Hair style allows consumers to express their aesthetic sense and individual beauty. However, due to the attributes of hairdressing services and the high expectations of consumers, complaints are increasing rapidly. This study examined the complaint behavior, compensation and hair salon patronage of consumers. Then, a model is presented that explains the complaint behavior for hairstyling, forms of compensation, and hair salon patronage through empirical analysis. This study was conducted by a survey method. A total of 399 questionnaires were used for the analysis. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 statistical software. The dimension of complaint behavior for hair style included verbal complaints, non-verbal complaints in the salon and private complaints outside the salon. The forms of compensation included re-procedure, psychological, and material compensation. Hair salon patronage was one-dimensional. These results were obtained through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then the conceptual model was empirically analyzed by covariance structure analysis and obtained in final form through model modification. Verbal complaint behavior positively influenced re-procedure compensation. In addition, non-verbal complaint behavior had positive effects on psychological and material compensation. Hair salon patronage was positively affected by re-procedure and psychological compensation. However, private complaint behavior had a negative effect on hair salon patronage. The direct and indirect effects of the paths among variables were verified by analyzing the mediating effects of different forms of compensations. It is possible to establish differentiated marketing strategies with these findings for consumers with complaint behaviors by considering the forms of compensation.

In the sewer pipes, reinforced concrete pipes and concrete pipes are mostly used. However, it is difficult to ensure the long-term durability of the pipe due to the corrosion of the rebar which is used for the reinforcement of the concrete. Also, reinforced concrete pipes are difficult to secure watertightness due to deterioration and corrosion by hydrogen sulfide. In order to solve such problems, research on using sewer pipes made of plastic materials is being actively conducted. When soil pressure and live load act on the buried flexible pipe, the load acting on the pipe is transferred to the surrounding soil. So, the flexible pipe will support the load with the surrounding soil together. It is difficult to predict these behaviors theoretically and clearly. Therefore, the design equation for the buried flexible pipe is analyzed by adopting theoretically idealized assumptions and it is estimated through experimental studies that it is similar to the actual structural behavior. In this paper, the mechanical properties of the soil and the polyethylene pipe were considered in application of the method proposed in ASTM D 2412 to design the buried polyethylene pipe. Also, structural behavior of the pipe resisting external loads such as soil pressure was investigated to use a polyethylene pipe as the buried pipe and the long-term behavior of the polyethylene pipe was predicted by the compaction rate of surrounding backfill soil through the field test.

The Hong Nang Sida temple is a cultural heritage that must be preserved due to the historical and cultural values that are highly evaluated in the world. The main sanctuary of Hong Nang Sida temple, presumed to have been built in 11th to 12th centuries, has been exposed in the open air for a long time after the collapse. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the original shape of the Hong Nang Sida temple to reflect the original shape. To do this, it is necessary to examine the overall structure according to the restoration shape. For this purpose, this study analyzes the construction and configuration types for main sanctuary Mandapa of Hong Nang Sida temple, and conducts structural modeling according to actual and restoration plans. The structural and behavioral characteristics are analyzed by comparing stress and displacement values by measurement locations. In addition, we will examine the vertical load distribution by the layers of each wall and cobel arch of the Mandapa using the load distribution method.

본 연구에서는 다양한 변수를 갖는 병렬 RC 구조벽체시스템에 대한 성능기반설계의 타당성과 이에 따른 모멘트 재분배 개념의 적용성을 분석하기 위해 횡력을 지지하는 병렬 RC 구조벽체시스템에 대한 비선형해석을 수행하였다. 설계변수(철근 비, 콘크리트변형률, 벽체높이)가 병렬 RC 구조벽체시스템의 거동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며 이를 기반으로 병렬 RC 구조벽체시스템의 성능기반 설계를 위한 고려사항을 제안하였다. 비선형해석 결과, 병렬 RC 구조벽체시스템 성능기반 설계 와 모멘트 재분배 개념의 적용을 위해서는 연결보의 항복여부에 대한 고려가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 높은 벽체의 경우, 연 결보가 항복하지 않고 탄성 상태로 거동할 수 있기 때문에 고층 병렬 RC 구조벽체시스템에 대해 성능기반 설계 및 모멘트 재분배 개념을 적용하기 위해서는 벽체에 높은 수준의 소성변형능력을 필요로 하며, 이를 위해 벽체 압축단부에 횡보강을 필수적으로 실시해야 한다.

