This study was conducted to determine the effect of low temperature and low radiation conditions on the yield and quality of hot pepper at an early growth stage in Korea. In plastic greenhouses, low temperature, low temperature with covered shading treatments were set 17 to 42 days after transplanting. The pepper growing degree days decreased by 5.5% due to the low temperature during the treatment period. Radiation decreased by 74.7% due to the covered shading. After commencing treatments, pepper plant growth decreased with low temperature and low radiation. Analysis of the yield showed that the first harvest was delayed by low radiation. The cumulative yields of 119 days after transplanting were 1,956, 2,171, and 2,018 g/m2 for control, low temperature, and low temperature with low radiation respectively. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentrations in pepper fruit decreased with low temperature and low radiation. To investigate the photosynthetic characteristics according to the treatment, the carbon dioxide reaction curve was analyzed using the biochemical model of photosynthesis. Results showed that the maximum photosynthetic rate, Vcmax (maximum carboxylation rate), J (electric transportation rate), and TPU (triose phosphate utilization) decreased at low temperatures; the maximum photosynthetic rate, J, and gm (dark respiration rate) were reduced by shading. These results indicate that low temperature and low radiation can retard early growth, yield, and quality, but these can also be recovered 119 days after planting. Based on the results, the yield and quality of pepper can recover from abiotic stresses with proper cultivation.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of combination of air temperature and soil water content on the growth, physiological disorder rate, and yield of hot peppers. The study was carried out in a typical plastic house (open on one side and with ventilation fans on the other side), which was maintained with gradient air temperature (maximum difference in air temperature: 6°C). The deficit irrigation (DI) treatment commenced 65 days after transplanting. The height of plant and fresh and dry weights of the stem increased at high air temperature (ambient + 6°C, extreme high temperature; EHT). Furthermore, the leaf area decreased significantly with the DI treatment. There were no significant differences in the stem diameter, number of branches, and fresh and dry weights of the leaves among all the treatments. The net photosynthesis rate of the full irrigation (FI) treatment was higher than that of the DI treatment. The photosynthesis rate at ambient air temperature was 19.7 μmol CO2m-2·s-1, the highest among all the treatments; however, the photosynthesis rate of the EHT treatment decreased by 60% (12.3 μmol CO2m-2·s-1). Additionally, the formation of guard cells in the leaf was abnormal with the EHT treatment, and there was a decrease in translocation efficiency. The effects of air temperature treatment were more pronounced on the physiological disorder rate and yield. The physiological disorder rate of the EHT treatment was the highest under the DI treatment condition. The yield of the AFI (ambient air temperature with full irrigation) treatment was 3,771 kg/10a, the highest among all the treatments; however, the yield of the EHT treatment with DI and FI was 1,282 and 1,327 kg/10a, respectively. These results indicate that growth and physiological disorder rate improved with the EHT treatment; however, there was a decrease in yield. Furthermore, the formation of guard cells was abnormal and malfunctional.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of high temperature and deficit irrigation on growth and yield of hot pepper. Hot pepper was subjected to four irrigation treatments: fully irrigation (FI), 10, 20, and 30 days deficit irrigation (DI) combination with high temperature treatment. Control plants were grown natural environment and conventional culture methods. The plant height treated with high temperature was significantly higher than that of control plant. At FI combination with high temperature treatment, growth parameters such as stem diameter, leaf area, fresh and dry weight were the greatest. The yield was the greatest (2,036 kg/10a) under control, DI combination with high temperature treatment decreased by approximately 42% compare with FI combination with high temperature treatment. The number of abnormal fruits was approximately 38/plant under control, which was the smallest and that of 30 days DI combination with high temperature was higher 3.3 times compare with control. Flower abscission and calcium deficiency induced by DI treatments, especially those physiological disorder promoted by increasing DI treatments period. Results indicated that yield of hot pepper reduced by DI treatments, these results suggest that the growers should irrigate to proper soil moisture for preventing reduction of total fruit yield.

