Lycorma delicatula (White 1845), which has been recently introduced into Korea, is a notorious pest on grapes. This invasive insect has rapidly spread throughout central and southern Korea. To date, we have no behavioral or population genetics information, such as invasion routes and subsequent dispersal rates in Korea, to help understand and control populations of L. delicatula. Here, we have developed 15 novel microsatellite loci for L. delicatula. The isolated loci were polymorphic, with 2 to 19 alleles in 42 individuals from a single population in Cheonan. The analyses revealed that all 42 individuals had different multilocus genotypes with heterozygosity ranging from 0.214 to 0.866. Eleven of the 15 loci did not deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The isolated markers will facilitate population genetic studies of L. delicatula.

evolution of multicellular organisms. Especially in insects, a large amount of bacterial symbionts are illustrated. Among the insect taxonomic group, sap feeding insects, mostly Heteroptera, that feeds on poor nutrient sources from plants, have developed special organs where symbiotic bacteria can reside. The bacteria mainly provide the host insects with some essential amino acids. This has built evolutionarily unbreakable tie between the symbionts and the their hosts. Here we present an obligate symbiont from Lycorma delicatula (Heteroptera: Fulgoridae) being thought to invade the Korean penninsula recently. Based on the partial 16s rRNA gene sequence, the symbiotic bacterium is identified as Cadidatus Sulcia mullleri. The Genbank data indicates that the bacterium is found in various heteropteran families. This may imply the acquisition of the bacterium precedes the hosts' divergence, though there is an alternative postulation. We discuss its distribution in the sap-feeding insects and potential role on survival of L. delicatula and paratransgenetic application of the bacterium in controlling L. delicatula.

This study was performed to investigate attraction effect of spearmint oil and to confirm their EAG response against lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula nymphs and adult. In dose responses to spearmint oil, 2nd ∼ 4th nymphs and adult were significantly attracted at a dose of 5㎕. Attraction effect was showed highest (84.8%) at a 4th instar nymph, and mild effect (approximately 60%) was observed at 2nd∼3rd instar nymphs, but the others are not showed the significance. At a dose of 10㎕, 4th instar nymph and adult were significant and only 4th instar nymph was significantly attracted at a dose of 2.5㎕ but the others are not. Carvone, a constituent of spearmint oil, exhibited significantly attraction effect on nymphs and adult except 1st and 2nd instar nymphs. But limonene did not show any attraction effect. The attraction assay of L. delicatula to the mixtures of constituents appeared to be efficient additively. In EAG response to spearmint oil which exhibited attraction effect, antennae of 4th instar nymph and adult responded to only carvone. In conclusion, attraction effect of spearmint oil was more effective in 4th instar nymph and adult than 1st ∼ 3rd instar nymphs.

The impotance of the color stimuli in foraging and host-finding by phytophagous insects are determined by various experiments. Since the lantern fly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) was first reported in Korea in 2006, damages on grapevine are growing annually. It is often observed that nymphs and adults of L. delicatula shift host plants several times during the course of the season. However, information about the dispersal behavior of L. delicatula is scarce. We conducted a series of three experiments to determine possible cues of visual orientation in L. delicatula. In the Light/Dark choice experiment, nymphs had a choice of light and no light conditions in the T-maze. In the color preference experiment, we measured the time spent in one of four colored lights: Yellow, blue, green, and white. In the UV experiment, more than 98% of 3rd and 4th nymphs had a choice of UV (395 - 410 nm) and white light conditions in the T-maze. As a result, 91% individuals in the 1st nymph stage before the first foraging oriented toward the light conditions. And after 7 days, 93% in 1st nymph choose the light arm. But only 63% in 2nd nymph chose the light and light preference was decreased by days. It represents that light response of L. delicatula could change among instars. In the color preference experiment, more than 60% of L. delicatula in 3rd and 4th nymph chose blue light. In the UV experiment, more than 90% of 3rd and 4th nymphs preferred the UV light to the white light. This result is suggested that nymphs are sensitive to light and oriented toward shorter wave light such as blue and green.

