전국 136개 시군에 있는 690개소 벼 관찰포에서 12종의 주요 해충을 6월 1일부터 9월 13일까지 15일 간격으로 총 8회 조사한 결과를 국가농작물병해충관리시스템(NCPMS)을 통하여 수집하였다. 2017년도 벼 주요해충 12종의 총 발생 추정면적은 158,942ha로 재배면적 대비 21.1%에 발생되었다. 발생면적이 가장 많았던 해충은 애멸구로 43,875ha(재배면적 대비 5.8%)이였고, 그 다음으로는 혹명나방 34,112ha(재배면적 대비 4.5%), 벼물바구미 22,802ha(재 배면적 대비 3.0%), 먹노린재 21,118ha(재배면적 대비 2.8%)순 이었다. 평년보다 발생면적이 많았던 해충은 애멸구, 멸강나방, 먹노린재로 애멸구는 평년보다 113%수준, 멸강나방은 평년대비 136% 수준, 먹노린재는 269% 수준이었다. 먹노린재의 발생이 점차 증가하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 2017년 벼 주요해충의 발생정도는 전년 대비 96% 수준으로 유사하였지만, 평년대비는 56% 수준으로 발생이 낮은 경향임을 확인하였다.

It is necessary to understand of temporal and spatial dynamics by establishing a periodical monitoring system for theproper management in small brown planthopper (SBPH). A dataset is including the number of SBPHs by location, collectionmethod [aerial collection net (AeCN) or light trap (LT)] and period (May~Aug.) for five years (2011~2015), and missingvalues were imputed using multiple imputation methods. Of the 15,848 individuals collected, approximately 47% and 52.9%were collected using the AeCN and LT methods, respectively. A high incidence of migratory SBPHs was observed duringJulian days 144-166 using the AeCN method. Generally, the migratory SBPHs from China composed 39.4% of the totalpopulations of SBPHs. These results would provide valuable information to predict the incidence period of migratory SBPHsand establish a proactive management system against SBPH.

이유자돈 시기에 자돈의 성장성적을 개선하기 위하여 자돈의 사료섭취량을 극대화하는 것은 중요 하다. 본 연구는 사료섭취량을 증대시키기 위한 방법으로써의 향미제의 사용이 이유자돈의 성장성적 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 평균 체중 6.43±0.955kg의 3원 교잡종 ([Yorkshire×Landrace])×Duroc) 160두를 공시하였으며, 4처리 5반복 펜당 8마리씩 성별과 체중에 따 라 난괴법으로 배치하였다. 처리구는 1)향미제를 첨가하지 않은 처리구, 2)밀크-바닐라향 0.3%를 첨가 한 사료 3)버터향 0.3%를 첨가한 사료 4)어분향 0.3%를 첨가한 사료이다. 실험결과 성장성적, 혈액성 상 및 설사지수에서 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. 따라서 향미제의 종류에 상관없이 향미제를 0.3% 첨가한 사료는 그렇지 않은 사료에 비해 이유자돈의 성장성적이나 혈액성상에 있어서 아무런 긍정적인 영향을 끼치지 않을 것으로 판단된다.

In order to assess risk as a basic step for securing safety, it requires to select risk factors and determine the frequency and the severity of the consequence of each risk factor. This research adopted common risk factors among well-known maritime risk assessment models, and proposed objective criteria to gauge the risk level of each risk factor. The starting points of risk evolution were chosen for criteria according to related studies and seafarers’ experience. The rate of risk appearance over the criteria is named as the incidence of risk factor. Therefore, the total risk level is expressed as the combination of incidence of each risk factor and severity. This quantitative method would be applied to measuring and comparing the risk level of target maritime zones, and it would also be useful to survey which risk factor be focused for reducing the total risk of a certain maritime zone.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene action, on fruit quality and incidence of physiological disorders during simulated marketing period in early-season Asian pear(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Noksu’. Flesh firmness was decreased abruptly at 15 days after shelf-life in control fruits. which showed less than 10.7N, although those of 1-MCP-treated fruits were kept high value(>30.4N) during 20 days of shelf-life. ‘Noksu’ pears did not show any considerable differences in quality indices such as soluble solids content, titratable acidity during the shelf-life regardless of 1-MCP treatment. The reduction of ethylene production level by 1-MCP treatment did not appeared in ‘Noksu’ pear. Meanwhile, 1-MCP treated ‘Noksu’ pears showed significantly low respiration rate during shelf-life. Also, 1-MCP treatment blocked the incidence of physiological disorders including core browning, internal browning, water soaking and mealiness symptom during shelf-life. Consequently, we concluded that the 1-MCP treatment effectively inhibited the incidence of physiological disorders and extended the shelf-life for 10 days in early-season Asian pear ‘Noksu’.