본 연구에서는 우리 식생활과 가장 밀접한 관계가 있는 고추(청고추, 홍고추)를 유기 및 관행으로 재배하여 품질특성과 기능성성분 함량을 비교 분석하였다. 유기 및 관행재배 고추의 품질특성은 pH, 가용성고형물 함량, 경도 및 색도를 분석하였다. 그 결과 유기 및 관행재배 고추의 가용성고형물이 유기재배에서 2.6~10% 높은 경향을 나타내었으나 경도는 관행재배에서 높게 나타났다. 기능성 성분은 클로로필 함량, ASTA 값, 총페놀성화합물 함량 및 SEM을 통한 세포조직을 검토하여 비교분석 하였다. 청고추의 경우 유기재배에서 관행재배에 비해 녹색도(-a value)값이 더 높게 나타났으며 chlorophyll 함량 또한 a, b, total 값이 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 홍고추의 경우 유기재배에서 붉은색의 정도를 나타내는 ASTA 값이 28% 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 항산화효과가 있는 것으로 알려진 총페놀성화합물 함량은 청고추와 홍고추에서 모두 유기재배가 관행재배 보다 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 고추 유기재배의 경우 고추 색깔에 관계없이 품질특성 측면에서 색택이 더 우수하고 기능성 측면에서 또한 더 우수한 것으로 사료된다.

Growth and physiological disorders caused by abnormally low temperatures were evaluated in pepper, an important field crop in Korea. In addition, the effects of chemical treatment using glutamine was verified on minimizing the damages by low temperature. The growth of pepper plants in stem length and diameter was suppressed as the temperature decreased from 25℃, and the suppression level was the highest for plants grown for 90 days at 20℃. However, root growth was not affected by the different temperatures. The number of leaf and leaf area decreased at the temperatures below 25C, an optimum temperature for growth. Fresh weight and dry weight decreased for plants grown at 20℃. Pepper fruit yield also decreased by 11% at 20℃ in comparison to 25℃. Falling blossom rate was different depending on the growth temperature, and the rate was 27.2% at 25℃, 35.2% at 22.5℃, and 41.0% at 20℃, indicating that falling blossom rate increased as temperature decreased. Different growth temperatures did not affected on the level of symptom of calcium deficiency and Phytopathora blight. Falling blossom was severe at abnormally low temperature of 20℃, but the treatment of glutamine reduced falling blossom rate and increased the yield by 7.0% as compared to control. The optimum concentration of glutamine treatment was 10 mg/L for yields.

Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal weather conditions has become more frequent, causing damage to vegetable crops grown in Korea. Hot pepper, Chinese cabbage and radish, the three most popular vegetables in Korea, are produced more in the field than in the greenhouse. It has been a trend that the time for field transplanting of seedlings is getting earlier and earlier as the spring temperatures keep rising. Seedlings transplanted too early in the spring take a longer time to resume the normal growth, because they are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions. This study examined the influence of air temperature during seedling growth on the time required to reach the first fruit maturity and yield of hot pepper. Seedling plants of ‘Super Manita’ hot pepper was grown in temperatures 2.5℃ and 5.0℃ lower than the optimum temperature (determined by the average of temperatures for the past 5 years). Seedlings were transplanted into round plastic containers (30-cm diam., 45-cm height) and were placed in growth chambers in which the ambient temperature was controlled under natural sunlight. The growth of seedlings under lowered temperatures was reduced compared to the control. The mineral (K, Mg, P, N) concentrations in the leaf tissues were higher when plants were grown with the ambient temperature 2.5℃ lower than the optimum, regardless of changes in other growth parameters. Tissue calcium (Ca) concentration was the highest in the plants grown with optimum temperature. The carbohydrate to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, which was the highest (18.3) in the plants grown with optimum temperature, decreased concomitantly as the ambient temperature was lowered 2.5℃ and 5.0℃. The yield of the early harvested fruits was also reduced as the ambient temperature became lower. The first fruit harvest date for the plants grown with optimum temperature (June 27) was 13 days and 40 days, respectively, earlier than that in plants grown with 2.5℃ (July 10) and 5.0℃ (Aug 6) lower ambient temperatures. The fruit yield per plant for the optimum temperature (724 g) was the greatest compared to those grown with 2.5℃ (446 g) and 5.0℃ (236 g) lower temperatures. The result of this study suggests that the growers should be cautioned not to transplant their hot pepper seedlings too early into the field, since it may delay the time of first harvest eventually reducing total fruit yield.