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) were analyzed using GC and GC-MS, and compared with developmental stages of the Lycorma delicatula. Total Carbon numbers on all developmental stages are 21-36, and composition numbers are 51. On the whole, Carbon numbers increased as passed times on developmental stages. Except for eggs, Lycorma delicatula consisted of n-heptacosane on almost all developmental stages, and followed by n-nonacosane. Eggs, however, consisted of 9-; 11-; 13- methylheptacosane. From the above results, CHCs on developmental stages of the Lycorma delicatula consisted of n-alkane with saturated hydrocarbons (36%), followed mono- (34%) or di- (21%) methylalkanes. Above this, CHCs consisted of tri- methylalkanes (3.9%) and olefines (2.3%) that have double bond. The major constituents of CHCs on the developmental stages of Lycorma delicatula is differently proportioned, but hardly showed the difference in their composition.

This study was performed to investigate attraction effect of six plant essential oils and to confirm their electrophysiological response against Lycorma delicatula. Among the tested oils, spearmint oil (94.1%) significantly attracted L. delicatula at a dose of 1.25㎕/cm2 by using an olfactometer. In dose response to spearmint oil, a dose of 2.5㎕/cm2 was very effective. GC-MS analysis revealed that the active components responsible for the effective attraction effect of spearmint oil were carvone (70.6%) and limonene (54.8%). Of the two active components, carvone was more significant than limonene with reference to attraction activity against L. delicatula. Analysis by GC-EAD showed, major components of spearmint oil that elicited response in L. delicatula antennae, indicating the potential role of the essential oil as attractant that determine the choice of the attraction material. In the field test, spearmint oil exhibited attraction effect up to 5 days. This effect was different in accordance with test places and treatment dose.

The nymphs of the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, typically aggregate on tree branches for feeding. We studied the agonistic interactions between nymphs in the field and investigated the effects of residence and size asymmetries on contest outcome. Resident nymphs took positions and engaged in feeding on tree branches, whereas intruding nymphs moved along tree branches. When intruders approached, residents typically raised their front legs as a threat sign. Intruders would decide to either move away or palpate residents, and residents often lowered their position when palpated. Then, intruders would attempt to shake residents back and forth, and the number of attempts varied from once to several. Residents either maintained its position or fled away. After a contest, the winner was determined as the one which occupied the position it fought over. Resident nymphs won 84.2 % of the agonistic encounters, and nymphs with bigger body size won 63.2 % of the agonistic encounters. The result of the logistic regression analysis revealed that residence was a significant factor for contest outcome, but body size was not

We studied to develop a forecasting model to predict the hatching time of overwintered eggs of Lycorma delicatula. We collected overwintering egg masses on 1st February, 17th February and 4th March. After chilling them at 5℃ for 15 days, development of eggs was investigated at six constant temperature (35, 31, 27, 23, 19, 15℃). The hatching rate of egg was highest at 23℃ (87.88±19.32%) followed by 19℃ (87.71±21.47%), 27℃ (75.96±24.82%), and 31℃ (30.92±24.81%). Eggs did not survive at 35℃. The developmental duration of eggs was 39.47±2.24, 22.96±3.25, 17.56±1.58 and 12.15±6.29, at 19, 23, 27 and 31℃, respectively. The egg developmental rate was described with a linear model (eq. Y=0.0034X-0.0364 (r=0.9649)) between 19℃ and 31℃. The lower developmental threshold temperature was 10.71℃ and effective accumulated temperature for egg development was 286.40 Degree days.

Host preference was tested on the 7 species plants against ggot-mae-mi, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). This insect highly preferred Ailanthus altissima and Vitis vinifera however, didn"t choose the other plants preferentially. Both nymphs and adults lived longest in A. altissima and V. vinifera but lived in short and low ecdysis rate against other plants and 3 species fruits. By analyzing the phloem-feeding behavior using EPG, L. delicatula was showed the short time in non-probing phase and it also exhibit the longest feeding time in A. altissima and V. vinifera, but other plants did not feed the phloem at all. In sugar contents analysis, A. altissima existed high sucrose proportion and followed by fructose＞glucose, V. vinifera was analyzed by an order of glucose＞ fructose＞maltose＞sucrose＞rhamnose, Malus pumila was as glucose＞ fructose, Pyrus calleryana was as glucose＞unkown＞fructose, Hibiscus syriacus was as sucrose＞glucose. Nymphs and adults of L. delicatula lived longest in 5% sucrose solution, and next is in 5% fructose solution. However, they lived short in other sugar solutions. L. delicatula nymph and adult according to the combination of sugar proportion found in original plants lived longer in sugar combination solution of A. altissima and those of V. vinifera was next. Analyzed original sugar proportion from M. pumila, P. calleryana, H. syriacus respectively, L. delicatula lived short period comparing to the A. altissima, V. vinifera. This result was judged that sugar contents affected on choosing the host plants.