PURPOSES: This study is primarily focused on evaluating the effects of the non-linear stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete on structural response characteristics as is applicable to concrete pavement. METHODS : A 3D FE model was developed by incorporating the actual stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete obtained via flexural strength testing as a material property model to evaluate the effects of the non-linear stress-strain behavior to failure on the maximum stresses in the concrete slab and potential performance prediction results. In addition, a typical linear elastic model was employed to analyze the structural responses for comparison purposes. The analytical results from the FE model incorporating the actual stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete were compared to the corresponding results from the linear elastic FE model. RESULTS : The results indicate that the linear elastic model tends to yield higher predicted maximum stresses in the concrete as compared to those obtained via the actual stress-strain model. Consequently, these higher predicted stresses lead to a difference in potential performance of the concrete pavement containing RAP. CONCLUSIONS : Analysis of the concrete pavement containing RAP demonstrated that an appropriate analytical model using the actual stress-strain characteristics should be employed to calculate the structural responses of RAP concrete pavement instead of simply assuming the concrete to be a linear elastic material.

Graphene is well-known as a perfect barrier because of its dense and delocalized cloud consisting of p-orbitals. However, graphene membrane synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) intrinsically contains structural defects (e.q., grain boundaries and point defects), which allow any small molecules to penetrate through the defective graphene membrane. Here we prepared polycrystalline graphene membranes including such defects, and investigated the gas transport behavior through the graphene membrane. Also, we compared the gas permeation behavior (or barrier properties) of large-area, single crystalline graphene membrane without any structural defects.

The industrialization and urbanization forced to increase the density of pipelines such as water supply, sewers, and gas pipelines. The materials used for the existing pipe lines are mostly composed of concretes and steels, but it is true that the development for more durable and efficient materials has been continued performed to produce long lasting pipe lines. Recently, underground pipes serve in diverse applications such as sewer lines, drain lines, water mains, gas lines, telephone and electrical conduits, culverts, oil lines, etc. In this paper, we present the result of investigation pertaining to the structural behavior of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) flexible pipes buried underground. In the investigation of structural behavior such as a ring deflection, pipe stiffness, 4-point bending test, experimental and analytical studies are conducted. In addition, pipe stiffness is determined by the parallel plate loading tests and the finite element analysis. The difference between test and analysis is about 8% although there are significant variations in the mechanical properties of the pipe material. In addition, it was found by the 4-point bending test there is no problem in the connection between the pipes by coupler.