본 연구에서는 고속으로 활주하는 선박의 승선감 향상 및 운항성능 특성 연구를 위해 30ton급 세관감시정의 측정위치에 따른 멀미도 해석을 수행하였다. 특히, 관공선내의 선원들은 유사시에 신속·정확한 판단이 요구되므로 측정위치에 따른 멀미도의 영향에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단하였다. 멀미도 평가는 ISO 2631-3(1985)을 기준으로 하였다. 평가 기준은 30분, 2시간, 8시간 이후 성인 100명 중 10명이 멀미를 한다 는 국제표준 지표이며 조우주파수와 수직가속도 성분으로 나타난다. 멀미도 해석은 Maxsurf Motion 모듈을 이용하였다. 30ton급 세관감시정은 고속활주형 선박의 특성을 갖기 때문에 선속에 따른 트림변화를 고려하였다. 입사각은 선체 전 방향에서의 영향을 고려한 범위로 선정하였다. 선 속의 경우 선박 운용상태(정박, 저속, 고속)을 고려하여 적용하였다. 측정위치의 경우 선원들의 주 활동 구역을 고려하여 선정하였다. 해석결과 멀미도의 영향은 30knot, 180°의 경우에 가장 크게 분석되었다.

본 연구는 이유 후 돈군이동지연이 자돈의 성장, 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 평균 체중 6.77 ± 1.395kg의 3원 교잡종([Yorkshire × Landrace]) × Duroc) 180두를 공시하였으며, 3처리 6반복 펜 당 10마리씩 성별과 체중에 따라 난괴법으로 배치하였다. 처리구는 1) D0: 이유 직후 분만사에서 자돈사로 이동한 처리구, 2) D3: 이유 후 분만사에서 3일 대기한 후 자돈사로 이동한 처리구 3) D5: 이유 후 분만사에서 5일 대기한 후 자돈사로 이동한 처리구이다. 실험결과 성장성적과 설사지수에서 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. 혈액성상에서는 이유 직전의 BUN (blood urea nitrogen) 수치가 분만틀에서 대기하는 기간이 늘어남에 따라 감소하였으며, 이유 후 cortisol 농도에서는 대기하는 기간이 늘어남에 따라 증가하였다. 하지만 면역성상에서는 IgG와 IgA 모두 다 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 이유직후에 돈군이동(D0)을 하는 것이 분만틀에서 대기 하는 것보다 자돈의 체내 질소의 이용률이나 이유 후의 동물들의 복지 측면에서 농가에게 더 효율적인 사양시스템인 것으로 사료된다.

This study evaluated the effects of TMC (trace mineral-fortified microbial culture) supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters of Hanwoo steers during the last 4 months of finishing period. The TMC was a combination of 0.4% trace minerals, 20.0% Na-bentonite, and 79.6% feedstuffs, which was inoculated with a mixed microbial culture (Enterobacter ludwigii, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Twenty-four steers were blocked by initial BW (634 ± 16 kg) and randomly allocated to one of two treatments (control vs. 3.3% TMC). The effect of TMC supplementation on the growth performance was not significant. There was no incidence of urolithiasis in TMCfed steers. However 3 out 12 steers (25%) fed the control diet were observed to have urinary calculi. The carcass yield and meat quality parameters were not affected by TMC supplementation, however marbling score was increased in TMC-fed steers (P = 0.08). There was no effect of TMC treatment on the chemical composition of longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). The TMC supplementation increased concentrations of manganese (P < 0.01), cobalt (P = 0.02), iron, and copper (P = 0.06) in LM. In conclusion, TMC treatment did not negatively affect growth performance and meat quality parameters, and positively affected the trace minerals profile of LM.