Using thirty-one essential oils with different manufactured T-tube olfactometers, attraction and repellent efficacy were proved against ggot-mae-mi, Lycorma delicatula. Among tested essential oils, spearmint was selected to have attraction efficacy (94.1%; P<0.001). Spearmint was also showed attraction efficacy in 10 and 2.5 ul, but did not showed in 1 ul. GC analyzed chemical constituents of spearmint were tested with different concentations (10, 5, 2.5, 1 ul). Carvone were showed activity in 10 and 5 ul, but limonene did not showed the activity. When mixing two compounds were showed activity in 10, 5, 2.5 ul as 78.8, 73.5, and 69.7%, respectively. Lavender was selected to have repellent efficacy (86.7%; P<0.001). Lavender was also showed repellency in 10 and 2.5 ul, but did not showed in 1ul. GC analyzed chemical constituents of lavender were tested with different concentrations, results have the activity linalool and terpinen-4-ol in 10 and 5 ul, but linalyl acetate and caryophyllene oxide did not have the activity. Spearmint and lavender showing attraction and repellency, respectively, were keep in lure during 24 hr for penetration with different concentration(30, 20, 10 ul), and attached to the center of Fly catcher, fly sticky trap. The trap was set in the field that founded frequently the L. delicatula. The number of L. delicatula caught in the traps were counted after 5, 10, and 15 days. In attraction efficacy of 20 ul concentration wㄷre high attracted the insect(P<0.001). 30 ul concentration were also have the high attraction (P<0.01). We are now tested the control efficacy in grapevine orchard using these materials.

The nymphs of the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, typically aggregate on tree branches for feeding. We investigated effects of residence and size asymmetries on the agonistic interactions between nymphs in the field. Resident nymphs took positions and engaged in feeding on tree branches, whereas intruding nymphs moved along tree branches. When intruders approached, residents typically raised their front legs as a threat sign. Intruders would decide to either move away or palpate residents, and residents often lowered their position when palpated. Then, intruders would attempt to shake residents back and forth, and the number of attempts varied from once to several. Residents either maintained its position or fled away. After a contest, the winner was determined as the one which occupied the position it fought over. Resident nymphs had a winning rate of 84.61% in agonistic encounters, and the winning rate increased to 87.5% when residents had bigger body sizes than intruders. Bigger individuals had won 61.54 % of agonistic encounters. The behavioral analyses of the agonistic encounters suggested that asymmetry in residence had a strong effect on the outcomes of agonistic encounters, with asymmetries in body sizes producing a weaker effect.