현대사회는 조직구성원들의 혁신을 요구하는 지식기반 사회이며, 인적자원의 관리와 혁신이 기업의 경 쟁력을 높이는 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 기업조직은 구성원들의 혁신을 지향하 는 적극적인 리더십의 발휘를 통해 구성원들의 바람직한 행동을 이끌어 내고, 이를 매개할 수 있는 요인 을 찾기 위한 노력을 해야 한다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 리더십의 효과성에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기 되고 있는 리더의 감성지능과 리더의 진정성이 부하의 셀프리더십 및 부하의 혁신행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지와 이러한 리더의 감성지능 및 리더의 진정성이 부하의 혁신행동에 미치는 영향력에 대한 부하 의 셀프리더십 매개효과를 검증하기 위한 것이다. 이러한 연구 목적을 위해 부산과 경남의 13개 제조기업 317명의 구성원을 대상으로 실증연구를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 리더의 감성지능과 리더의 진정성은 각각 부하의 혁신행동에 긍정적인 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있음이 확인되었다. 둘째, 리더의 감성지능과 리더의 진정성은 각각 부하의 셀프리더십에 긍정적인 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있음이 확인되었다. 셋째, 부하들의 셀프리더십이 혁신행동에 유의한 긍정적 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있음을 검증하였다. 넷째, 리더 의 감성지능과 부하의 혁신행동 간의 관계 및 리더의 진정성과 부하의 혁신행동의 관계에서 부하의 셀프 리더십 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 각 관계별로 부하의 셀프리더십의 매개효과가 있음을 검증하였다. 이는 부하의 셀프리더십이 리더십과 부하의 혁신행동의 관계에 적극적인 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 리더의 감성지능과 진정성이 부하의 셀프리더십을 매개로 부하의 혁신행동에 영향을 주고 있다는 종합적인 새로운 모델을 제시하였다는 이론적 시사점과 조직에서 구성원들의 혁신행동을 강화하 기 위해서는 리더의 감성지능과 진정성, 그리고 부하의 셀프리더십의 역할이 중요하다는 실무적 시사점 을 제공한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 한계와 향후연구 방향을 제시하였다.

GRP pipe (Glass-fiber Reinforced Plastic Pipe) lines making use of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) are generally thinner, lighter, and stronger than the existing concrete or steel pipe lines, and it is excellent in stiffness/strength per unit weight. In this study, we present the result of field test for buried GRP pipes with large diameter(2,400mm). The vertical and horizontal ring deflections are measured for 387 days. The short-term deflection measured by the field test is compared with the result predicted by the Iowa formula. In addition, the long-term ring deflection is predicted by using the procedure suggested in ASTM D 5365(ANNEX) in the range of 40 to 60 years of service life of the pipe based on the experimental results. From the study, it was found that the long-term vertical and horizontal ring deflection up to 60 years is less than the 5% ring deflection limitation.

The deep see riser is often exposed to harsh ocean environment which may cause riser failure. If the riser fails, it may cause serious economical losses as well as environmental problems. Thus, monitoring the integrity of the rider for preventing sudden failure is very important. In this study, the structural behavior monitoring systems installed for the deep sea riser are examined, and, using the estimated behavior, the applicability of the structural integrity evaluation methods is examined via numerical analysis.

Prestressed concrete PSC girders are efficient in terms of structural performance, economical efficiency and constructability. However, PSC girders have overtuning risk in construction in which extra work needs to protect. The low center of gravity girder (MPC girder) is more stable and easier to construct than the traditional PSC girder, which has tweaked end point and mono-tendon anchor. In this study, we evaluated the structural advantages in the deflection (slope) and stress on the link slab by using the finite element method. As a result, it was found that the reinforcement in the link slab for the bridge continuation may be reduced because of less displacement.

An experimental study on the structural behavior of connection types between approach slab and integral abutment has been done for three typical bar connections. Typical hinge style reinforcing bar detail for its connection is preferred in order to accommodate rotation of the approach slab among engineers. However, the straight horizontal bars can be used as connection detail accomodate structural capacity. Total six specimens with three types of rebar detail are tested for direct tensile and bending load. The characteristic structural behaviors are carefully monitored and all the strain gauge data obtained are analyzed. It is shown that the structural performance of all the specimens well exceed its design allowance. Several design suggestions are given based on careful reviews on the experiment.

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, water supply and sewer line systems are also developed relevantly. Manhole is an essential component structure of the pipeline system. Manhole is a structure constructed to accommodate the direction, dimension, differences in level, and easy of maintenance in the pipeline system. In this paper we present the result of investigations pertaining to the structural behavior of PVC sewer manhole buried underground. In the paper mechanical properties of PVC material are reported. In addition, by the finite element analysis (FEA), we confirmed that a PVC double-wall corrugated pipe manhole, when it is buried underground, is safe for the stress as well as buckling strength if the manhole is constructed within the suggested limit of buried depth.

