (AI) technology, supported by ODA of KOICA in Republic of Korea. This program was started in January 2009 and it is in years. This manuscript summarized the data especially on estrus synchronization and pregnancy establishment in dairy cows (Holstein) this year. A total of 81 dairy cows from 4 private farms (38 from Undarmal milk and that of 30, 8 and 5 dairy cows from Onjin (Enkhbayer), Jargalant, and BRM School farms respectively) were synchronized with 5 ml Lutalyse (i.m.) in the dump of dairy cows and then estrus was detected 2 to 3 days after injection. The synchronized dairy cows were inseminated with 0.5 ml dairy frozen semen by conventional artificial insemination (AI) techniques. Pregnancy was diagnosed about 60 days after AI by palpation method. About 96.3% (78/81) of synchronized cows were responded to single injection. Total 75 over 78 dairy cows (90.1%) inseminated were diagnosed as pregnant. The estrus induction and pregnancy rates were very effective using Lutalyse injection and conventional AI techniques in Mongolian dairy cow. The present results indicated that AI after estrus induction in Mongolian dairy cows could be applied to dairy breeding technology for improving breeding efficiency and milk production of the country.

This study was focused on improvement of milk production in Mongolia dairy industry by artificial insemination (AI) technology, of which was supported from ODA project of KOICA in Republic of Korea. The study was started from January 2009 to present and 3rd years in this year. So, all data, especially synchronization and pregnancy of dairy cows (Holstein) will be summarized in final result in this year. For synchronization, total 81 dairy cows selected from 4 private farms that were 38, 30, 8 and 5 in Undarmal milk, Onjin (Enkhbayer), Jargalant, and BRM School, respectively. All the dairy cows were injected intramuscular (IM) of 5 ml PGF2α in the vulva and detected estrus 2 to 3 days after PGF2α injection. Total 78 out of 81 dairy cows (96.3%) were detected estrus by only 1 time injection of PGF2α. The dairy cows that were induced estrus, inseminated with 0.5 ml dairy frozen semen by conventional AI techniques. The pregnancy diagnosis of the AI dairy cows was detected by uterus palpation after 60 days of insemination. Total 75 from 78 inseminated dairy cows (90.1%) were diagnosis pregnant. The estrus induction and pregnant rate were very effective using PGF2α injection and conventional AI techniques in Mongolia dairy cow. The results indicated that AI after estrus induction in Mongolia dairy cows could be applied to dairy breeding technology to improve the breeding efficiency and milk production.

The present research was carried out to evaluate the possibility of female offspring production using artificial insemination buffer (AIB) before artificial insemination (AI). To do it, we carried out the optimization of AIB, making of AIB gun and analysis of affecting AI rate after AIB treatment. AIB made with the base of Tris‐buffer supplemented with L‐arginine and several materials that could be reduced the motility of male sperm compared with female one. This mean that female sperm could be increased the possibility of fertilization with ovum compared with male one. AIB must be deposited into 2nd to 4th cervix by the guide of AIB gun. After 15 min of AIB insertion, frozen semen was deposited into same place after. Total 352 cattle were inseminated with AIB insemination and was not significant difference between AIB and traditional AI rate (56.8 vs. 55.7%). However, AIB AI rate was significantly differs among 12 different farms. The parturition number of cows did not effect on AIB AI rate among 1st to 7th parturition number of cows. The proportion of AIB AI success rates in hanwoo cows was significantly higher than in dairy cows (61.0% vs. 48.7%), but the average AI success rate was not different between AIB and conventional AI (56.8% vs. 55.7%). The female offspring production rate in 2nd to 4th cervix deposition place was significantly higher than in uterus body (77.7% vs. 59.6%, p<0.05). The injection volume of AIB in 5 and 10 ml was significantly higher than in 2 ml (77.7, 78.7 vs. 51.8%, p<0.05), but not different between 5 and 10 ml ABI volume. The best exposure time of AIB in the cervix was 10 and 15 min rather than that of 5 min (79.2%, 77.2% vs. 63.2%, p< 0.05), and so AIB have to expose at least 10 min to get higher female offspring. In conclusion, AIB could be used in AI industry to produce female offspring and also AIB AI can be increased the AI success rate compared with traditional AI rate.