꽃매미는 중국에서 유입되어 최근 국내에서 월동이 가능한 것으로 보고되고, 그 개체수가 급격히 증가되면서 심각한 위생 및 농업해충으로 알려져 있다. 대부분의 화학살충제에 대해 감수성이 높은 것으로 알려져 있으나 유기농의 증가에 따라 화학살충제의 처리가 곤란한 곳에서는 더욱 심각한 해충으로 인지되고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 포도나무에 대한 피해로는 나무를 흡즙하고, 그 배설물로 인한 그을음병을 유발하여 포도의 상품성을 저하시킴으로써 농가에 막대한 피해를 주고 있다. 그러나 이러한 피해에 대한 체계적인 연구조사가 이루어져 있지 않아 그 피해의 심각성 인식 및 방제 대책이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 꽃매미의 포도나무에 대한 피해를 포도원에서의 발생현황 및 흡즙피해 조사를 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 포도원에서 꽃매미의 발생현황을 조사하기 위해 충북지역 10개 시․군, 61개 읍․면, 228개 지점을 선정 그 분포를 조사하였다. 그 결과 08년 청주, 청원, 보은, 진천에서만 발견되었으나 09년 8월 현재 기준 청주, 청원, 보은, 진천, 괴산, 증평, 음성, 보은, 옥천 8개 시․군으로 확대되었다. 꽃매미의 흡즙에 의한 포도의 생육 피해를 조사하기 위해 포트에 심겨진 포도유묘를 100×60×45cm 케이스에 넣고 꽃매미 약충과 성충을 유묘당 3마리 또는 5마리씩 방사한 후 한 달 간격으로 포도나무의 생육상태를 조사 하였다. 그 결과 3마리/유묘 처리시 무처리에 비해 초장이 36% 감소하였고, 5마리/유묘 처리시에는 무처리에 비해 초장이 44% 감소함으로써 흡즙에 의해 포도나무의 생육장애가 유발됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was performed to analyze the sugar contents from six kinds of plant and investigate their effect on the life span of ggot-mae-mi, Lycorma delicatula. Part of plants were methanol extracted from host plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera and non-host plants such as Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, and Pinus densiflora, and concentrated the water layer and then analyzed the sugar contents using HPLC. Ailanthus altissima existed high in sugar contents and followed by Fructose>Glucose, Vitis vinifera was analyzed by an order of Glucose>Fructose>Maltose>Sucrose>Rhamnose; Malus pumila was as Glucose>Fructose; Pyrus calleryana was as Glucose>Unknown>Fructose; Hibiscus syriacus was as Sucrose>Glucose; Pinus densiflora was as Fructose>Glucose>Sucrose. A parafilm bioassay was used to investigate the longevity of L. delicatula nymphs to the sugar contents. Nymphs of L. delicatula was lived as long as 13.1 days in 5% Sucrose solution, but lived as short as 6.0 days in 5% Glucose solution. When provided with only water, L. delicatula lived for 5.4 days. Life span to the each sugar contents were longer lived in an order of Sucrose>Fructose>Rhamnose>Maltose>Glucose. As investigated the life span of L. delicatula nymph according to the combination of sugar contents founded in original plants were lived longer in 5% sugar combination solution of Ailanthus altissima. Analyzed original sugar contents from Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, L. delicatula was lived as 7.8, and 7.1 days, respectively, comparing to the Hibiscus syriacus, and Pinus densiflora lived as 6.0, and 4.7 days, respectively. This result were judged that sugar contents affected on choosing the host plants.

This study was performed to compare the host preference, survivorship and feeding behavior using EPG against ggot-mae-mi, Lycorma delicatula against seven plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera, Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, and Pinus densiflora. In host preference. L. delicatula was most preferred the Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera and was not preferred the other plants. Survival rate of 3rd Nymph was recorded from Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 15.0, and 15.4 days, respectively, it showed longest period. However, Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, were survived within 6 days and Pinus densiflora was within 5 days. Moreover, L. delicatula was survived within 2 days to the three kinds of fruits. Ecdysis rate from 3rd to 4th nymph also high from Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 63.3, 63.0 % and the order was followed as Malus pumila(17.7%) > Pyrus calleryana(9.3%) > Hibiscus syriacus(7.8%) > Pinus densiflora(5.9%). Especially, ecdysis rate was recorded 0% to the three kinds of fruits. Feeding behavior was analyzed using EPG and compared the differences their waveform from seven kinds of plants and three kinds of fruits. Non-probing time was short in host plants, reversely, Phloem-feeding time was recorded longer in Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 45.7 and 13.7 min, respectively. And other plants and fruits were not showed feeding behavior.