genetic selection has resulted in modern dairy cow with very high milk yields but reduced fertility, due mainly to an increase in reproductive disorders. The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders among dairy cattle. The factors analyzed were; milk yield, cow parity, periparturient disorders, and reproductive status. The result of this study showed the incidence of reproductive disorders in high yielding dairy cows was prevalent. Repeat breeding was the major postpartum reproductive problem comprising (42.3%) of the samples. Higher reproductive disorders were also associated with lower parity. These disorders subsequently reduced reproductive performance by prolonged intervals from calving to first artificial insemination and from calving to pregnancy. Abnormalities in the reproductive system such as repeat breeder, silent heat, anestrous and ovarian cysts, as well as lower fertility have been recorded during the summer months (June to August). In conclusion, the study revealed that incidence of repeat breeder is mostly prevalent in dairy cows. Moreover, the incidence of reproductive disorders was higher in summer season and hence appropriate preventive and or therapeutic measures as per the type of abnormalities need to be undertaken.

This study was aimed to determine the biometry of genital organs, incidence of gynecological disorders and pregnancy loss in Black Bengal goat (Capra hircus). Genitalia of 118 does were collected from local abattoirs. Biometric parameters of genital organs were measured and gross and histopathological examinations were carried out for detection of abnormalities. For gravid uterus, age of the fetus was determined by measuring crown-rump length. There was no significant difference in the length, width and weight of right and left ovaries (P>0.05). However, the number of follicles between left (5.3 ± 2.3) and right ovaries (7.4 ± 2.7) varied significantly (P<0.05). The mean length of right fallopian tube and uterine horn were not varied with those of left fallopian tube and uterine horn. The length of uterine body, cervix and vagina were 1.3 ± 0.1 cm, 3.3 ± 0.5 cm and 6.8 ± 1.3 cm, respectively. Overall, 29 (24.6%) genitalia had abnormalities. Fifteen genitalia (12.7%) had ovarian abnormalities including ovaro-bursal adhesions (6.8%), parovarian cyst (5.1%) and follicular cyst (0.9%). Uterine abnormalities were found in 12 genitalia (10.2%) and predominant uterine lesion was endometritis (6.8%) followed by adenomyosis (1.7%), hemorrhagic lesion on endometrial surface (0.9%) and cyst in broad ligament (0.9%). In addition, cyst in fallopian tube (0.9%) and vagina (0.9%) were recorded. The proportion of slaughtered pregnant goats was 15.3% (18/118). The pregnancy wastage was highest in the first month (50.0%) followed by second (33.3%) and third (16.7%) month. It can be concluded that ovaro-bursal adhesions, parovarian cyst and endometritis are the gynecological disorders of major concern in Black Bengal goat.

Many researchers have been reported recent trends for rising incidence particularly related to cancer of the tongue in young people. The purpose of this study is to exam the changes of OSCC(oral squamous cell carcinoma) incidence distribution. After Institutional Review Board approval, 1,345cases of OSCC were reviewed from 1993 to 2012 at the department of Oral Pathology at the University of Seoul National Dental Hospital with respect to gender, age, locations. As the results, the most prevalence ages were between 45-69 years old(mean:59.68). There is a noticeable incidence on the eighth decade of life. There are no changes of incidence distribution on se (male:female=69:31) at each year. The most common incidence area was tongue at 1993 but the mandible was the most popular site after 2001. Comparing the incidence rates of the predilection sites over and under 44 years old patients, among patients under 44 years old showed the tongue is the common site steadily. On the other hand, there is a significant increase on the mandible in the over 44 years old patients. In conclusion, this study showed similar results on overall sex distribution and median ages. The trends of locations over 20 years have been increased on the old adult’s mandible. Also, tongue is the common site for the young adults constantly. There are needs for further studies to elucidate the behind etiology. In addition, the true impact of young age on OSCC clinical behavior will remain difficult to determine unless intranational and multi-institutional databases will be combined.