This survey was conducted to investigate the current status of swine artificial insemination(AI) centers registered as 'semen processing business' in Korea. The survey responses were collected by direct visitation or telephone conversation for 5 months from May through September in 2008. The survey showed that sixty-four AI centers were enrolled in local government and those of fifty-two AI centers were under operation. Forty-nine AI centers surveyed owned a total of 3,334 boars and the Duroc breed accounted for the highest rate(73.1%) of all boar breeds. In type of ownership, agricultural management corporations was the highest(42.3%) and followed by private ownership (34.6%). Large-scale AI centers in terms of own over 151 boar were surveyed as 5.9% and most AI centers own less than 100 boars(86.5%). The average number of boars per AI center was 68. The amount of liquid semen provided by 52 AI centers were 1,791,000 doses and each AI center provides average of 39,000 does, which is represented for 90% consumption by sows in Korea.

Research in the area of equine artificial insemination (AI) has led to its increased application in field trials. However, procedures for equine semen collection, cooling and freezing of semen and artificial insemination need further improvement. In experiment 1, we investigated the percentage of total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) of sperms at after-collection, cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 2, mares were inseminated with either cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 3, we examined the effect of buffer (skim-milk extender), which was infused into the uterus at the time of AI with frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 4, we compared AI pregnancy rates for mares ovulating spontaneously versus after treatment with hCG. In experiment 1, the average percentage of TM was decreased from 75.3% to 14.4% at the stage of after-collection to frozen-thawed semen (p<0.05). The average percentage of PM was 58.2% and 59.6% at after-collection and cooled-diluted, but it was significantly increased 71.7% after frozen-thawed (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the pregnancy rates after AI using cooled-diluted, cooled-transported and frozen-thawed semen were 60%, 50% and 37.5%, respectively, and similar among treatments. In experiment 3, the pregnancy rate of mares infused with buffer at AI was 40% which was higher than that with no buffer (10%). In experiment 4, the pregnancy rates of mares were similar between ovulated spontaneously (25%) and ovulated with hCG (50%). The results suggest that equine semen that has been cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen can be successfully used to establish AI, pregnancy and foal production. Also, the pregnancy rates after AI can be increased by infusing buffer into the uterus at AI or by inducing ovulation with hCG, but further study is need.

This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of fertility-associated antigen (FAA) in semen would influence semen characteristics and conception rate of artificial insemination in Hanwoo. The response to FAA of 36 heads of proven bull, 7 heads of young bull, and 27 heads of performance-tested bull was that one proven bull was FAA-negative and the others were FAA-positive, therefore FAA-negative bull was 1.4%. FAA-negative bull was lower in first and second semen concentrations than those of FAA-positive bull in 5,301 semen of 21 heads of proven bull, then FAA-negative bull was fewer as 11.5% in total sperm counts. The estrus of 22 heads was 70d-nonreturned in 36 cows first inseminated with frozen semen of FAA-negative bull, but that of 249 heads in 378 cows first inseminated with frozen semen of FAA-positive bull. Each conception rate was 61.1% and 65.9%, respectively. The difference of conception rates was 4.8%. These results indicate that the response of FAA to semen were influenced semen characteristics and conception rate of artificial insemination, but further investigations are needed to confirm the results.

Only an optimum number of viable spermatozoa in a frozen-thawed insemination dose can ensure conception at artificial insemination (AI). We report here the percentages of normal, abnormal and viable spermatozoa present in the frozen-thawed semen of 20 Black Bengal bucks used for commercial AI. Bucks in this experiment were of 19.3~46.1 months old and 25~42 kg body weight. Four semen straws (0.25 ml) from each buck were collected for evaluation of their kinetic parameters. Scrotal circumference was measured by using a scrotal tape, sperm motility was estimated on eye estimation and sperm concentration was determined by using a haemocytometer. Sperm morphology was studied in paraformaldehyde fixed spermatozoa under differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope. To determine the proportion of live (plasma membrane intact) spermatozoa, semen was stained with SYBR-14 and propidium iodide and examined under fluorescent microscope. Scrotal circumference, post-thaw sperm motility, sperm concentration per insemination dose and proportion of normal spermatozoa were , , million and , respectively. The percentages of spermatozoa with head shape and acrosome abnormalities were lower ( and , respectively), whereas higher percentages of abnormalities () were observed in mid piece and tail portion. The proportion of live spermatozoa was . It is concluded that although a good number of morphologically normal spermatozoa are present in the insemination dose, the proportion of live spermatozoa is low, which warrants further improvements of buck semen freezing procedures to ensure good quality at AI.