Recently, most of moving parts at automobile engine are required to be lighter and compacter and have high performances such as strength and endurance, etc. In particular, the crankshaft is subject to complex loadings such as shear, bending, and torsional loads as well as inertia and torsional vibration. To investigate critical area and optimize the shape of crankshaft at intial design stage, it is necessary to consider the dynamic effect of crankshaft. This paper carried out structural analysis of engine crankshaft by using multi-body dynamics and multi-axial fatigue analysis

The recently constructed buildings are ensuring seismic safety with enhanced design criteria. But, the buildings unapplied enhanced design criteria are very weak. In this study, steel grid shear wall is proposed as a solution of seismic retrofit to ensure safety of the existing buildings for the earthquake. And the structural performance experiments were carried out under axial force and cyclic lateral loads. The two specimens were made of a reference RC frame and steel grid shear wall in-filled RC frame. The test setup configured with two dynamic actuators, for the axial force with a 500kN capacity actuator and for the cyclic lateral load applied with the 2,000kN actuator. Compared with control specimen, the strength, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation capacity of the seismic retrofit structures is evaluated.

The concrete-filled tube (CFT) column has the excellent structural performance. But it is difficult to connect with column and beam because of closed section. Its Solution, 2 members of ㄷchennel in which Internal diaphragm is installed were welded beforehand and the method of making Rectangular Steel Tube was proposed. According to upside and downside junction shape, Internal diaphragm suggested as symmetric specimen and asymmetric specimen. The upper and lower diaphragm of the Symmetric specimen used the same horizontal and The upper diaphragm of the Asymmetric specimen used the horizontal plate and the lower diaphragm used the vertically plate. In this research, 4 T-shape column to beam steps connections were tested with cyclic loading experiment in order to evaluate the structural capability of the offered connection. Symmetric specimens be a failure in 0.03rad from beam flange. And Asymmetric specimens be a failure in 0.05rad from column interface. The comparison results of All specimens shown similar to energy absorption capacity in 0.02rad.

This paper presents experimental studies aiming at evaluation of structural behaviors of RC (Reinforced Concrete) beams externally strengthened with taper ended CFRPs(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers). Experiments are performed with RC beams having different numbers of CFRP layers and length of each layer. The beams are subjected to four point-bending with simply supported condition. Test results of taper ended CFRPs and non-tapered CFRPs are compared and the better strengthening effect is observed from tapered ended CFRPs.

The Composite structures such as CFT(Concrete Filled Steel Tube) have many advantages compared to the H shape columns, concrete columns. But, CFT columns were reinforced difficult which was members with closed section. When beams size were different around the columns in buildings of various form, the construction was complex that diaphragm was overlapped or inclined. In this study, structural performance comparison of horizontal diaphragm and vertical plates was conducted.

In this paper, we present the results of experimental investigation pertaining to the structural behavior of Tee joint connection composed of pultruded I-shape FRP members. In this study, we focus on the evaluation of load carrying capacity of Tee joint which appeared frequently to fabricate framed structure composed of pultruded FRP members. Through the experimental investigation moment-rotation relationship is found and the result is used to estimate the rotaion stiffness.

In construction industries, new construction materials are needed to overcome some problems associated with the use of conventional construction materials due to the change of environmental and social requirements. Accordingly, the requirements to be satisfied in the design of civil engineering structures are diversified. As a new construction material in the civil engineering industries, fiber reinforced polymeric plastic (FRP) has a superior corrosion resistance, high specific strength/stiffness, etc. Therefore, such properties can be used to mitigate the problems associated with the use of conventional construction materials. Nowadays, new types of bridge piers and marine piles are being studied for new construction. They are usually made of concrete filled fiber reinforced polymeric plastic tubes (CFFT). In this paper, a new type of FRP-concrete composite pile which is composed of reinforced concrete filled FRP tube (RCFFT) is proposed to improve compressive strength as well as flexural strength. The load carrying capacity of proposed RCFFT compression member is discussed based on the result of experimental and analytical investigations.