본 연구에서는 실습선 가야호를 대상으로 하여 파랑 중 운동성능을 평가하였다. 그리고 쾌적한 승선감을 확보하기 위하여 실제 해상에서 운항중인 선박의 선내 위치별 수직가속도 성분을 선체운동 계산 기법을 통해서 구하고, 수직가속도 스펙트럼을 이용하여 가야호의 선속변화에 따른 가속도 계산 결과를 뱃멀미 지수(MSI; Motion Sickness Incidence)의 가이드라인과 비교 검토하여 멀미의 정도를 표시하였다. MSI 계산 결과는 선속이 5 knots, 10 knots, 12 knots로 커지는 순서대로 수직가속도의 가중치가 높게 나타나며, 입사각은 180°와 150°에 비해 선수사파인 120°의 경우에 수직가속도의 가중치가 높게 나타났다.

Streptococci are among the normal human microflora that populate the oral cavity. However, oral streptococci are known as a major causative agent for dental caries and bacterial endocarditis. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used for oral infections but two mechanisms of tetracycline resistance in streptococci have been reported. The tet(K) and tet(L) genes in these bacteria are related to the active efflux of tetracycline, whereas tet(M) and tet(O) confer ribosomal protection from this antibiotic. It has been reported that the tetracycline resistance of streptococci is related mainly to the activity of tet(M) and tet(O). In our present study, we examined the prevalence of tet(M) and tet(O) in oral streptococci isolated from Korean dental plaques using PCR. One hundred and forty eight of 635 isolates (23.3%) were tetracycline resistant; 68 of these strains (46%) harbored tet(M) and 3 strains (2%) were positive for tet(O). However, tet(M) and tet(O) did not co-exist in any of the resistant strains. Seventy seven of the 148 tetracycline resistant strains (52%) were negative for both the tet(M) and tet(O) genes.

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and inhibits bac- terial protein synthesis by stimulating the dissociation of the peptidyl-tRNA molecule from the ribosomes during elon- gation. The use of macrolides has increased dramatically over the last few years and has led to an increase in bac- terial resistance to these antibiotics. Bacterial resistance to erythromycin is generally conferred by the ribosome methy- lation and/or transport (efflux) protein genes. Among the identified erythromycin-resistant genes, erm(B) (erythromy- cin methylation) and mef(A) (macrolide efflux) are gene- rally detectable in erythromycin-resistant streptococcal spe- cies. The distribution of these genes in oral streptococcal iso- lates has been reported in studies from other countries but has not been previously examined in a Korean study. We here examined by PCR the presence of erm(B) and mef(A) in oral streptococci isolated from Korean dental plaques. Among the 57 erythromycin-resistant strains tested, 64.9% harbored erm(B) whereas 40.4% were positive for mef(A). Eleven isolates had both the erm(B) and mef(A) genes. Twenty six isolates had only erm(B) and 12 isolates had only mef(A). Eight of the 57 strains examined were negative for both genes.

초 록 절화용 장미 시설재배 시 BPP 발생 빈도의 계절적 변화를 조사하였다. 국내에서 재배되는 절화 장미 6품종 ‘Propose’, ‘Beast’, ‘Revue’, ‘Ocean Song’, ‘Iguana’, ‘Legato’를 대 상으로 하였으며, 재배시설의 광과 기온을 2012년 연중 조사하 였다. 그 결과, 일평균기온은 겨울철(1, 2월)보다 여름철(7, 8월) 에 5oC 증가하였으며, 일누적광량은 봄철(3, 4월)에 가장 높았 다(11,704mol·m-2·d-1 PPFD). BPP 발생 빈도는 품종간 차이 (2-20%)는 있었으나, 6월까지 다소 낮게 유지되다가 일평균기온 이 증가하는 여름철에 최대 10-15%까지 급증하고, 9월 이후 다시 감소하는 계절적 양상은 유사하였다. ‘Revue’ 품종을 제외 한 나머지 5품종에서 BPP 발생 빈도는 일평균기온과 고도의 정의 상관관계(r = 0.7-0.9**)를 나타냈다.