The objective of this study was to determine physiological and mechanical factors effecting on the pregnancy rates following artificial insemination in dairy cattle. Estrus for artificial insemination of cows was checked whether the outflow of mucus from the elements was out flow or not. There were no significant difference of gestation rates with mucus release (31.76%) and without mucus release (24.03%). The pregnancy rates were 39.02% in 10~20mm of follicle size group and 27.08% (p<0.05) in 20~30mm diameter of the follicles. There were not different pregnancy rates between twice inseminated dairy cattle and more than 3 times inseminated cattle. The pregnancy rate was 28.57% under automatic milking system. In contrast, under artificial milking system pregnancy rate was 56.85%. Two systems significantly (p<0.05) were different. These results suggest that pregnancy rates were not effected by physiological system, but mechanical condition.

The relationships of scrotal circumference (SC) to semen characteristics and the conception rate (70 days-nonreturn rate) of artificial insemination in farm were studied with 137 heads of bull in Hanwoo. The average and range of SC were cm and 26.0~52.5 cm, respectively. Hanwoo bulls were classified with SC, divided into 34 cm below group, 34~39 cm group, and 39 cm over group. The 5,487 semen records of 43 heads of bull from July. 1. 2007 to June. 30. 2008. were used to determine the relationships between SC and semen characteristics. The semen concentration and total sperm number of each group were 11.18, 16.68, and , and 69.83, 101.64 and /ejaculate. The bulls with 34 cm or more SC were higher than the bulls with 34 cm below in semen concentration and total sperm number (p<0.01). But between SC and semen volume have no significant relationship (p>0.05). The 9,862 mating records of 44 farm with 137 heads of bull were used to determine the relationships between SC and conception rate. The conception rate of 1st artificial insemination were 73.31, 74.16, and 77.33 % in each group. Also SC was positively correlated with pregnancy rate (r=0.12, p=0.17). These results indicate that SC correlates positively with semen characteristics, and maybe with pregnancy rate in Hanwoo.

Mongolia has 80% livestock of total agriculture industry, 170,000 farms are engaged, 2,500,000 of cows that were beef and dairy cows are raised. Despite of Mongolian has great application with milk, there are not clear differences between cow and dairy cattle, and the production of milk is also low. But the milk suppliers are varied (horse, sheep, goat, etc), so that the total milk production is 500 thousand ton per year. It's really considerable to improve the breed of owing to many problems with big differences among milk qualities. For carrying out for first year project, artificial insemination project was operated with 3rd grade Holstein semen that were imported from S. Korea, and initiation and field training were also carried out through appropriate AI technique we developed for Mongolia environment. Local information research and MOU conclusion were done with professor D. Altangerel in May , 2009, and development for AI technique and AI equipments were supplied for Mongolia breeding and natural environment in July in 2009. All cows were treated by synchronization for AI. To do this, injection were treated for luteal phase cow, if it wouldn't work, try again after 11 days. After confirmation of estrus, AI and AI training were carried out with sperm injection in the uterus or cervix by rectum-vagina method which is common worldwide, the most effective artificial insemination technique. If cows were return to next estrus cycle, second AI was carried out about approximately 21 days after artificial insemination. After 2 months, all cows not showing return estrus should be taken pregnancy test. Every pregnant cow will be cared thoroughly. Total 48 cows administrated by for synchronization and after 48 hours 45 cows (93.8%) showing estrus were detected and then artificial inseminate them within who 8 cows (27.8%) showed return estrus. Therefore, Using for synchronization is effective to use for Mongolia breeding conditions. There are possibility of base for food production after all, including increase of livestock production in Mongolia by improvement of breeding cow with AI and embryo transfer project.