국제 무역이 늘어남에 따라 해외에서 병해충이 새로 유입될 기회가 늘어나 며, 국내에서 월동을 할 수 없었던 해충들이 지구온난화로 인해 점차 월동을 할 수 있게 되고, 천적의 부존으로 인해 개체수가 기하급수적으로 늘어나고 있다. 꽃매미(Lycorma delicatula)가 2004년 천안에서 발견된 이후 2006년부터 밀 도가 증가하기 시작하여, 2007년에는 서울, 고양, 인천, 천안, 청주, 정읍에 발 생하였고, 2008년에는 경기 파주, 가평, 광명, 성남, 군포, 안성, 충남 공주, 연 기, 아산, 충북 청원, 진천, 보은, 강원 춘천, 원주, 경북 영천에서 발생하였다. 이처럼 빠른 속도로 서식처가 늘어나고 있다.(Chungbuk Grape Research Institute, 2008). 따라서 꽃매미가 국내에서 월동이 가능함에 따라 꽃매미의 환경조건에 따 른 부화생태를 조사하기 위해 온도 및 광 조건에 따른 부화율을 조사하였다. 15±1, 20±1, 25±1, 30±1℃조건에 치상 후 누적 부화율을 조사한 결과 25± 1℃에서 부화율이 가장 높게 나왔으며, 20±1, 15±1, 30±1℃ 순으로 부화율에서 차이를 보였다. 또한 첫 부화까지의 기간이 25±1, 30±1℃에서 10일로 가장 짧 았으며, 20±1℃에서 16일, 15±1℃에서는 26일이 소요된다. 주·야간 광조건을 16L8D, 12L12D, 8L16D로 하고 25±1℃에 치상한 후 꽃매 미의 부화율을 조사한 결과 광조건에 상관없이 부화율 및 부화속도가 비슷하 였다.

Biological Characteristics of Lycorma delicatula and insecticidal activity of some insecticides against nymphs of L. delicatula was investigated. Nymph of L. delicatula had 4 instars, and color of body was black. There were white spots on the body of 1st-3rd nymph. Upper body became red at 4th nymph. Adult forewings were brownish, and had black spots. Color of hind wing were red. The egg mass was covered with a yellowish brown secretion. The adult of L. delicatula emerged once a year. Among test insecticides, deltamethrin 1% EC and fenitrothion 50% EC showed very quick and strong insecticidal activity against the 2nd-3rd nymphs of L. delicatula. Imidacloprid 4% SL and clothianidin 8% SC showed 100% insecticidal activity at 24h after treatment. Thiacoprid 10% SC revealed the weakest insecticidal activity among the insecticides tested.

주홍날개꽃매미 또는 중국매미로 불리는 꽃매미는 2006년 한국응용곤충학회에 처음으로 보고되었으며, 지구온난화 영향으로 국내에 정착한 중국지역에서 비래한 외래 해충으로 알려져 있다. 현재 꽃매미는 포도나무가지에서 나무즙을 흡즙하고, 배설물로 인한 그을음병을 유발시켜 포도재배 농가에 막대한 피해를 주고 있으며, 주택가로 날아들어 혐오감을 주고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 꽃매미의 분포를 조사하기 위해 중부지역 12개 시･군, 56개 읍･면, 236개 지점을 선정 꽃매미의 발생 분포를 조사하였고, 4령 약충과 성충에 대한 친환경 농자재 그린스타 등 20종과 화학 살충제 람다사이할로트린 수화제 등 11종을 공시하여 살충효과를 검정하였다. 꽃매미의 발생 분포를 조사한 결과 청주시 24개 지점과 청원군 14개 지점 및 천안시 입장면 1개 지점에서 발생을 확인하였다. 또한 기타 조사지역에서는 2008년 9월 초순까지 발생되지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 꽃매미 4령 약충과 성충에 대한 살충효과 검정 결과는 친환경 농자재 중 그린센스 등 8종에서 2시간 내 100%의 치사율을 보였으며, 화학살충제 중에서는 람다사이할로트린 수화제 등 8종이 24시간 내 100% 치사율을 보였다.

Lycorma delicatula, once mistakenly reported its occurrence in Korea, is now suddenly common in western Korea, due to its recent arrival from China and their subsequent settlement. A history of name changes in two fulgorid species, Lycorma delicatula and Limois emelianovi is reviewed. We propose to use 꽃매미 instead of its temporary name, 주홍날개꽃매미 for Lycorma delicatula, and, based on the ICZN code 32.5.1, to use Limois emelianovi instead of Limois emeljanovi for 희조꽃매미.