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the most important vegetable crop for human being as a rich source of nutritions and spicy condiments. To make reference genome sequence of pepper, we sequenced the whole genome of Capsicum annuum, CM334 using Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer GA2. The genome size of CM334 is estimated as 3.5 Gb. A total of 716 Gb (205.96x coverages of the whole genome) of raw sequences were generated. After filtering out the low quality sequences, a total of 233 Gb (66.7x) of the raw sequences were used for assembly. Total assembled contig length and number were 2.93 Gb and 295,502, respectively. N50 and average length were 25.72 kb and 6,5 kb, respectively. By sequencial scaffolding with mate-pair sequences of 2 kb - 20 kb sizes, a total of 3.04 Gb of scaffold which is approximately 90% of the whole genome was assembled. The total number of scaffolds was 33,876 with N50 length of 1,605 kb. For annotation of the pepper genome, a total of 46 Gb of transcriptome sequences were generated from 12 different tissues using Illumina GA2 and Hi-seq 2000. We are under way of analyzing the characteristic traits of pepper using transcriptome data. The progress of pepper genome sequencing project including gene annotation, gene family analysis, comparative genomics studies on evolution of hot taste, genome expansion and fruit development will be presented in the meeting.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of applying levels of organic liquid fertilizer (OLF) on growth and fruit quality of hot pepper. The OLF was made with compositions of chicken dung : rice bran : soybean meal (2:1:1). Hot pepper was applied with 5 treatments; control (chemical fertilize), OLF-1.0X (standard applying levels), OLF-0.7X (70% of standard applying level), and OLF-1.3X (130% of standard applying level). The plant height was reduced at 23cm in the OLF-1.0X treatment compared to control of 293㎝. The number of hot pepper fruits was significantly increased. The content of capsaicin in the ripened pepper decreased by 23.6% in the OLF-1.0X treatment with 253㎎ㆍ㎏⁻¹ compared with control of 331 ㎎ㆍ㎏⁻¹, but the content of free sugar increased by 19.5%. The content of capsaicin and soluble solid content in OLF-1.3X treatment were significant different with other treatments. The yield of red pepper in OLF-1.0X treatments increased by 15% with 4,190㎏ㆍ10a⁻¹ compared to control of 3,643㎏ㆍ10a⁻¹, and OLF-1.3X and OLF-0.7X treatments showed increase by 10% and 6%, respectively.

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between yearly variations of meteorological elements and yearly variations of productivity in hot pepper. In addition, correlation coefficients among the yields and yield components were used to find out the relationships between meteorological elements and productivity. Yearly variation of the mean air temperature in May and July showed large with coefficients of variation(C.V.) of 25.0,8.9%, respectively, but the variation of the duration of sunshine in May were relative small. Yield and plant height was greatly with C.V. of 7.14,11.6%, respectively, diameter of fruit showed more or less C.V. of 2.28% and length of fruit showed less variation. Correlation coefficients between maximum temperature in period of cultivation from May and yield are positively significant at the level of 1 %. Correlation Coefficients between precipitation in period of cultivation from May to August and yield are negative significant at the level of 5 and 1 %, respectively. Correlation coefficients amount the plant height, length of fruit, diameter of fruit per plant, and seed yield were positively significant at the level of 1 %, respectively.