This study compared the pregnancy rates of Korean native donor cattle after either a timed artificial insemination (TAI) or embryo transfer (TET) following the synchronization of ovulation using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device together with estradiol benzoate (EB) and prostaglandin (). Fifty five cows and 8 heifers which had been previously used for embryo production were assigned to two treatments: (1) Thirty-two cattle received a CIDR device and 2 mg EB (Day 0), 25 mg injection at the time of CIDR removal on Day 7, and 1 mg EB injection on Day 8. All of the cattle received a TAI 30 h (Day 9) after the second EB injection (TAI group). (2) Thirty-one cattle received the same hormonal treatments as in the TAI group. The cattle with corpus luteum (CL) received a TET on Day 16 using frozen-thawed embryos (TET group). Ultrasonographic observations demonstrated that the proportion of cattle with synchronized ovulation on Day 10 and the concomitant formation of new CL on Day 13 did not differ between groups (p>0.05); the overall mean rates were 65.1 and 73.0%, respectively. The conception and pregnancy rates did not differ (p>0.05) between the TAI (12.5% and 12.5%) and TET groups (13.0% and 9.7%), respectively. We conclude that the pregnancy rate following TAI or TET in Korean native donor cattle was poor, which might be due in part to a poor synchrony of ovulation and concomitant CL formation.

An artificial insemination instrument of bumblebee queens was firstly developed. This instrument consists of location tube, transfer tube, holding tube, head product, and probe apparatus for reproductive tract etc. This instrument was designed to minimize stress and damage of reproductive tract of bumblebee queens. The regulator handle apparatus in artificial insemination instrument was used the principle of lever, that manipulates easy, accurate and rapid insemination of bumblebee queens. By using this instrument, the insemination rate was over 90%. This instrument will be useful for the breeding and conservation of excellent character of bumblebees.

본 연구는 재래 흑염소의 인공수정기술을 개발하여 우수한 재래 흑염소의 이용효율을 극대화시키는데 그 목적을 두고 축산연구소 가축유전자원 시험장에서 사육하고 있는 재래 흑염소의 정액을 채취하여 이를 동결보존한 후 필요시 사용하였다. 발정동기화 처리로 인위적으로 발정을 유기한 개체에 인공수정을 실시하여 처리방법별 발정 유기율, 호르몬의 변화양상 및 분만율을 조사하였다. 발정동기화 방법 중 CIDR+ 방법에서 , CIDR+PMSG 방법에서 발정이 발현되었다.

본 연구는 정상 및 저수태 한우에 rbST를 투여하였을 때 수태 및 분만율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험축은 성빈 한우 383두와 임상적으로는 정상이나 3회 이상 수정시켜도 수태가 되지 않는 저수태 한우 79두, 총 462두를 시험에 공시하였다. 실험을 수행하기 위한 시험구 배치는 5개의 처리구, 즉 T1(무처리, 2ml의 생리 식염수), T2(rbST 250mg 수정시 1회 미근부에 투여), T3(rbST 250mg: 수정시 및 수

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics and viability of sperm after freezing and thawing and the pregnancy rates after artificial insemination with thawed semen. The rates of viable sperm after slow and rapid freezing were 87.4±3.85% and 70.8±4.45%, respectively which were significantly lower than that of fresh semen control (91.7±3.45%). The mean concentration of epididymal sperm after dilution in 1.0 ml saline and. 3.0 ml extender in a various concentrations of cryoprotectants was 124.5±48.3 x 10/sup 6/ (range of 45 x 10/sup 6/ to 280 X 10/sup 6/ /ml). There was a significant difference not in the percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm, but in the percentage of capacitated sperm, between fresh and frozen-thawed epididymal semen. When frozen-thawed after diluting with tris-buffer extender containing glycerol, DMSO and ethylene glycol with concentration of 2 to 6%, the rates of epididymal sperm exposed to different cryoprotectants ranged from 14.4±4.7% to 20.7±5.8%, 17.8±5.2% to 36.5±4.9%, and 14.4±4.6% to 18.5±5.3%, respectively which were lower compare to fresh semen control. The pregnancy rate after artificial insemination with frozen semen was 70.6%, whereas that with fresh semen was 90.0% in dogs with naturally induced estrus.