규소는 식물의 필수원소에는 포함되지 않지만 곤충, 병원균, 건조, 중금속에 대한 저항성을 향상시켜 작물의 품질과 수량을 증가시킨다. 본 연구는 저면관수, 엽면살포, 저면관수 + 엽면살포 법으로 두 가지 규산염(K2SiO3, Na2SiO3) 처리가 분화장미 저 항성인 ‘Apollo’와 민감성인 ‘Remata’의 생장과 흰가루병 발생 에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 식물 재료는 장미 농가에서 재배 한 것으로 1차 적심이 완료된 분화 장미를 사용하였다. 정식 후 두 가지 규산염(K2SiO3, Na2SiO3)을 0, 50, 100mg • L-1 Si 의 농도로 엽면살포 또는 저면관수로 처리하였다. 재배 중의 EC는 1.6-1.8mS •cm-1로, pH는 5.8의 범위를 유지하도록 공 급양액과 공급량을 조절하였다. 환경제어가 가능한 온실에서 식물 을 재배하였고 흰가루병의 감염은 자연발생적으로 이루어졌다. 엽 면살포와 저면관수로 규소를 공급시 식물의 초장이 감소하였다. ‘Remata’ 품종에서 K2SiO3 100mg • L-1를 엽면살포로 공급한 처리에서 대조구(K2SiO3 0mg • L-1)에 비해 흰가루병의 발생이 감소하였다. 전반적으로 규소를 처리한 것에서 대조구에 비해 흰 가루병에 대한 내성이 향상되었다. 이러한 결과로 엽면살포법으로 K2SiO3를 공급하면 흰가루병에 대한 저항성을 가장 효과적으로 향상시킬 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

The experiments were conducted from April, 2010 to July, 2011 to explore the species richness of fruit fly and to observe the incidence of Bactrocera species by using Methyl Eugenol trap. In the first experiment, 11 species such as Bactrocera arecae, B. carambolae, B. dorsali, B. kandiensis, B. latilineola, B. malaysiensis, B. neocognata, B. raiensis, B. verbascifoliae, B. correcta and Carpomya pardalina were recorded. All species except Carpomya pardalina were observed in mango. Eight species in guava and five species in jujube were recorded. Bactrocera dorsalis was found to be the most abundant in mango and guava, and B. correcta in jujube. During the second experimental period, the experimental area can be recorded as an infested area because index of fruit fly population captured in traps, FTD (flies/trap/day), was seven. The highest population (437 flies/trap/week) was observed on May 26 in mango orchard. The number of fruit flies was observed to be significant positive correlation with weekly rainfall (R2 = 0.67 in mango, R2 = 0. 34 in guava and R2 = 0.43 in jujube) and relative humidity (R2 = 0.65 in mango), and negative correlation with mean temperature (R2 = 0.72 in mango) and sunshine hour (R2 = 0.61 in mango and R2 = 0.33 in jujube).

To determine the relationships between soybean food intake, dietary isoflavone intake, and osteoporosis incidence, questionnaire surveys, bone mineral density measurements, and dietary surveys by food record were performed with 19 postmenopausal women (57.6±7.3 yrs of age) in Daejeon city. The subjects were divided into two groups: an ‘osteoporosis group’ (OG, n=10) and a ‘normal group’ (NG, n=9). Mean age, height, and body weight were similar between the two groups but BMI was higher in OG than in NG. Mean age at menarche was not different between the two groups. However, mean number of childbirths was greater in OG than in NG and mean total period of lactation was shorter in OG. Mean exercise time per week was similar between the two groups, and mean time of sunlight exposure tended to be shorter in OG. Mean daily intake of calcium was lower in OG whereas sodium intake was higher in OG. Mean daily intakes of total soybean food (OG: 203.8±84.6 g/d, NG: 285.0±146.3 g/d) and total dietary isoflavone (OG: 29.1±14.3 mg/d, NG: 38.3±23.1 mg/ d) were not different between the two groups. However, greater intakes of soybean food and dietary isoflavone were associated with higher bone mineral density, respectively. The above results indicate that osteoporosis incidence tends to be influenced by BMI, maternal factors, dietary nutrient intakes, soybean food intakes, and dietary isoflavone intakes in postmenopausal women; although no significant differences in soybean food and dietary isoflavone intake were found between the two groups. This tendency implies that greater intakes of soybean food and dietary isoflavone lead to lower incidence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.