작물의 생육시기별 산성비에 대한 내성과 피해양상을 알기 위하여 벼, 콩, 고추 3개 작물을 영양생장기-수확기 또는 생식생장기-수확기에 pH2.7의 인공산성비를 10mm씩 2일 간격으로 처리한 후 작물의 생육, 수량 및 수량구성요소, 작물의 피해양상, 식물체 중 엽록소, 질소, 황 등을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 인공산성비에 대한 잎의 가시적 피해는 벼 < 고추 < 콩의 순으로 컸으며, 생식생장기-수확기 처리보다 영양생장기-수확기 처리에서 피해가 더 심했다. 피해증상은 벼는 갈색반점, 콩은 황화현상과 갈색반점, 고추는 작은 갈색반점이나 구멍이 생겼다. 2. 생식생장기에 조사한 벼, 콩, 고추의 엽록소 함량은 모두 pH 2.7 인공산성비의 영양생장기-수확기 처리 < 생식생장기-수확기 처리 < 무처리 순으로 높았으나 광합성 능력은 차이가 없었다. 3. 질소 함량은 벼에서는 인공산성비 처리간에 차이가 없었으나 콩과 고추에서는 영양생장기-수확기 처리에서 생식생장기-수확기 처리 혹은 무처리보다 질소 함량과 흡수량이 많았다. 4. 황 함량은 벼, 콩, 고추에서 모두 차이가 없었으나 흡수량은 벼 와 콩에서는 인공산성비 처리 기간이 길수록 많았다. 5. 벼와 콩의 수량은 pH 2.7 인공산성비의 영향을 받지 않았지만 벼는 영양생장기-수확기 처리에서 임실률, 등숙률, 1,000립중이 감소하였다. 고추는 주당 과실수와 과중의 감소로 수량은 영양생장기-수확기 처리 < 생식생장기-수확기처리 < 무처리 순으로 높았다. 6. 인공산성비를 개화기에 1회 처리할 때 벼는 pH2.3이하에서 영화에 갈색반점이 생기며, 콩과 고추는 각각 pH 1.7 및 2.0에서 꽃잎은 시드나 과실은 생장하였다. 인공산성비의 pH가 2.6에서 1.7까지 낮아질 때 콩은 협당립수가 감소하였으나 벼의 임실률과 고추의 착과율은 영향을 받지 않았다.과는 정의 상관을 보였다.으며 생육초기일수록 상관이 높았다. 6. F1 은 생육초기에 엽의 질소함량이 높아 단위동화율이 높을 뿐만아니라 질소의 군락내 상하간의 농도 구배가 크고 흡광계수가 낮아 군락의 광합성에 유리하고, 이에따른 영양 생장기 건물 생산성의 증대가 단위 면적당 영화수의 증대를 통해 수량의 증대를 가져오는 것으로 판단되었다. 높았고 그 다음으로 운봉>화서>철원산미 순으로 낮았으며 강하점도는 철원산미가 가장 켰고 그 다음으로 화서>운봉>진부산미 순으로 저온하에서 등숙된 쌀일수록 낮았으며 치반점도는 이와 정반대의 경향이었다. 밥의 점성 /경도비율은 철원산미가 여타 지역에 비해 약간 높은 값을 나타내었다. 6. 식미관련 미질특성을 이용한 주성분 분석에서 전정보의 약 60% 설명이 가능한 제1 및 제2 주성분치상의 5개 품종별 4개 산지미의 분포로 보아 대체로 진부산미와 여타 지역산미로 확연히 구분되었고 다시 진부산미는 2개군, 여타 지역산미는 3개군으로 세분화 할 수 있었으며 산지내 품종변이가 가장 작았던 것은 화서산미였고. 고냉지산미는 품종 간 변이가 켰다. 식미관련 종합적 미질특성면에서 가장 양호한 군에 속하는 것은 철원, 운봉 및 화서산 오대벼와 운봉산 소백벼였다.것으로 나타났다. 아마도 이런 산림형태는 자연 기후환경변화 뿐만 아니라 인간간섭에 의해 나타난 결과로 생각된다. 이 시기에 경작식물인 벼과(Gramineae), 옥수수(Zea), 메밀(Fagopyrum)과 논밭의 뚝 등지 에서 서식하는 돼지풀(Ambrosia) 등이 처음으로 산출되는 것으로 보아 인간간섭이 행해졌음을 잘 뒷 받침해준다. 또한 담수성 조류는 변함없이 산출되는 반면, 해양성조류인 와편모류가 산출되지 않는 것으로 보아 해안환경에서 다소 멀 어진 저지대의 습윤한 충적대지환경으로 변하였던 것으로 판단된다. 나타났다.ates in 1678, was th